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1.
Abstract

Distance education planners make complex decisions that result in substantial investments and have long‐term implications. This article provides a framework to categorize planning issues into four distinct program stages and three decision areas. The framework brings to the surface and highlights numerous areas of uncertainty and potential disagreement among decision makers and provides an organizing backdrop to improve the distance education planning process.  相似文献   

2.
ABSTRACT

Tensions between schools and the outside world have often arisen out of the lack of contiguity between the aims of child‐centred education and the demands of society on education. Technology now offers the opportunity for neutralising these tensions; it is argued that technology confers on individuals more autonomy and reduces the power of the large organisation by exposing the weaknesses inherent in its structure; as society becomes more individual‐centred the logic of child‐centred education will become more clearly apparent. Yet education in its perception of the effects of technological change is short‐sighted and its response is marked by a kind of stereotypy. Some reasons for education's difficulties in understanding the effects of technological change are advanced while some developments in schools are identified as positive reflections of technologically‐induced change. It is suggested that recognition and understanding of the processes underlying these developments is necessary if we are to promote the benefits to be derived from the new changes.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Distance education, in which learners are remote from the primary educational institution and the teacher, is increasingly delivered via interactive television technology. Moore (1980) described transactional distance between students and faculty in distance education as characterized by dialogue and structure. He hypothesized that high structure and low dialogue yield “remote” transactional distance and low structure and high dialogue yield “close” transactional distance. The variables in the current study were operationally defined following Moore (1973, 665): “A learner's ‘distance’ from his teacher [transactional distance] … is defined as a function of individualization [structure] and dialogue.” Student volunteers (n = 221) in thirteen public health and nursing graduate courses at the University of Hawaii at Manoa responded to an investigator‐developed questionnaire regarding elements of dialogue, structure, and transactional distance in their courses. Principal components and internal consistency reliability analyses verified the presence of three factors: structure, dialogue, and transactional distance. Dialogue was greater in the distance‐format courses than in the traditional‐format courses. Distance‐format courses did not differ from traditional courses on amount of structure or transactional distance.  相似文献   

4.
Book reviews     

Post‐Secondary Distance Education in Canada: Policies, Practices, and Priorities. Edited by Robert Sweet. (Edmonton, Alberta: Athabasca University and the Canadian Society for Studies in Education, 1989, 272 pp., $15.95 Canadian.)

The Computer Revolution in Education: New Technologies for Distance Teaching. Edited by Ann Jones, Eileen Scanlon and Tim O'Shea. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. 282 pp. $37.50)  相似文献   

5.
This paper focuses on the factors that influence collaborative learning in distance education. Distance education has been around for many years and the use of collaborative learning techniques in distance education is becoming increasingly popular. Several studies have demonstrated the superiority of collaborative learning over traditional modes of learning and it has been identified as a potential solution to some of the weaknesses of traditional distance education courses. There are a rapidly growing number of technologies in use today and educators and practitioners face an increasingly difficult challenge to successfully implement collaborative learning in distance education; precipitated not only from technical advances but also from wider social and organisational concerns. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the factors that influence collaborative learning in distance education, by eliciting the opinions of an expert panel using a Delphi survey. The aim was to produce an integrated list of the most important implementation factors and to investigate the role that technology is perceived to contribute. The findings identified 17 of the most important factors; these factors cover a range of themes including course rationale and design, instructor characteristics, training, group dynamics, the development of a learning community and technology. The potential of technology, however, does not seem to be fully realised and newer technologies such as multi‐user environments would seem to be of limited use in practice according to the expert panel.  相似文献   

6.
This paper argues that, while distance education may have a continuing role as ‘complementary’ education, it is better viewed as part of the resources of the total life‐long education process. Any face‐to‐face classroom teacher exercises a range of options in catering for individual needs. Distance education is surely one of the wider range of options available to every teacher, and to any individual with capacity for independent learning.

To suggest that the attractiveness of distance education lies in its potential for economies of scale may not only under‐value the capacity of distance education to satisfy a wide range of needs but also lend support to the notion that cheap education is the paramount criterion in assessing the efficacy of the educational process.  相似文献   


7.
Abstract

Flexibility in location, scheduling, and delivery of courses and programs through distance education can provide disabled students with what may be their first real access to higher education. Distance educators must stay abreast of developments (particularly technological developments) that will improve future services; in this way, they can take a proactive stance in providing and delivering courses, instruction, and testing in accessible formats. This article states a philosophy for serving disabled learners and describes practical applications of that philosophy for distance education programs based on the experiences of the Independent Study program at the University of Wisconsin‐Extension. Issues addressed include information dissemination, planning, instruction, testing, and faculty training and support.  相似文献   

8.
为实现联合国教科文组织全民教育目标,远程教育被世界各国,尤其是发展中国家作为普及基础教育、促进教育均衡发展的重要战略手段.我国中小学远程教育从中小学网校的兴起到农村中小学现代远程教育工程的全面实施经历了十几年的发展历程,然而在实践中我们发现已有实践模式都存在各自的问题与局限.四川成都七中网校采用了有别于我国其他中小学网校的一种远程教育实践模式,该模式支持正规的学历教育,经过6年的实践探索与发展,形成"四同时一四位一体"远程直播教学模式.本文采用CIPP评价方法对该模式的背景、投入、过程和结果进行系统评价,对远程直播教学的特点与优势、效果与影响、可持续发展的潜力与挑战进行了总结与分析,并提出推广与应用该模式的建议.笔者期望有关研究成果能够为中小学远程教育相关的政策决策、实践改进和科学研究提供参考和借鉴.  相似文献   

9.

