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1.
Is Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) Necessary for Reformed Science Teaching?: Evidence from an Empirical Study 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Soonhye Park Jeong-Yoon Jang Ying-Chih Chen Jinhong Jung 《Research in Science Education》2011,41(2):245-260
This study tested a hypothesis that focused on whether or not teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) is a necessary
body of knowledge for reformed science teaching. This study utilized a quantitative research method to investigate the correlation
between a teacher’s PCK level as measured by the PCK rubric (Park et al. 2008) and the degree to which his/her classroom is reform-oriented as measured by RTOP (Sawada et al. 2002). Data included 33 instructional sessions of photosynthesis and heredity videotaped with 7 high school biology teachers.
Each session was given a score on both the PCK rubric and RTOP by two independent raters. Results indicate that PCK score
is significantly related to RTOP score in terms of both total score (r = .831, p < .01) and sub-component scores (ranging from r = .616 to .805, p < .01). Implications for science teacher education and future research are discussed. 相似文献
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An Inquiry Learning Partnership (ILP) for professional development (PD) was formed between a university, science centre, and two urban school districts to offer 4–6th grade teachers specific science content and pedagogical techniques intended to integrate inquiry-based instruction in elementary classrooms. From pre/post content exams, PD surveys, focus group, and assessment data, teachers increased their science content knowledge, reported implementing inquiry practices in their classrooms and their students experienced modest gains on 5th grade standardized science achievement exams. While some teachers were transferring knowledge/skills gained in professional development to their classrooms, others encountered barriers to implementing PD. These obstacles included limited resources, time constraints, mandated curriculum pacing, language learning, and classroom management issues. Strategies to mitigate these barriers in order to maximize the impact of professional development need to be a priority in professional development reform. 相似文献
4.
Engaging young children in literacy activities at home is one way for families to augment and enrich the home literacy setting
and to participate in their child’s education at an early age (St. Pierre et al. in Dev Psychol 41(6): 953–970, 2005). Burgess et al. (Read Res Quart 4(4): 408–426, 2002) suggested that the resources families have at their disposal, the quality of literacy role models provided by parents, and
the types of literacy and language activities in which parents and children engage, are all related to young children’s developing
literacy and language abilities. Other studies demonstrated that even modest literacy-promoting interventions can significantly
enhance a young child’s early literacy environment by increasing the frequency of parent–child book-sharing activities (Weitzman
et al. in Pediatrics 113(5):1248–1253, 2004). Dever (J Early Educ Fam Rev 8(4):17–28, 2001) and Dever and Burtis (Early Child Dev Care 172(4):359–370, 2002) emphasize the use of family literacy bags for early childhood development. Developing and sharing take-home literacy bags
is an exciting literacy-promoting activity that may be shared with children and families to provide support for emergent literacy.
This article explores the development of the BAGS (Books and Good Stuff) take-home literacy kits and provides suggestions
for content, construction, implementation, and evaluation. Sixteen current books are reviewed and recommended by theme. 相似文献
5.
Maeghan N. Hennessey Kelli Higley Steven R. Chesnut 《Educational Psychology Review》2012,24(2):187-204
Mathematics teachers face a myriad of instructional obstacles. Since the early 1990s, mathematics education researchers have
proposed the use of constructivist practices to counteract these ever-prevalent obstacles. While we do give credit to the
choices of instructional activities the constructivist paradigm promotes, there are problems with its use as the foundation
of mathematics pedagogy (e.g., Phillips, Educational Researcher 24: 5–12 1995; Simon, Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 26: 114–145 1995). In this paper, we will analyze and review the literature pertaining to the conceptual tenets and operational practices
of constructivism, and the viability of these practices for meeting the professional teaching standards proposed by the National
Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM; 2000). We will then review the literature pertaining to a paradigm of teaching that may be more applicable, that of persuasive
pedagogical practices, and the ways in which these practices can differentially meet the goals of the mathematics standards.
The differences between constructivism and persuasive pedagogy lead us to believe that the adoption of the theory of teaching
as persuasion, or persuasive pedagogy, may be more appropriate for learning mathematics and the identification and correction
of misconceptions. Further, these pedagogical practices correspond with suggestions for mathematical discourse provided by
NCTM (2000). 相似文献
6.
