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1.
Solovey M 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2012,103(1):54-82
During the 1960s, a growing contingent of left-leaning voices claimed that the social sciences suffered mistreatment and undue constraints within the natural science-dominated federal science establishment. According to these critics, the entrenched scientific pecking order in Washington had an unreasonable commitment to the unity of the sciences, which reinforced unacceptable inequalities between the social and the natural sciences. The most important political figure who advanced this critique, together with a substantial legislative proposal for reform, was the Oklahoma Democratic Senator Fred Harris. Yet histories of science and social science have told us surprisingly little about Harris. Moreover, existing accounts of his effort to create a National Social Science Foundation have misunderstood crucial features of this story. This essay argues that Harris's NSSF proposal developed into a robust, historically unique, and increasingly critical liberal challenge to the post-World War II federal science establishment's treatment of the social sciences as "second-class citizens." 相似文献
2.
Edgerton D 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2012,103(2):316-327
This essay argues that taking the economy seriously in histories of science could not only extend the range of activities studied but also change--often quite radically--our understanding of well-known cases and instances in twentieth-century science. It shows how scientific intellectuals and historians of science have followed the money as a means of critique of particular forms of science and of particular conceptions of science. It suggests the need to go further, to a much broader implicit definition of what constitutes science--one that implies a criticism of much history of twentieth-century science for defining it implicitly and inappropriately in very restrictive ways. 相似文献
3.
Cook HJ 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(1):102-108
The "new philosophy" of the seventeenth century has continued to be explained mainly on its own terms: as a major philosophical turn. Twentieth-century modernism gave pride of place to big ideas and reinforced the tendency to explain the rise of science in light of new ideas. Such orientations subordinated medicine (and technology) to sciences that appeared to be more theoretical. In attempts to persuade historians of science of the importance of medicine, then, many authors took an approach arguing that the major changes in the history of medicine during the so-called scientific revolution arose from philosophical commitments. Yet because medicine is also intimately connected to other aspects of life, its histories proved to be recalcitrant to such reductions and so continue to offer many possibilities for those who seek fresh means to address histories of body and mind united rather than divided. 相似文献
4.
Pickstone JV 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2007,98(3):489-516
Historians of science, inasmuch as they are concerned with knowledges and practices rather than institutions, have tended of late to focus on case studies of common processes such as experiment and publication. In so doing, they tend to treat science as a single category, with various local instantiations. Or, alternatively, they relate cases to their specific local contexts. In neither approach do the cases or their contexts build easily into broader histories, reconstructing changing knowledge practices across time and space. This essay argues that by systematically deconstructing the practices of science and technology and medicine (STM) into common, recurrent elements, we can gain usefully "configurational" views, not just of particular cases and contexts but of synchronic variety and diachronic changes, both short term and long. To this end, we can begin with the customary actors' disciplines of early modern knowledge (natural philosophy, natural history, mixed mathematics, and experimental philosophy), which can be understood as elemental "ways of knowing and working," variously combined and disputed. I argue that these same working knowledges, together with a later mode-synthetic experimentation and systematic invention-may also serve for the analysis of STM from the late eighteenth century to the present. The old divisions continued explicitly and importantly after circa 1800, but they were also "built into" an array of new sciences. This historiographic analysis can help clarify a number of common problems: about the multiplicity of the sciences, the importance of various styles in science, and the relations between science and technology and medicine. It suggests new readings of major changes in STM, including the first and second scientific revolutions and the transformations of biomedicine from the later twentieth century. It offers ways of recasting both microhistories and macrohistories, so reducing the apparent distance between them. And it may thus facilitate both more constructive uses of case studies and more innovative and acceptable longer histories. 相似文献
5.
在人类求知的长河中,从无知到知之,知之积累为知识,知识转化为力量,进而拥有智慧的辩证过程中,科学既是智慧的基础,又构成了通往智慧的环节.科学最有价值的意义就在于获得智慧,这种智慧不仅是人们安身立命之根本,更是人种永存的重要机制.最原初的"爱智慧"构成科学理想中最深奥、最灿烂的伟大哲思.科学的三向度:力量、知识和智慧事实上是三位一体的关系.科学的理想是力量、知识和智慧的完满结合. 相似文献
6.
Prpić K 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2011,20(6):733-750
This paper finds that the Croatian public's and the social elites' perceptions of science are a mixture of scientific and technological optimism, of the tendency to absolve science of social responsibility, of skepticism about the social effects of science, and of cognitive optimism and skepticism. However, perceptions differ significantly according to the different social roles and the wider value system of the observed groups. The survey data show some key similarities, as well as certain specificities in the configuration of the types of views of the four groups--the public, scientists, politicians and managers. The results suggest that the well-known typology of the four cultures reveals some of the ideologies of the key actors of scientific and technological policy. The greatest social, primarily educational and socio-spatial, differentiation of the perceptions of science was found in the general public. 相似文献
7.