This paper analyses the effects of parental choice on first‐year admissions to 20 non‐denominational secondary schools in Edinburgh and ten in Dundee. Although Dundee is a more working‐class city than Edinburgh, the take‐up of placing requests in Dundee was somewhat higher than in Edinburgh. There was a substantial increase in the take‐up of placing requests in both cities over the period 1982‐85 (from 13.5% to 21.0% of the S1 intake in Edinburgh and from 14.0% to 23.7% in Dundee). In each city, there was evidence of bandwagon effects ‐ some schools gained an increasing proportion of their S1 intakes through parental choice while others lost an increasing proportion of their intakes for this reason. However, the imposition of intake limits on three of the ‘most popular’ secondary schools in Edinburgh not only decreased the number of requests for those schools but also reduced the outflows from the ‘least popular’ schools. The paper uses logistic regression to calculate the effects of extra travelling distance and a variety of school and catchment area variables on the odds of moving between all possible pairs of schools in the two cities. Distance was the best predictor of movement and few pupils moved to schools which would have entailed much extra travelling; after distance, school attainment measures were most highly correlated with movement. However, stepwise multiple regression indicated that, for schools which were a given distance apart and similar in terms of attainment, moves were towards schools in more working‐class areas. Thus, there was some evidence to suggest that parents were choosing more effective schools. Finally, the paper uses spatial methods to show how placing requests have resulted in large flows out of secondary schools serving the least prosperous local authority housing schemes into adjacent, often previously selective, schools with much more mixed catchment areas, and points to the growth of substantial inequalities among secondary schools which are formally equal in status.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

Modern communication technology is being applied increasingly by post‐secondary systems throughout the world to deliver a variety of learning experiences to people residing at a distance from the main campuses of institutions of higher education. The implications of this phenomenon for the future development of post‐secondary education have yet to be assessed. At present, distance education activities at many institutions are perceived by scholars, as well as administrators, to be of lesser importance and appendages of the primary functions of the academic community. Such a myopic vision of the future is inconsistent with the incremental changes in organizational structures, delivery systems and administrative procedures occurring in many post‐secondary systems to accommodate a more personalized form of higher education. This article examines the impact which experiments with satellite communication have had on the organizational structures of a Canadian provincial university system. The findings derived by this exploratory analysis suggest that co‐operation, collaboration and communication are going to be essential elements of resource management, programme planning and knowledge delivery in post‐secondary systems by the 21st century.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

All articles submitted to The American Journal of Distance Education are subjected to a multi‐stage review process. One of the stages of review is an evaluation of methodology, including the appropriateness of any analytic procedures that are used. For this article, a number of empirical research reports submitted over the past several years were reviewed to identify common analytic problems and errors often overlooked by distance education researchers.  相似文献   

12.
本文以加拿大土著民族为例,分析了加拿大政府发展土著高等教育的政策及其背后的战略意义。由于历史背景和地理环境的限制,土著民族的高等教育发展相对落后。为了改善这一状况,加拿大政府推行“积极差别性待遇”政策,通过不同的项目来资助或引导土著高等教育的发展,高校在录取中也对土著学生实行差别对待政策。加拿大政府之所以推行该政策,除了改善土著人口的高等教育面貌外,还有其在政治和经济上的战略构想。  相似文献   

13.
特里·安德森(Terry Anderson)博士是位国际知名远程教育专家。目前任职加拿大阿萨巴斯卡大学教授,同时任职设在该校的加拿大全国远程教育研究会的主席。安德森教授在远程教育和教育技术领域涉猎广泛,发表了大量的研究论文,并于近期与他人合著出版了两本新书:《电子研究:方法、问题和战略》(E-Research:Methods,Issues and Strategies),《21世纪的电子学习:研究与实践的框架》(E-Learning in the 21stCentury:A framework for research and practice)。 安德森博士是当地阿尔伯特省、加拿大乃至国际远程教育组织的积极参与者。他主要承担着远程教育硕士教学计划的教育技术课程,并具体负责主持着若干教育技术应用方面的研究课题。 安德森博士同时兼任《加拿大远程教育杂志》(Canadian Journal of Distance Education)、《教育中的互动媒介杂志》(Journal of Interactive Media in Education)、《国际远程教育研究评论》(International Review of Research in DistanceEducation)、《高等教育中的国际互联网》(Internet in Higher Education)、《加拿大学习与技术杂志》(The Canadian Jour-nal of Learning and Technology)等采用同行评审制度的多种学术杂志的编辑评审委员会成员。  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Distance education reaches out to non-traditional students in geographically dispersed locations, who are unable to attend face-to-face classes. Contact institutions have been quick to realise the many advantages of distance (online) learning, such as easy access to learning materials, interactive activities, assessment and communication tools. However, the path to anything approaching dual-mode provision has not been without obstacles. In South Africa in the early 2000s, the Council on Higher Education reinforced the mandate of distance education universities and decreed that contact institutions should not encroach on this territory. Subsequently, various frameworks and guidelines emerged which can inform current consideration of dual-mode provision. This practitioner report presents two case studies (University of Pretoria, South Africa; and University of Oxford, United Kingdom) which explore the implications for contact institutions in expanding their provision to include distance education.  相似文献   