Andrew Gilbert 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2009,36(5):431-438
This study utilized pre-service teachers’ philosophy statements to connect their beliefs for science teaching with inquiry-based
constructivist classroom practice. The major findings of this study suggested that before entering the classroom prospective
teachers are strongly aligned with inquiry-based, constructivist-based theories, and describe teaching science as a process
approach. However, after entering public classrooms the teacher candidates often abandoned those notions of constructivist,
inquiry-based science in favor of a more traditional approach to science instruction. This study addresses a method to engage
prospective teachers in designing inquiry-based science pedagogy as well as developing their professional pedagogical confidence. 相似文献
7.
The PISA studies of reading achievement of 15 year old students in OECD and partner nations show Anglophone nations to have
continuing high proportions of weak readers (≤Level 2), with no improvement in this area from 2000 to 2006 (OECD, Science
competencies for tomorrow’s world: Executive summary, 2007). The nations which have decreased their proportions of low achievers all use highly regular (transparent) orthographies,
which expedite the development of efficient reading and writing skills (Galletly and Knight, Aust J Learn Disabil 9(4):4–11,
2004). While international scrutiny is being focussed on socio-cultural differences in education as a basis of nations’ achievement
differences, little consideration is currently being applied to the speed of reading accuracy and spelling development. This
is surprising, given the volume of research showing that orthographic regularity significantly expedites development of reading—accuracy
and spelling—with very low rates of reading difficulties in nations with highly regular orthographies (Seymour et al., Br
J Psychol 94:143–174, 2003, p. 174; Share, Psychol Bull 134(4):584–615, 2008, p. 615). This paper proposes Transition-from-early-to-sophisticated-literacy (TESL) as a variable for use when considering
cross-national achievement differences. It is proposed that Complex TESL nations (including Anglophone nations) will need
paradigmatically different mechanisms to those used by Resolved and Facilitated TESL nations, for improved literacy and academic
outcomes by lower achievers. 相似文献
8.
Ajda Kahveci 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2010,5(3):735-741
Recent elaborations on cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) (Engestr?m et al., eds., Perspectives on activity theory.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999) and its relation to organizational theories have produced a theoretical amalgam of these earlier ideas, which allow for
the exploration of learning in formal organizational contexts such as schools. In this paper I reflect on Candela’s work situated
in undergraduate Mexican physics by drawing attention to the CHAT-IT framework (Ogawa et al., Educational Researcher 37(2):83–95,
2008) as a viable lens. I suggest that it is important to understand the historical development of the Mexican university as an
educational organization as well as the role of physics professors as agents of change whose practices contribute to not only
breaking classroom walls but also to transforming the organization affecting future activity systems. 相似文献
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Alandeom W. Oliveira 《Journal of Science Teacher Education》2010,21(1):103-126
This study examined the effectiveness of introducing elementary teachers to the scholarly literature on personal pronouns
and hedges in classroom discourse, a professional development strategy adopted during a summer institute to enhance teachers’
social understanding (i.e., their understanding of the social functions of language in science discussions). Teachers became
aware of how hedges can be employed to remain neutral toward students’ oral contributions to classroom discussions, invite
students to share their opinions and articulate their own ideas, and motivate students to inquire. Teachers recognized that
the combined use of I and you can render their feedback authoritative, you can shift the focus from the investigation to students’ competence, and we can lead to authority loss. It is argued that explicitness, reflectivity, and contextualization are essential features of
professional development programs aimed at improving teachers’ understandings of the social dimension of inquiry-based science
classrooms and preparing teachers to engage in inquiry-based teacher–student interactions. 相似文献
11.
