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《Information processing & management》2023,60(2):103255
In-depth exploration of the knowledge linkages between science and technology (S&T) is an essential prerequisite for accurately understanding the S&T innovation laws, promoting the transformation of scientific outcomes, and optimizing S&T innovation policies. A novel deep learning-based methodology is proposed to investigate S&T linkages, where papers and patents are applied to represent science and technology. In order to accurately and comprehensively reveal the linkages between science and technology topics, the proposed framework combines the information of knowledge structure with textual semantics. Furthermore, the exploration analysis is also conducted from the perspective of realizing the optimal matching between science and technology topics, which can realize combinatorial optimization of the S&T knowledge systems. Specifically, science and technology networks are constructed based on Node2Vec and BERT. Then, science and technology topics are identified based on the Fast Unfolding algorithm and Z-Score index. Finally, a science-technology bipartite graph is constructed, the S&T topic linkages identification task is successfully transferred into a bipartite matching problem, and the maximum-weight matching is identified using a Kuhn-Munkres bipartite algorithm. An experiment on natural language processing demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of the proposed methodology. 相似文献
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Literature on the economics of science and technology (S&T) suggests not only that technological innovation demands the expansion of the institutional borders between universities, research institutes, industrial companies and the financial system, but also that science leads as well as follows technology. Medical innovation in particular is very dependent on scientific research, which represents a source of information that impels the productive sector. The latter introduces a series of questions that motivate the researchers in their attempt to understand how the human body reacts to certain products and therapies. This paper analyses the pattern of S&T interaction for both the national system of innovation (NSI) and the health innovation system. The panel data and simultaneous equations models analyze the interaction between S&T. The theory about the existence of a mutual dependence between them has been confirmed, which means that science moves technology and technology also influences scientific development. The estimated models, which use data from scientific papers and patents as proxies of science and technology, represent just the tip of the iceberg called NSI, known as a multifaceted and complex institutional arrangement. 相似文献
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党的十八大以来，我国科技人才政策不断优化，已形成多层纵横联动的政策体系。科技人才教育与培养政策不断完备，使用与发展政策逐步改善，评价与激励政策更加丰富，有效保障了我国科技人才高质量发展。不过，现有科技人才政策体系仍存在系统性不足、精准性不高、联动性不强，以及对青年科技人才和基础研究人才（以下简称“青基人才”）支持不够等问题，无法充分满足新时期高水平科技自立自强下对高水平科技人才队伍的迫切需求。在新形势下，要夯实科技人才建设在国家创新体系建设中的核心地位和引领作用，面向高水平科技自立自强，未来的科技人才政策需强化自主培养、服务国家战略与聚焦产业需求，推进教育链、人才链、创新链、产业链深度融合，推动青年科技人才政策、基础研究人才政策、战略科学家和卓越工程师发展政策落地；深化科教融合，推进面向科技发展需求的科技人才教育、培养和发展的政策体系建设，建立遵循科研活动规律的研究生教育制度；系统思考优化科技人才评价与激励政策体系，推进科技人才生活保障政策的有效实施；多部门协同推进建立与国际接轨的科技人才机制，加快建设世界重要人才中心和创新高地。 相似文献
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《普罗米修斯》2012,30(3):311-331
Science and technology (S&T) systems are interconnected with economic systems. After China began to make its economic system more market‐oriented in 1979, reforms to its S&T system became urgent. China’s major breakthrough in reforming its S&T system occurred in 1985. This paper provides data on China’s changing S&T sector, outlines the processes of its reform and China’s changing sources of funding for R&D. China’s evolving technology market is given particular attention and some of its pitfalls are discussed. 相似文献
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国家创新体系中高校与研发机构的作用与定位研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
根据国家统计局与科技部公布的数据,对于高校与研发机构的科技创新资源、产出及效率进行比较,讨论了两者研发活动的侧重点、科技创新资源配置、在国家创新体系中的作用等问题,建议在不断强化企业技术创新主体地位的同时,高校和研发机构要在国家创新体系中准确定位,政府应加大对R＆D、特别是基础研究的投入． 相似文献
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Feng-chao Liu 《Research Policy》2011,40(7):917-931