15.
This study reports on self‐regulated learning (SRL) of Chinese distance learners by using a structured SRL scale. SRL of adult and lifelong learners is a well‐researched area, though its application within distance education is a new area of investigation. Open and distance learning lean heavily on self‐learning and self‐learning resources, though interaction at designated learning centers and online learning platforms is occasionally offered. In China, there is still persistence of the age‐old teacher‐centric model of teaching‐learning; and, within distance education offered largely by the radio and television universities, there is insistence for regular tuition classes at designated branch schools. At the backdrop of understanding and enhancing SRL of Chinese distance learners, the authors took up this research to find out the elements and levels of SRL ability among Chinese distance learners. Based on factor analysis (on 357 students for item analysis and on 600 distance learners for structural validity of the initial 117‐item scale), a standardized 54‐item Self‐regulated Learning Ability Scale was finalized and administered on a random sample of 2738 undergraduate learners (1630 males and 1108 females) from the Open Distance Education Centre of Beijing Normal University, P.R. China, doing an online course during 2009–10. The sample came from either senior high school (grade 12) or junior college (grade 14). Data on four dimensions of SRL—planning, control, regulating and evaluation—were analyzed using ‘t’ test for variables of gender, level of education and age. Results indicated that all the participants had above‐average levels of SRL in all the four dimensions of planning, control, regulating and evaluation. In so far as gender was concerned, male distance learners were better in SRL than female distance learners, especially in control (ie, content and resources) and all the evaluation dimensions. Though no age difference was found, students from junior colleges had better planning, regulating and evaluating abilities than those who came from senior high schools. These results have been discussed in the context of current changes in Chinese distance/online education and also in relation to the age‐old Chinese culture of learning. The results will also have implications for designing distance and online learning generally.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

Mini‐enterprise in schools is the most tangible manifestation of ‘education for enteprise’. Despite its growing presence in schools, and diverse views about its potential impact, little is known about how pupils experience such activity. Findings suggest that interpersonal learning objectives are achieved effectively through mini‐enterprise but more narrow economic goals (such as fostering positive attitudes towards self‐employment) may not be. This paper sets out the pupils’ perspective on mini‐enterprise in schools and raises questions about current models of practice.  相似文献   

17.
Kember's linear‐process model of drop‐out from distance education (described in detail in Distance Education 10, 2, 196‐211) has been adapted and used as the basis for a series of interviews with students studying externally at Charles Sturt University‐Riverina. Although the sample is small, many issues are raised that arc relevant for distance educators. It is concluded Kember's model provides a useful theoretical underpinning for examining not only reasons for student withdrawal but also why they continue their studies.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

A common theme in the distance education literature is that delivery technologies with the potential for real‐time interactivity will improve both the image and practice of distance education. Although there appears to be a growing acceptance of a causal relationship between system interactivity and instructional interaction, neither concept has been clearly or functionally defined. This article discusses several systems models and relates them to the contexts of instructional delivery, instructional design, instructional theory, and learning theory in an attempt to establish conceptual parameters for the function of interaction.  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT

The aims and content of training in special education have been extended in recent years as a result of the practice of integrated education and also the recognition of a larger group of children with special educational needs. Provision in ordinary schools is being seen as the development of whole‐school policies for curricula and organization, including the development of systems of support within and sometimes, across schools. These developments have implications for the training of special education teachers and also for the pre‐service and in‐service education and training of all teachers and for the variety of strategies to be employed.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

Over the last twenty years, school effectiveness work has dominated efforts to improve schools. Within the last five years, school restructuring has moved front and center in the school improvement literature. This paper examines these two lines of improvement efforts to ascertain the major contributions of each to schooling and education. It is argued that the effective schools movement has been influential in helping dismantle the existing foundations of schooling. In particular, it is suggested that academics and practitioners working within the effective schools framework have been influential in pushing prevailing behavioral approaches to learning off center stage. Effective schools workers have also helped re‐establish the primacy of learning and teaching in schools and helped channel improvement efforts into consistent and overlapping streams of action. It is argued that school restructuring, in turn, offers the possibility of taking us considerably further ‐ of weaving seminal contributions from effective schools into dramatically different forms of schooling. In particular, it is suggested that the school restructuring movement promises viable alternatives to behaviorally‐grounded models of learning and teaching, to hierarchical models of organizing and managing education, and to bureaucratic and professionally‐dominated models of governing schools.

  相似文献   

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