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1.
James H. Wandersee 《科学教学研究杂志》1992,29(4):423-434
This article discusses the growing consensus across diverse educational research domains that the historical aspects of cognition are important for understanding not only how individuals but also disciplines know what they know. After proposing and defining the new superordinate concept of historicality, fundamental interrelationships between time, events, memory, meaning, personal knowledge, public knowledge, and the histories of the sciences are explored. Relevant research findings that demonstrate the confluence of scholarly thought concerning historicality across five educationally important domains are presented for the reader's consideration. Using the historicality concept, it is suggested that the histories of the sciences be considered as “the collective mind of scientists” and viewed as vital to developing students' knowledge about science by building upon the critical distinctions drawn by Duschl (1990). The author's science teaching technique, based upon construction of historical vignettes, is introduced here because of the relationship between history and story and the documented educational effectiveness of the story format. Finally, the author adds several cautionary notes about the validity of explanations based upon historicality and anticipates future advances in our understanding of the historicality of cognition. 相似文献
2.
In a dominant Western tradition that reveres cerebral learning, embodied learning approaches have received limited research attention – and less in education than other disciplines. This paper draws on previously reported empirical data from a five-year Creative Partnerships study to argue that psycho-physical theatre practice can promote embodied cognition, has particular value for young people with learning disabilities in special schools and has potential for inclusive education in mainstream schools. The paper describes a psycho-physical actor training process developed with, and for, actors with learning disabilities. Its application within special educational contexts, which we call ‘mimetics’, has focused more keenly upon physicalised interaction as the core communication. In this form of communication, reading, interpreting and responding to the individuality of others happen through the development of non-verbal dialogue. This focus has illuminated the importance of an intuited or ‘felt’ understanding which is generated by and recognises such communications. In special education settings, being different is inherent, and physicalised interaction more routine, so ways of working different from the mainstream are required. The paper suggests that such settings are rich sites for research to develop, value and recognise the significance of embodied cognition and realise its potential for special and inclusive education. 相似文献
3.
教师教育研究所关注的核心问题是教师的专业发展,而教师的专业发展与专业素质密切相关。外语教师专业素质建立在教师认知和教师能力的层面上,主要包括教师学科教学能力、教师的职业观和职业道德、外语教学观等专业素质。本研究借鉴认知论和建构主义理论对外语教师的基本素质构建与内涵、教师学习与专业发展进行动态研究,使我们对外语教师专业素质构建和内涵有更清晰的认识,从而提高外语教师专业素质,促进外语教师专业发展。 相似文献
4.
维果茨基是苏联著名的心理学家,对心理发展活动理论具有深入的研究。心理学与认识论是有机统一的,维果茨基反对传统认识论中的身心二元论,在批判吸收斯宾诺莎和黑格尔哲学的基础上,运用马克思主义的历史理论和方法论,开创了辩证唯物主义心理学。维果茨基借鉴《资本论》及其手稿中的方法论原则,运用"单位分析法""概念分析法"等来研究人的心理机制和认识发生过程,从语言和意识出发思考人与世界的关系,以工具-符号理论解决意识和活动的统一性问题,创造了一元论的历史方法论。维果茨基理论从认识发生学的角度解释了马克思的社会实践本体论,进一步深化、扩展了历史唯物主义思想。 相似文献
5.
Rebecca Heaton 《British Educational Research Journal》2021,47(5):1323-1339
Whilst it is accepted that art education is a cognitive endeavour, the value and contribution of cognition to art education is often deliberated. By examining literature concerning conceptions of cognition and contextualising studies with the findings of a 5-year artographic inquiry into cognition in the lived experiences of artist teachers, this article is able to present a case for the reinstatement of cognition and cognitive study across policy, practice and research in art education. The article shares a conceptual frame to assist engagement with cognition as a concept whilst presenting a strategy to support cognitive reinstatement in the changing climate of art education. Questions are posed and answered regarding cognition’s position in art education to bring reinstatement implications forward, such as its complexity and productivity within education. Recommendations, such as increased engagement, voice projection and visibility, are also suggested to infiltrate transformation in future materialisations of cognitive engagement in the policy, practice and research of art education. 相似文献
6.