China has transformed itself from a planning to a market-oriented economy over the past three decades and has sustained a fairly long period of rapid economic growth, to which the contributions from innovation in science and technology (S&T) have become increasingly important. Then, how have China's innovation policies evolved to reflect the changing and supposedly better understanding of innovation by China's policy makers? The paper tries to answer this question through a quantitative analysis of 287 policies issued by China's central government agencies between 1980 and 2005 and of 79 policies introduced between 2006 and 2008 to implement the Medium- and Long-Term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020). China has shifted its S&T and industrial policy-centered innovation strategy and has pursued a series of better coordinated, innovation-oriented economic and technology initiatives that give greater attention to a portfolio of policies that include critical financial, tax, and fiscal measures. There has been a gradual departure from the pattern in which innovation policies are formulated by one single government agency, therefore steering China to a different and probably more promising innovation trajectory. 相似文献
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Indicators for national science and technology policy: how robust are composite indicators? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This article addresses a set of issues that were central to Keith Pavitt's research, that is, the construction and use of tools to measure national innovative performance and to design national policies relating to innovation. It presents an overview of the development of science and technology (S&T) indicators and their use in national policy making and provides evidence of the vulnerability of composite S&T indicators to manipulation. A brief history of the development of S&T indicators begins with the role of the United States followed by their worldwide diffusion with particular emphasis on Europe. Newer developments towards composite indicators, benchmarking and scoreboarding are discussed. To investigate the robustness of innovation scoreboards empirically, a sensitivity analysis of one selected case is presented. It is shown that composite scores and country rank positions can vary considerably depending on the selection process. Thus, the use of scoreboards leaves room for manipulation in the policymaking system. Further research is needed on alternative methods of calculation to prevent their misuse and abuse. 相似文献
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当前科技政策学尚未形成广为认可的理论体系和研究框架。通过梳理既往国内外科技政策研究与政策实践的主体内容,总结分析科技政策相关概念与内涵的演变,从科学学、创新经济学和公共政策学3个学科视角对科技政策学的主体理论进行分类梳理,在我国科技治理体系与治理能力现代化的总体需求与框架下探索提出科技政策研究的三层级框架,包括宏观层的科技战略研究、中观层的创新系统和政策工具研究以及微观层的政策过程研究,以期为科技政策研究的学科化发展提供支撑。 相似文献
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This paper aims to analyse the risk of intellectual property (IP) infringements by competitors from abroad and in particular to consider whether this risk is higher for international innovating firms. We distinguish three different types of IP infringements from abroad: the usage of firms’ technical inventions, product piracy, and copying of corporate names and designs. Our analysis rests on the German data from the Europe-wide Community Innovation Survey (CIS). We use a unique data set of about 900 observations, which are retrieved from two survey waves. While the earlier wave contains information about international and domestic innovation activities, the later wave reports IP infringements. In a second analysis, the likelihood of infringements from innovation host countries and no-innovation host countries abroad is examined. Before the empirical analysis, an exploratory study was carried out in China with interviews of German firms with innovation activities in China and with a legal advisor for small and medium-sized German enterprises. The results show that firms with international R&D activities are increasing their chances of losing technological knowledge to their local competitors abroad. R&D activities in countries with weak intellectual property rights increase the risk for all types of IP infringements compared to domestic R&D activities. Infringements by competitors from the host country are driven by the production of new produces in this country. Export intensity is the major driver of infringements from no-innovation host countries. R&D activities in China and North America also increase the risk of an infringement. However, firms that innovate only in their home country experience significantly more product piracy cases than international innovating firms. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2019,48(7):1798-1808
Much has been said about the role that technological networking activities play on the innovative performance of firms, but little is known about how the regional context influences the efficiency of such networking activities. In this paper we hypothesize that the transformation of firms’ networking activities into innovation may vary depending on the regional environment in which the firm is located. For Spanish manufactures in the period 2000-12 and through the use of a multilevel framework, we obtain that after controlling for the firm’s characteristics, the regional context has not only a direct effect on firms’ innovation performance, but it also conditions the returns to firms’ networking activities, although differently in the case of cooperation and outsourcing. Cooperating in innovation activities is more beneficial for those firms located in a knowledge intensive region, whereas R&D outsourcing seems to be more profitable for firms in regions with a low knowledge pool. 相似文献
