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1.
Here we present the framework of a new approach to assessing the capacity of research programs to achieve social goals. Research
evaluation has made great strides in addressing questions of scientific and economic impacts. It has largely avoided, however,
a more important challenge: assessing (prospectively or retrospectively) the impacts of a given research endeavor on the non-scientific,
non-economic goals—what we here term “public values”—that often are the core public rationale for the endeavor. Research programs
are typically justified in terms of their capacity to achieve public values, and that articulation of public values is pervasive
in science policy-making. We outline the elements of a case-based approach to “public value mapping” of science policy, with
a particular focus on developing useful criteria and methods for assessing “public value failure,” with an intent to provide
an alternative to “market failure” thinking that has been so powerful in science policy-making. So long as research evaluation
avoids the problem of public values, science policy decision makers will have little help from social science in making choices
among competing paths to desired social outcomes. 相似文献
2.
Mercy W. Kamara 《Minerva》2009,47(4):441-463
Drawing from contemporary social science studies on the shifting regime of research governance, this paper extends the literature
by utilizing a metaphoric image—research is a game—observed in a field engagement with 82 American, British, and Danish crop
and plant scientists. It theorizes respondents’ thinking and practices by placing the rules of the research “game” in dynamic
and interactive tension between the scientific, social, and political-economic contingencies that generate opportunities or
setbacks. Scientists who play the game exploit opportunities and surmount setbacks by adopting strategies and reinventing
tactics in order to maximize their winnings and to minimize their losses. Winners become superstars who decree what is open,
closed, or doable science for the majority of the scientific community. 相似文献
3.
In this paper we critically review recent developments in policies, practices and philosophies pertaining to the mediation
between science and the public within the EU and the UK, focusing in particular on the current paradigm of Public Understanding
of Science and Technology (PEST) which seeks to depart from the science information-transmission associated with previous
paradigms, and enact a deliberative democracy model. We first outline the features of the current crisis in democracy and
discuss deliberative democracy as a response to this crisis. We then map out and critically review the broad outlines of recent
policy developments in public-science mediation in the EU and UK contexts, focusing on the shift towards the deliberative-democratic
model. We conclude with some critical thoughts on the complex interrelationships between democracy, equality, science and
informal pedagogies in public-science mediations. We argue that science and democracy operate within distinct value-spheres
that are not necessarily consonant with each other. We also problematize the now common dismissal of information-transmission
of science as inimical to democratic engagement, and argue for a reassessment of the role and importance of informal science
learning for the “lay” public, provided within the framework of a deliberative democracy that is not reducible to consensus
building or the mere expression of opinions rooted in social and cultural givens. This, we argue, can be delivered by a model
of PEST that is creative and experimental, with both educational and democratic functions. 相似文献
4.
When the journal Minerva was founded in 1962, science and higher educational issues were high on the agenda, lending impetus to the interdisciplinary field of “Science Studies” qua “Science Policy Studies.” As government expenditures for promoting various branches of science increased dramatically on both sides of the East-West Cold War divide, some common issues regarding research management also emerged and with it an interest in closer academic interaction in the areas of history and policy of science. Through a close reading of many early issues of Minerva but also of its later competitor journal Science Studies (now called Social Studies of Science) the paper traces the initial optimism of an academically based Science Studies dialogue across the Cold War divide and the creation in 1971 of the International Commission for Science Policy Studies as a bridging forum, one that Minerva strangely chose to ignore. In this light, attention is drawn to aspects of the often forgotten history of Science Studies in the former Soviet Union and the Eastern European block. Reviewed also are several early discussions that are still relevant today: e.g., regarding differing concepts of Big Science, science and democracy, autonomy in higher education and what conditions are necessary to sustain academic freedom and scientific integrity (some of Edward Shils’ primary concerns). Finally, it is noted how the question of quantitative methods to measure scientific productivity lay at the heart of a “Science of Science” movement of the 1960s has re-emerged in a new form integral to the notion of a “Science of Science Policy.” 相似文献
5.