Jess Gropen Janna F. Kook Cindy Hoisington Nancy Clark-Chiarelli 《Early education and development》2017,28(5):607-631
Young children are able to benefit from early science teaching but many preschool teachers have not had opportunities to deepen their own understanding of science or to develop their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in relation to specific science topics and concepts. This study presents the results of efficacy research on Foundations of Science Literacy (FSL), a comprehensive professional development program designed to support teachers’ knowledge of early childhood science; their PCK around 2 physical science topics (water, and balls and ramps); and their abilities to plan, facilitate, and assess young children’s learning during inquiry-based science explorations. Research Findings: In a randomized trial with 142 preschool teachers and 1,004 4-year-old children, FSL teachers demonstrated significantly higher quality science teaching in general and greater PCK in the 2 physical science topics than did teachers in comparison classrooms. Furthermore, children in FSL classrooms performed significantly better than children in comparison classrooms on tasks involving floating and sinking, and an instrumental variable analysis suggests that the quality of classroom science instruction mediated the relationship between teacher participation in FSL and student outcomes. Practice or Policy: Findings support the use of comprehensive early science professional development programs designed to bolster teacher knowledge and PCK. 相似文献
12.
This paper reports multi-layered analyses of student learning in a science classroom using the theoretical lens of Distributed
Cognition (Hollan et al. 1999; Hutchins 1995). Building on the insights generated from previous research employing Distributed Cognition, the particular focus of this
study has been placed on the “public space of interaction” (Alac and Hutchins 2004, p. 639) that includes both participants’ interaction with each other and their interaction with artefacts in their environment.
In this paper, a lesson from an Australian science classroom was examined in detail, in which a class of grade-seven students
were investigating the scientific theme of gravity by designing pendulums. The video-stimulated post-lesson interviews with
both the teacher and the student groups offered complementary accounts (Clarke 2001a) that assisted the interpretation of the classroom data. The findings of this study provide supporting evidence to demonstrate
the capacity of Distributed Cognition for advancing our understanding of the nature of learning in science classrooms. 相似文献
13.
Mansoor Niaz 《Instructional Science》2008,36(3):233-249
The objective of this study is to facilitate in-service chemistry teachers’ understanding of nature of science and what ‘ideas-about-science’
can be included in the classroom. The study is based on 17 in-service teachers who had registered for a 11-week course on
‘Epistemology of Science Teaching’ as part of their Master’s degree program. The course is based on 17 readings drawing on
nature of science and its critical evaluation. Course activities included written reports, classroom discussions based on
participants’ presentations and written exams. Based on the results obtained this study has the following educational implications:
(a) Experimental data need to be interpreted carefully due to underdetermination of theories by data; (b) Kuhn’s normal science
manifests itself in the science curriculum through the scientific method and wields considerable influence; (c) Trilemma posed
by Collins (Stud Sci Educ 35:169–173, 2000), viz., creation of new knowledge ⇔ Kuhn’s normal science ⇔ teaching nature of
science, provided a big challenge and was thought provoking; (d) Of the different aspects of nature of science suggested by
experts, these teachers endorsed the following as most important: Creativity, Historical development of scientific knowledge,
Diversity of scientific thinking and Scientific method and critical testing; (e) With respect to the contradiction between
the positions of Lederman et al. (J Res Sci Teach 39:497–521, 2002) and Osborne et al. (J Res Sci Teach 40:692–720, 2003),
few supported the position of latter, viz., inclusion of scientific method in the classroom and a majority supported the former,
viz., scientific method as a myth; and (f) Participants were critical of the present stage of research with respect to the
scientific method and suggested the introduction of history, philosophy and epistemology of science to counteract its influence. 相似文献
14.
Bradley E. Cox Kadian L. McIntosh Patrick T. Terenzini Robert D. Reason Brenda R. Lutovsky Quaye 《Research in higher education》2010,51(8):767-788
Decades of research demonstrate that college students benefit from positive interaction with faculty members, although that
same evidence suggests that those interactions are far from common, particularly outside the classroom. Moreover, relatively
little is known about which, when, how, and why faculty members choose to engage with students outside of the classroom. Guided
by the theory that faculty members use in-class behaviors to signal their “psychosocial approachability” for out-of-class
interaction with students (Wilson et al. in Sociology of Education 47(1):74–92, 1974; College professors and their impact on students, 1975), this study uses data from 2,845 faculty members on 45 campuses to identify the personal, institutional, and pedagogical
factors that influence the frequency and type of interaction faculty members have with students outside of the classroom. 相似文献
15.
While constructivism has emerged as a major reform in science education from the last decade, wide-spread adoption of constructivist
practices in school laboratories and classrooms is yet to be achieved. If constructivist approaches are to be utilised more
widely, teachers will need to accept a more active and constructivist role in their own pedagogical learning. One experienced
junior science teacher was able to implement constructivist approaches in her classroom by using a personally constructed
metaphor to guide her practice.