《师资教育杂志》2012,38(3):284-297
There has been an increasing emphasis upon the concept of ‘time on task’ within the educational research community, especially in the USA. The idea that the amount of time which children spend ‘on task’ influences their learning has certain attractions in the current educational and economic climate. In this paper it is argued that the research base of the time on task research is suspect and educationally barren. Finally, it is suggested that the notion of time on task is a proxy for the notion of ‘attention’ and that information contained in methods texts is more subtle and relevant to the needs of the class teacher than the findings emerging from time on task research. 相似文献
7.
王双 《唐山师范学院学报》2011,33(1):40-42
《史记》在充分展现三千余年历史进程中社会各类人物的同时,也涵括了政治经济、文学艺术、典章制度等文化成果,记录下人类在天文历法、水利医药等自然科学领域的形貌。这种百科全书式的史书形式,既得力于它博大完备的史学模式,也与司马迁本人的史官身份及学游经历密切相关。 相似文献
8.
不同的时间估计长度、时间估计方法是否基于共同的加工机制一直是时间认知研究中的一个焦点。本研究目的在于通过因素分析方法来探讨时间估计长度和估计方法是否存在共同的加工机制。采用复制法和产生法对2s、5s和8s的目标时间进行估计，并对时间估计的准确性和变异性进行探索性因素分析，结果表明：无论是时间估计的准确性还是变异性的分析结果都出现两个与估计方法有关的因素，一个与复制法有关，另一个与产生法有关。结合相关研究的结果，本研究认为可能存在时间估计的方法效应，但对时间估计的长度效应还应该进行更深一步的分析和探讨。 相似文献
9.
孙岩 《通化师范学院学报》2012,33(5):11-15
政治参与作为现代化的重要标志,是现代国家发展过程中不容忽视的重要问题之一。南京国民政府时期,是整个中国社会从传统走向现代的重要时期。江苏作为国民党政权能够真正掌控的地区之一．对其研究具有重要的意义。综合运用历史学、政治学等研究方法,通过丰富的史料,对民国江苏民众团体政治参与问题进行了较为全面的历史考察,大体总结了民国江苏民众团体政治参与的若干特点,大致还原了当时的历史图景。 相似文献
10.
John G. Sharp Brian Hemmings Russell Kay Carol Callinan 《Journal of Further & Higher Education》2015,39(5):612-644
This article presents detailed findings from the qualitative or interpretive phase of a mixed-methods case study focusing on the professional identities and lived experiences of research among six lecturers working in different capacities across the field of education in a ‘teaching-led’ higher education institution. Building upon the quantitative phase published earlier in this journal, factors both facilitating (e.g. research infrastructure, support for doctoral study) and constraining (e.g. time, space, workload, critical mass, ‘practitioner bond professionalism’, ‘organisational socialisation’, networks, roles and responsibilities, power relationships) research activity are identified. These are considered in the context of an institution often recruiting staff with ‘non-traditional’ backgrounds from within ‘the professions’ (e.g. from schools and colleges without doctorates) looking to become more ‘research-informed’ and establish a more vibrant and sustainable research culture. Recommendations for further development focus on ‘identity transitions’ and ‘cultural transformation’, emphasising the importance of research leadership and its distribution throughout the organisation. With current trends towards the apparent intensification and prioritisation of research activity over teaching, findings are considered particularly important for institutions of a similar nature to the one described here, for education departments in larger institutions also on similar journeys, and in light of an anticipated increase in demand for research activity arising from the expansion of higher education provision in further education and the private sector, where recruitment from within ‘the professions’ to teach across ‘vocational’ programmes is common. 相似文献
11.
Arianna Lazzari 《Early Years: An International Journal of Research and Development》2012,32(3):252-265
This paper explores the issue of early childhood professionalism from a socio-cultural perspective. In particular the article is concerned with how pre-school teachers conceptualise their professionalism by making sense of the work they carry out on an everyday basis in early childhood institutions. In analysing teachers’ perceptions special attention has been paid to the socio-political and historical conditions that have contributed to shaping them. Drawing on a recent empirical study conducted within Bologna province (Italy), contemporary issues in early childhood professionalism are analysed and insights for a possible re-conceptualisation are offered through a critical interpretation of teachers’ perspectives. The findings discussed in the article highlight how a complex conceptualisation of professionalism, building upon continuous learning in relational contexts, is currently challenged by recent neo-liberal influences. In facing these challenges a crucial role will be played by teachers’ collaborative practices in the workplace that, if reclaimed as a space for collective decision-making, could potentially become an arena for rethinking teachers’ professional development in dialogue with local communities. 相似文献
12.