Benoît Godin 《Minerva》2010,48(3):277-307
The history of innovation as a category is dominated by economists and by the contribution of J. A. Schumpeter. This paper
documents the contribution of a neglected but influential author, the American sociologist William F. Ogburn. Over a period
of more than 30 years, Ogburn developed pioneering ideas on three dimensions of technological innovation: origins, diffusion,
and effects. He also developed the first conceptual framework for innovation studies—based on the concept of cultural lags—which
led to studying and forecasting the impacts of technological innovation on society. All in all, Ogburn has been as important
to the sociology of technology as Robert K. Merton has been to the sociology of science and Schumpeter to the economics of
technological innovation. 相似文献
6.
In the following pages we discuss three historical cases of moral economies in science: Drosophila genetics, late twentieth
century American astronomy, and collaborations between American drug companies and medical scientists in the interwar years.
An examination of the most striking differences and similarities between these examples, and the conflicts internal to them,
reveals constitutive features of moral economies, and the ways in which they are formed, negotiated, and altered. We critically
evaluate these three examples through the filters of rational choice, utility, and American pragmatism, using the latter to
support the conclusion that there is no single vision of moral economies in science and no single theory—moral, political,
social—that will explain them. These filters may not be the only means through which to evaluate the moral economies examined,
but aspects of each appear prominent in all three cases. In addition, explanations for decisions are often given in the language
of these theories, both at the macro (policy) level and at the local level of the moral economies we discuss. In light of
such factors, the use of these frameworks seems justified. We begin with an attempt to define the nature of moral economies,
then move to a consideration of scientific communities as moral communities operating within material and other constraints
which we relate to wider questions of political economy and societal accountabilities.
Dr Atkinson-Grosjean is a Senior Research Associate in the WM Young Centre for Applied Ethics at the University of British Columbia where she leads several research projects focused on large-scale science and the ways in which novel institutional and organizational arrangements affect the production and translation of scientific knowledge. Current work focuses on the factors that affect scientists’ participation (or lack thereof) in the translational mandates attached to funding. The goal is to contribute to a more nuanced understanding within policy guidelines of what constitutes ‘translational science’. Cory Fairley is a research assistant on Dr Atkinson-Grosjean’s translational science project and a PhD student in the Department of History at the University of British Columbia, where he also obtained a Masters degree in Philosophy. His current research focuses on the social history of technology, particularly upstream impacts of market forces on biotechnology in the historical context of twentieth century. 相似文献
| Cory FairleyEmail: |
Dr Atkinson-Grosjean is a Senior Research Associate in the WM Young Centre for Applied Ethics at the University of British Columbia where she leads several research projects focused on large-scale science and the ways in which novel institutional and organizational arrangements affect the production and translation of scientific knowledge. Current work focuses on the factors that affect scientists’ participation (or lack thereof) in the translational mandates attached to funding. The goal is to contribute to a more nuanced understanding within policy guidelines of what constitutes ‘translational science’. Cory Fairley is a research assistant on Dr Atkinson-Grosjean’s translational science project and a PhD student in the Department of History at the University of British Columbia, where he also obtained a Masters degree in Philosophy. His current research focuses on the social history of technology, particularly upstream impacts of market forces on biotechnology in the historical context of twentieth century. 相似文献
7.
Eun-Sung Kim 《Minerva》2008,46(4):463-484
This study explores the history of nanotechnology from the perspective of protein engineering, which differs from the history
of nanotechnology that has arisen from mechanical and materials engineering; it also demonstrates points of convergence between
the two. Focusing on directed evolution—an experimental system of molecular biomimetics that mimics nature as an inspiration
for material design—this study follows the emergence of an evolutionary experimental system from the 1960s to the present,
by detailing the material culture, practices, and techniques involved. Directed evolution, as an aspect of nanobiotechnology,
is also distinct from the dominant biotechnologies of the 20th century. The experimental systems of directed evolution produce
new ways of thinking about molecular diversity that could affect concepts concerning both biology and life.