Specializations: science education, teaching of thinking, professional development.
Specializations: constructivism, professional development. 相似文献
16.
This longitudinal case study describes the factors that affect an experienced teacher’s attempt to shift her pedagogical practices
in order to implement embedded elements of argument into her science classroom. Research data was accumulated over 2 years
through video recordings of science classes. The Reformed Teacher Observation Protocol (RTOP) is an instrument designed to
quantify changes in classroom environments as related to reform as defined by the National Research Council (National science education standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996b) and the National Research Council (Fulfilling the promise: Biology education in the nation’s schools, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990) and was used to analyze videotaped science lessons. Analysis of the data shows
that there was a significant shift in the areas of teacher questioning, and student voice. Several levels of subsequent analysis
were completed related to teacher questioning and student voice. The data suggests a relationship between these areas and
the implementation of scientific argument. Results indicate that the teacher moved from a traditional, teacher-centered, didactic
teaching style to instructional practices that allowed the focus and direction of the lesson to be affected by student voice.
This was accomplished by a change in teacher questioning that included a shift from factual recall to more divergent questioning
patterns allowing for increased student voice. As student voice increased, students began to investigate ideas, make statements
or claims and to support these claims with strong evidence. Finally, students were observed refuting claims in the form of
rebuttals. This study informs professional development related to experienced teachers in that it highlights pedagogical issues
involved in implementing embedded elements of argument in the elementary classroom. 相似文献
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Tara E. Higgins Michele W. Spitulnik 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2008,17(5):511-521
Professional development is critical in supporting teachers’ use of technological tools in classrooms. This review of empirical
research synthesizes the effective elements of professional development programs that support science teachers in learning
about technology integration. Studies are examined that explore how professional development supports technology use within
inquiry-based and traditional science instruction. Implications for future research are discussed in four areas: understanding
and building on teachers’ beliefs about science and technology; supporting teacher learning by supporting teachers’ examination
of students’ work; using technology to support teacher communities and social networks; and sustaining teachers’ learning
beyond formal professional development programs.
相似文献
Tara E. HigginsEmail: |
19.
G. H. Roehrig M. Michlin L. Schmitt C. MacNabb J. M. Dubinsky 《CBE life sciences education》2012,11(4):413-424
In science education, inquiry-based approaches to teaching and learning provide a framework for students to building critical-thinking and problem-solving skills. Teacher professional development has been an ongoing focus for promoting such educational reforms. However, despite a strong consensus regarding best practices for professional development, relatively little systematic research has documented classroom changes consequent to these experiences. This paper reports on the impact of sustained, multiyear professional development in a program that combined neuroscience content and knowledge of the neurobiology of learning with inquiry-based pedagogy on teachers’ inquiry-based practices. Classroom observations demonstrated the value of multiyear professional development in solidifying adoption of inquiry-based practices and cultivating progressive yearly growth in the cognitive environment of impacted classrooms.Current discussion about educational reform among business leaders, politicians, and educators revolves around the idea students need “21st century skills” to be successful today (Rotherham and Willingham, 2009 ). Proponents argue that to be prepared for college and to be competitive in the 21st-century workplace, students need to be able to identify issues, acquire and use new information, understand complex systems, use technologies, and apply critical and creative thinking skills (US Department of Labor, 1991 ; Bybee et al., 2007 ; Conley, 2007 ). Advocates of 21st-century skills favor student-centered methods—for example, problem-based learning and project-based learning. In science education, inquiry-based approaches to teaching and learning provide one framework for students to build these critical-thinking and problem-solving skills (American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS], 1993 ; National Research Council [NRC], 2000 ; Capps et al., 2012 ).Unfortunately, in spite of the central role of