Taub L 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(4):689-696
Over the past twenty years or so, historians of science have become increasingly sensitized to issues involved in studying and interpreting scientific and medical instruments. The contributors to this Focus section are historians of science who have worked closely with museum objects and collections, specifically instruments used in scientific and medical contexts. Such close engagement by historians of science is somewhat rare, provoking distinctive questions as to how we define and understand instruments, opening up issues regarding the value of broken or incomplete objects, and raising concerns about which scientific and medical artifacts are displayed and interpreted in museums and in what manner. It is hoped that these essays point historians of science in new directions for reengaging with scientific objects and collections. 相似文献
8.
Harris SJ 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2005,96(1):71-79
Within the context of national traditions in colonial science, the scientific activities of Jesuit missionaries present us with a unique combination of challenges. The multinational membership of the Society of Jesus gave its missionaries access to virtually every Portuguese, Spanish, and French colony. The Society was thus compelled to engage an astonishingly diverse array of cultural and natural environments, and that diversity of contexts is reflected in the range and the complexity of Jesuit scientific practices. Underlying that complexity, however, was what I see as a unique combination of institutional structures; namely, European colleges, overseas mission stations, and the regular circulation of personnel and information. With this institutional framework as a backdrop, I briefly trace what I see as the most salient themes emerging from recent studies of Jesuit overseas science: (1) the Societys ability to use scientific expertise to its advantage amid the complex web of dependencies upon which it missionary activities rested; (2) the ability of its missionaries to become intimate with a wide range of cultures and to appropriate natural knowledge held by indigenous peoples, especially in the fields of material medica and geography; and (3) the different ways Jesuits used published accounts of "remote nature" (i.e., natural histories of overseas colonies) to advance their corporate and religious causes. 相似文献
9.
强化国家战略科技力量是实现科技自立自强、加快建设科技强国的关键路径。从全球百年科技史来看,伴随着世界科学中心的转移,主要发达国家在不同发展阶段,均从国家战略高度认识和强化其战略科技力量。文章在深刻认识强化国家战略科技力量体系化布局的重大意义基础上,分别从聚焦国家需求"基本面"、围绕前沿探索"无人区"、面向产业经济"主战场"3个方面论述了关于国家战略科技力量在国家科技创新体系中布局的思考,并提出相关建议,以期为强化国家战略科技力量提供参考。 相似文献
10.
Maria Rentetzi 《Endeavour》2021,45(1-2):100754
In 1958 the United States of America offered two mobile radioisotope laboratories to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as gifts. For the USA, supplying the IAEA with gifts was not only the cost of “doing business” in the new nuclear international setting of the Cold War, but also indispensable in maintaining authority and keeping the upper hand within the IAEA and in the international regulation of nuclear energy. The transformation of a technoscientific artefact into a diplomatic gift with political strings attached for both giver and receiver, positions the lab qua gift as a critical key that simultaneously unlocks the overlapping histories of international affairs, Cold War diplomacy, and postwar nuclear science. Embracing political epistemology as my primary methodological framework and introducing the gift as a major analytic category, I emphasize the role of material objects in modeling scientific research and training in a way that is dictated by diplomatic negotiations, state power, and international legal arrangements. 相似文献
11.
1978年召开的全国科学大会为科技界破除"两个凡是"的束缚,从而揭开了科技体制改革的序幕。30年来,中科院采取了一系列解放科技生产力的措施,但在科学院的性质与任务、办院方针以及科技与经济关系等方面,经历了许多曲折。为总结经验,深化改革,需调整科技体制改革的主要目标,建设国家创新生态系统。 相似文献
12.
世界格局变迁和工业革命发展是后发国家实现科技赶超,建成世界科技强国的重要历史机遇。德国因引领第二次工业革命而建成世界科技强国;美国抓住第二次工业革命和两次世界大战机遇,赶超欧洲建成世界科技强国并引领第三次工业革命;日本抓住第二三次工业革命交汇的机遇,成功加入世界科技强国之列。从经济崛起到科技赶超,从技术引进到原始创新,从教育改革到科学发展,从自发创新到体系建设,德美日三国经过赶超,均形成了内生技术能力,持续性建设人才队伍,推动科技创新和制度创新,并注重发挥国立科研机构的引领作用。据此,提出中国科技自立自强、科教融合、科技开放合作和国家战略科技力量体系建设等方面相关建议。 相似文献
13.