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Patterns of preservation, restructuring and survival: science and technology policy in Russia in post-Soviet era 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Slavo Radosevic 《Research Policy》2003,32(6):1105-1124
This paper analyses the role of S&T policy in the adjustment and restructuring of Russian S&T system in the post-Soviet period. The principal argument is that the adjustment of S&T system in Russia has been evolving between ‘preservation of S&T potential’, its restructuring, and survival strategies developed by researchers and R&D organisations. Interaction of these factors explains much of the pace and patterns of restructuring of Russian S&T system observed in the post-Soviet period. The model that emerged is the post-Soviet R&D model, which is relevant for Russia and also for other CIS. The paper analyses strategic options available to Russian policy makers. 相似文献
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This study empirically investigates the impact of foreign country factors like market size, technological strength of industries, and science and engineering (S&E) capability on the conduct of U.S. overseas R&D during the 1991-2002 period. We find that overseas markets primarily predict the entry of U.S. R&D, while the S&E capability of nations is strongly correlated with the post-entry intensity of U.S. foreign subsidiaries’ innovative activity. We also find important inter-industry differences: U.S. electrical, electronics, computer, and telecommunication industries are strongly drawn towards overseas S&E capacity; industries including Machinery, Automobiles, and Transport equipment are primarily attracted by the technological strength of foreign industry; U.S. R&D in Chemicals mostly follows overseas markets. We discuss the implications of our results to the global organization of innovative activity and innovation policy. 相似文献
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Anders Broström 《Research Policy》2010,39(10):1311-1320
This paper studies the role of geographic proximity for interaction on R&D, by exploring the special case of formalised university–industry interaction in the engineering sector. While numerous studies find that geographic proximity facilitates spillover effects between university and industry by utilising evidence from e.g. patenting and publishing activities, the geographical dimension is largely understudied in studies that report evidence from direct interaction. A series of interviews with R&D managers suggests that linkages in geographical proximity are more likely than distant linkages to generate impulses to innovation and create significant learning effects at the firm. Similarly, geographic proximate interaction is more likely to successfully contribute to R&D projects with short time to market. For long-term R&D projects, geographic proximity is generally seen as a less critical factor. A survey to 425 R&D managers in Swedish engineering firms provides evidence that supports these hypotheses. 相似文献
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本文以福建省九地级市科技创新系统为研究对象,运用超效率数据包络分析视窗模型分析2010-2014年各城市科技创新效率的动态变化,联合Malmquist指数揭示城市科技创新效率变动的深层次原因。研究表明:福建省多数城市科技创新效率DEA无效,效率提升空间较大。福州、厦门等经济较发达地区的科技创新效率相对较低,福州投入拥挤效应比较显著。Malmquist指数分析表明,技术进步始终是福建各地级市全要素生产率增长的制约因素,其综合技术效率的提高更多地得益于规模效率的改进。据此,提出提升福建科技创新效率的若干建议。 相似文献
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在供给侧结构性改革下,产品创新是科创企业实现持续发展、高质量发展及跨越式发展的关键。然而,如何激发科创企业产品创新却尚未明晰。战略人力资源管理的构型观与权变观为这一问题解决提供了思路。本文以400余家科创企业为案例样本,运用模糊集定性比较分析方法,以动机、能力、机会三个层面的战略人力资源管理构件为条件,从生命周期视角构建了产品创新的实现过程模型。研究发现：（1）初创期科创企业存在驱动高产品创新的一种路径;发展期科创企业存在五种路径,并分布于三类科创企业中;成熟期科创企业存在四种路径,并分布于两类科创企业中。（2）机会层构件是成熟期科创企业实现高产品创新的必要条件;而在初创期与发展期,任何构件均不能成为实现高产品创新的必要条件。（3）在初创期,战略人力资源管理构件并不能对高产品创新起到决定性作用;在发展期与成熟期,机会层与动机层的交互效应对驱动高产品创新更加重要。（4）从企业生命周期纵向对比来看,战略人力资源管理构件的核心作用发挥主要遵循着从无到有、从动机层到机会层的发展逻辑。本文研究结论有助于深化不同生命周期阶段科创企业对战略人力资源管理构件组合的重要性认识,并为寻求多种更佳乃至最佳的产品创新驱动路径提供启示。 相似文献
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我国在国家创新体系建设方面取得了突出的成就,但存在着战略定位不高、顶层设计不具体等问题。建设科技强国,迫切需要构建新型的国家创新体系。其中,进一步加强基础研究体系、加快建设产业创新体系,进一步完善企业创新综合体系,进一步协同区域创新体系,进一步加强教育体系在国家创新体系中的作用,进一步强化科技与金融、贸易等的协同,是新型国家创新体系建设的要点。 相似文献
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科技社团参与科技评价的角色与路径———基于三重逻辑的理论分析 《科学学研究》2023,41(2):212-220
探索科技社团参与科技评价的理论机理及实现路径是深化科技体制改革和完善科技评价机制的重要内容。本文在厘定科技社团概念与功能的基础上,从组织逻辑、制度逻辑和行动逻辑论述了科技社团参与科技评价的独特优势,并归纳了科技社团参与科技评价的四种角色,即评价组织者、标准制定者、失信约束者及奖励举荐者。然后,系统阐释了四种角色的内涵、特征及实现基础,建构了科技社团参与科技评价的实践路径。最后提出科技社团更好地参与科技评价的改革举措。 相似文献