inquiry in the national and state science standards, inquiry-based instruction is rarely implemented in secondary classrooms (Weiss et al., 1994 ; Bybee, 1997 ; Hudson et al., 2002 ; Smith et al., 2002 ; Capps et al., 2012 ). Guiding a classroom through planning, executing, analyzing, and evaluating open-ended investigations requires teachers to have sufficient expertise, content knowledge, and self-confidence to be able to maneuver through multiple potential roadblocks. Researchers cite myriad reasons for the lack of widespread inquiry-based instruction in schools: traditional beliefs about teaching and learning (Roehrig and Luft, 2004 ; Saad and BouJaoude, 2012 ), lack of pedagogical skills (Shulman, 1986 ; Adams and Krockover, 1997 ; Crawford, 2007 ), lack of time (Loughran, 1994 ), inadequate knowledge of the practice of science (Duschl, 1987 ; DeBoer, 2004 ; Saad and BouJaoude, 2012 ), perceived time constraints due to high-stakes testing, and inadequate preparation in science (Krajcik et al., 2000 ). Yet teachers are necessarily at the center of reform, as they make instructional and pedagogical decisions within their own classrooms (Cuban, 1990 ). Given that effectiveness of teachers’ classroom practices is critical to the success of current science education reforms, teacher professional development has been an ongoing focus for promoting educational reform (Corcoran, 1995 ; Corcoran et al., 1998 ).A review of the education research literature yields an extensive knowledge base in “best practices” for professional development (Corcoran, 1995 ; NRC, 1996 ; Loucks-Horsley and Matsumoto, 1999 ; Loucks-Horsley et al., 2009 ; Haslam and Fabiano, 2001 ; Wei et al., 2010 ). However, in spite of a strong consensus on what constitutes best practices for professional development (Desimone, 2009 ; Wei et al., 2010 ), relatively little systematic research has been conducted to support this consensus (Garet et al., 2001 ). Similarly, when specifically considering the science education literature, several studies have been published on the impact of teacher professional development on inquiry-based practices (e.g., Supovitz and Turner, 2000 ; Banilower et al., 2007 ; Capps et al., 2012 ). Unfortunately, these studies usually rely on teacher self-report data; few studies have reported empirical evidence of what actually occurs in the classroom following a professional development experience.Thus, in this study, we set out to determine through observational empirical data whether documented effective professional development does indeed change classroom practices. In this paper, we describe an extensive professional development experience for middle school biology teachers designed to develop teachers’ neuroscience content knowledge and inquiry-based pedagogical practices. We investigate the impact of professional development delivered collaboratively by experts in science and pedagogy on promoting inquiry-based instruction and an investigative classroom culture. The study was guided by the following research questions:
- Were teachers able to increase their neuroscience content knowledge?
- Were teachers able to effectively implement student-centered reform or inquiry-based pedagogy?
- Would multiple years of professional development result in greater changes in teacher practices?
20.
Zehavit Gross 《Prospects》2010,40(1):93-113
Research has shown the Holocaust to be the primary component of Jewish identity (Farago in Yahadut Zmanenu 5:259–285, 1989; Gross in Influence of the trip to Poland within the framework of the Ministry of Education on the working through of the
Holocaust. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, 2000; Herman in Jewish identity: A socio-psychological perspective, Sage, Beverly Hills, 1977; Levy et al. in Beliefs, observations and social interaction among Israeli Jews. Louis Guttman Israel Institute of Applied
Social Research (Hebrew), Jerusalem, 1993; Ofer in Jews in Israel: Contemporary social and cultural patterns. Brandeis University Press, Hanover and London, pp. 394–417,
2004a) and to contribute significantly to Jewish Israelis’ sense of belonging to the Jewish people. Though the Holocaust is a central
event in Jewish history, Holocaust education is mandatory in the state education system in Israel, and some research has investigated
the impact of this education, the field has not been conceptualized systematically (Blatman in Bishvilei haZikaron 7:15–16,
1995; Feldman in Bishvilei haZikaron 7:8–11, 1995; Ofer in Jewish Educ 10:87–108, 2004b; Schatzker in Int J Polit Educ 5(1): 75–82, 1982). This article attempts to organize the existing knowledge on the subject through a meta-analysis of the foundations and
basic premises of Holocaust education in Israel, using the most important literature in the area. It first suggests a conceptual
framework, organizing by period the changing attitudes toward the Holocaust in general and Holocaust education in particular.
It then describes Holocaust education over the years, and finally analyzes the goals of Holocaust education, along with its
major dilemmas and challenges. 相似文献