Maija Hirvonen 《Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs》2011,11(2):141-148
This paper describes the development of education of students with special needs in vocational education. The paper is based on a case study research conducted in 2001–2005 in Jyväskylä Municipal Federation of Vocational Education in Central Finland. The study consisted of two parts: firstly of the historical analysis of special educational stages, and secondly of the contemporary analysis of special educational challenges in the research target. The Developmental Work Research model was used in attempting to get a systemic view of different factors affecting a special educational entity. The study showed the importance of a holistic view. The special educational system in the research target seems to be strongly linked to the general structure of vocational education, its goals, learning principles, legislation and personnel structure. The development of vocational special education in Jyväskylä followed the strongly regulated national guidelines set for vocational special education until the end of the 1990s. At that time new legislation, structural reforms and the change from norm‐based towards an autonomous information‐based self‐government opened doors for new special educational implementation. From the perspective of teachers specialized in special educational needs (SEN‐teachers) a clear change can be seen from an autonomous, defined work towards a loss of an expertise position. However, the strong linkage between general and special education in vocational education offers possibilities for inclusive education. In order to face the new challenges, the work of SEN‐teachers has to be redefined to clearly broaden the perspective from teaching towards new expertise in each educational establishment. 相似文献
13.
Ian Hardy 《International Journal of Inclusive Education》2013,17(8):809-824
This paper explores the nature of teachers’ professional development (PD) practices in special needs/special education settings in Australia under current neoliberal and managerial conditions. The research is based on individual interviews with teachers from a juvenile justice centre and a dedicated special needs school in a regional city in the state of New South Wales. Bourdieu’s conception of social practice as contested is applied to make sense of teachers’ understanding of the conflicted nature of PD practices in these schooling settings. The findings reveal teacher PD in these special needs settings is influenced by the increased commodification of education, broader accountability pressures which seek to individualise teachers’ PD experiences, and increased attention to a narrower range of educational outcomes, particularly students’ test scores. However, at the same time, these settings also enable more localised, collaborative inquiry focused upon specific students’ needs, and PD relevant to a multi-faceted conception of students’ learning. In this way, teacher PD contributes to a focus upon student learning in all its complexity, even as it is simultaneously confined by neoliberal and managerial pressures. 相似文献
14.
Gerald Grace 《牛津教育评论》2013,39(4):495-503
This paper is a reflection upon the research findings of Rebecca Allen and Anne West in relation to religious schools in London. While welcoming this contribution to the systematic study of faith schools (a neglected area of empirical inquiry), the paper argues that the use of ‘religious schools’ as a unitary category is problematic for the analysis. It also suggests that certain historical and cultural contextual knowledge is required when analysing the characteristics of different categories of religious schools. This response is intended to be helpful for future researchers into the different types of faith school. 相似文献
15.
Brooks David W. Nolan Diane E. Gallagher Susan 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2003,12(2):183-186
Web-Teaching deals with all aspects of teaching, using the World Wide Web. Of all of these, the one most likely to have significant impact upon learning is automatic testing. Repeatable testing (formative assessment) has solid research support. Schemes that make extensive use of repeatable testing are not favored by instructors, however, because of the time required for test development, grading, and recording. Web-based automatic testing can automate most or all of the test grading and recording activities. Further, it makes student access easier. The paper addresses dimensions of the issue of automatic, Web-based testing. 相似文献
16.
Teaching quality improvements frequently focus upon the ‘development’ of individual academics in higher education. However, research also shows that the academics’ context has considerable influence upon their practices. This study examines the working environments of teachers on an online pharmacy programme, investigating contextual conditions that facilitate or impede academic change and development. Interview data and institutional policy documents are examined within a Cultural-Historical Activity Theory framework. Distinct differences in the teachers’ sociocultural context were identified as influencing change and development. Departmental teaching cultures and patterns of communication influenced practice both positively, by offering collegial support, and negatively by impeding change. The findings have significance for academic development strategies. They suggest that departmental-level support should include communicative pathways that promote reflection upon and development of conceptions of teaching and learning. 相似文献
17.