《科技管理研究》是我国科学及科学研究的核心期刊,本文利用《中国知网》(CNKI)《中国引文数据库》对该刊的载文量、下载量、被引频次、影响因子、基金论文等进行统计分析,客观揭示该刊在我国科学及科学研究领域的学术水平及学术影响力,以期对期刊的发展提供客观依据。 相似文献
14.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(2):271-289
The title of this paper is not meant to imply comprehensive treatment of developments in Australian science from the 1940s to the 1980s. Its more modest objective is to isolate particular parallels in the debates and rhetoric about science in these two decades. It argues that shifting political and economic contexts condition scientists' preferred strategies of self-legitimation. These shifts may cause major realignments within the scientific power structure. Two such shifts occurred during the 1940s. Coinciding with the outbreak of World War II, the catchcry of ‘science for society’ catalysed unprecedented moves to register science as a key national resource. But the projection of the scientist as social engineer/mediator was not to be realised. With the onset of the Cold War, the scientific community reverted to the defence of autonomy and non-interventionism in scientific organisation. Scientific ‘excellence’ rapidly replaced ‘relevance’ as a justification for government support of science. The appeal to freedom from political interference remains a powerful article of faith within the stratified research hierarchy. Increasingly, however, the rationale of autonomy is out of step with the economic and political climate of the 1980s. Some exploratory observations are made about the legacy of the 1940s in the emerging current political debate about Australia's so-called ‘technological dependence’ and a renewed concern about strategic relationships among science, technology, productivity and national wealth. 相似文献
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Wigelsworth JR 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2003,94(3):434-455
In January and February 1720 John Theophilus Desaguliers, a fellow of the Royal Society and a popular lecturer and experimenter, engaged in a public argument with two booksellers, William Mears and John Woodward. Each side offered for sale a translation of Willem Jacob's Gravesande's Physices elementa mathematica, experimentis confirmata, an introduction to Isaac Newton's natural philosophy. The adversaries challenged each other in letters placed within advertisements for their respective translations that appeared in the Post Boy. While historians of science have long noted the existence of the two translations, the events following their publication have not been explored fully. Setting Desaguliers as the focal point allows the complexities buried beneath the surface of this affair to be revealed. Desaguliers's behavior resulted from his past experiences with the book trade, the competition among public lecturers in London, his financial situation, and concerns about the preservation of his reputation. This episode demonstrates the necessity of finding a prominent role for newspaper advertisements in the study of public science and in histories of the book. 相似文献
18.
[目的/意义]本文对近三年来（2015-2017）SCI和SSCI收录的图书情报学的影响因子排名前50%的外文期刊刊载论文及其题录数据进行计量研究,进而揭示国际LIS领域热点研究主题,再利用著名的科学分析管理工具ESI追踪LIS领域的研究发展趋势。[方法/过程]使用自主研发的程序工具基于Louvain算法对领域知识网络进行知识群落划分,进而识别领域知识主题与研究热点,再利用科学分析管理工具ESI根据共被引分析和聚类算法选出学科最新研究前沿。[结果/结论]通过研究发现,近三年国际图书情报学的研究热点主题分别是文献计量、高校图书馆、网络社交媒体研究、管理、卫生健康、技术、信息检索、电子政府、企业管理和电子商务等特定领域的信息应用,研究前沿主要集中在学术平台替代计量学研究、在线用户评论研究、政治文本内容挖掘研究、智慧城市研究、读者阅读研究、社交媒体相关研究等。 相似文献
19.
王葆青 《科技成果管理与研究》2010,(4):11-13
本文根据美英两国“科学外交”的理论研究和实践经验,分析了他们开展“科学外交”的目的和意义．提出了推进我国“科学外交”工作的思考和建议：应向国际共同关注的领域倾斜、积极引进国外技术、提高科技软实力形象、政府搭桥为中小企业寻求科技合作计划、深入关注国际合作中的知识产权问题等。 相似文献
20.
我国政府科技管理模式优化改进的思考 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
寻求经济的快速发展,已成为当今世界各国政府的主题。当今世界范围内激烈的综合国力竞争,根本上是以科技为核心的经济竞争。国家政府如何管理、调控全国的科技资源?怎样才能更好地发挥我国政府的科技管理作用,使我国科技事业得到迅速发展,通过科技进步使经济实现跨越式发展?本文试图通过几个发达国家政府科技管理模式的粗略比较分析,提出我国政府科技管理模式优化改进的思考性意见。 相似文献