This study analyzes the work values of 2,951 first-year university students in Spain enrolled in degree programs within the five major areas of university studies. For our research, participants were asked to respond to a Scale of Work Values in which intrinsic, social, and pragmatic extrinsic values as well as extrinsic values related to geographic mobility are differentiated. Our findings show these students to have high levels of intrinsic and pragmatic extrinsic values as well as differences that vary according to their gender, major area of study and their chosen study program. By means of cluster analysis, we have also identified seven distinct types of students aligned with the work values under study. This paper explores the implications of this study for the development of work values and the education of students at the university level as well as the study’s possible utility as a means of providing orientation to students that will prepare them better for their entry into the labor market. 相似文献
18.
Palitha Edirisingha Ming Nie Mark Pluciennik Ruth Young 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2009,40(3):458-479
This paper reports findings of a pilot study that examined the pedagogical potential of Second Life (SL), a popular three‐dimensional multi‐user virtual environment (3‐D MUVE) developed by the Linden Lab. The study is part of a 1‐year research and development project titled ‘Modelling of Secondlife Environments’ ( http://www.le.ac.uk/moose ) funded by the UK Joint Information Systems Committee. The research question addressed in this paper is: how can learning activities that facilitate social presence and foster socialisation among distance learners for collaborative learning be developed in SL, a 3‐D MUVE? The study was carried out at the University of Leicester (UoL) within an undergraduate module on Archaeological Theory, where two tutors and four students took part in four learning activities designed to take place in SL within the UoL Media Zoo island. The learning activities and training in SL were based on Salmon's five‐stage model of online learning. Students’ engagement in SL was studied through interviews, observations and records of chat logs. The data analysis offers four key findings in relation to the nature and pattern of in‐world ‘socialisation’ and its impact on real‐world network building; the pattern of in‐world ‘socialisation’ stage in Salmon's 5‐stage model; perspectives on students’ progress in‐world through the first stage of the model—‘access and motivation’—and perspectives on their entry into, and progress through, the second stage of the model—‘socialisation’—and the role of identity presented through avatars in the process of socialisation. The paper offers implications for research and practice in the light of these findings. 相似文献
19.
This paper explores and challenges the rationale for current, mainstream approaches to teachers’ continuing professional development (CPD) within schooling systems. Such approaches are significantly influenced by neoliberal and managerial pressures, evident in advocacy for generic, individualistic models of teacher learning, often focused on specific state-sanctioned domains. The paper draws upon a précis of recent action research literature, and empirical research from Sweden, to argue for an alternative paradigm, based on the practices and principles of participatory and collaborative action research. Action research is not presented as a simplistic ‘method’ which can be ‘applied’ regardless of context, but is explicitly focused on situated, specific, local sites. While more managerial and neoliberal practices can close down debates necessary for effecting real improvements in practice, evidence suggests action research, in its emancipatory iterations, enables a rich conception of educational practice which cannot be ‘managed’ into existence by a simplistic application of ‘what works.’ 相似文献
20.
Julie Brown 《Journal of Further & Higher Education》2017,41(1):60-78
This article presents an overview of the findings of a recently completed study exploring the potentially transformative impact upon learners of recognition of prior informal learning (RPL). The specific transformative dimension being reported is learner identity. In addition to providing a starting point for an evidence base within Scotland, the research findings have the potential to enhance future development within the recognition of prior informal learning area, in particular in higher education institutions (HEIs) and across the sector. A qualitative case study using a constructionist approach is utilised to develop contextual understandings of the learner experience of RPL. The study identifies connections between the RPL process and the development of learner identity. Semi-structured interviews with RPL learners provided rich data. This study asserts that learner identity fluctuates throughout learners’ experiences and therefore the development of learner identity is not linear but nonetheless that identity changes as part of the RPL process. A number of issues ultimately impact upon learner identities, including the role of RPL advisors and RPL mechanisms and processes. This research concludes that RPL has the potential to be transformative for some learners and identifies some areas worthy of further exploration. 相似文献