Eun-Sung Kim is currently working at the Biotechnology Policy Research Center at the Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology. His academic career has been built on risk, bioethics, and science studies associated with life science, biomedicine, and the environment. He has published in Science, Technology, and Human Values and New Genetics and Society. His current interest is in social and policy studies of technological convergence. 相似文献
| Eun-Sung KimEmail: |
Eun-Sung Kim is currently working at the Biotechnology Policy Research Center at the Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology. His academic career has been built on risk, bioethics, and science studies associated with life science, biomedicine, and the environment. He has published in Science, Technology, and Human Values and New Genetics and Society. His current interest is in social and policy studies of technological convergence. 相似文献
8.
Helmut Krauch 《Minerva》2006,44(2):131-142
Translator’s note*: I am pleased to offer this translation of a lecture by Helmut Krauch, both because he is an old friend, whom I have known
for more than forty years, and because it fills a gap in the history of science policy research. As this lecture makes clear,
the Studiengruppe, led by Krauch, was the first in Europe to measure the share of nuclear and military research in total R&D expenditure and
to make systematic technology assessments to guide government policy. Moreover, its Project ORAKEL opened the way to wider
public debate on major policy issues in science and technology. Krauch’s book on Computer Democracy remains an outstanding contribution to the reform of Western democracy. I commend this essay warmly to all concerned with
the history of science and technology policy.
This is an edited translation of a lecture delivered at the Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis at the
Research Centre for Technical Change and the Environment in Karlsruhe, 10 April 2000. We are grateful to the Institute for
permission to publish the essay, to Professor Christopher Freeman, for generously preparing a translation, and to Dr. Reinhard
Coenen for helping to prepare the final version. 相似文献
9.
Science and technology (S&T) policy studies has explored the relationship between the structure of scientific research and the attainment of desired outcomes. Due to the difficulty of measuring them directly, S&T policy scholars have traditionally equated “outcomes” with several proxies for evaluation, including economic impact, and academic output such as papers published and citations received. More recently, scholars have evaluated science policies through the lens of Public Value Mapping, which assesses scientific programs against societal values. Missing from these approaches is an examination of the social activities within the scientific enterprise that affect research outputs and outcomes. We contend that activities that significantly affect research trajectories take place at the levels of individual researchers and their communities, and that S&T policy scholars must take heed of this activity in their work in order to better inform policy. Based on primary research of two scientific communities—ecologists and sustainability scientists—we demonstrate that research agendas are actively shaped by parochial epistemic and normative concerns of the scientists and their disciplines. S&T policy scholarship that explores how scientists balance these concerns, alongside more formal science policies and incentive structures, will enhance understanding of why certain science policies fail or succeed and how to more effectively link science to beneficial social outcomes. 相似文献
10.
Alvin Weinberg’s classic and much debated two articles in Minerva, “Criteria for Scientific Choice” (1963) and “Criteria for Scientific Choice II – The Two Cultures” (1964), represent two of the first and most important attempts to create a meta-discourse about priority setting in science policy, and many of the points advanced remain relevant. The goal of this paper is to elaborate on the relevance of some of Weinberg’s original arguments to priority setting today. We have singled out four issues for attention: The tension between scientific and institutional choice, the assumptions behind the triad of scientific, technological and social merit, the elusive ‘externality from size’ argument for funding promoted by Weinberg, and finally the problems involved in the idea of basic science as an ‘overhead cost’ for applied science, and applied science as an ‘overhead’ on a sectoral mission. These four issues will be elaborated from a policy perspective and connected to present day challenges for science and technology policy. 相似文献
11.
Science and Engineering Doctoral Student Socialization,Logics, and the National Economic Agenda: Alignment or Disconnect? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study explores the institutional logics and socialization experiences of STEM doctoral students in the context of the current American economic narrative that is specific to science and technology. Data from qualitative interviews with 36 students at three research universities first reveals a disconnect between a well-established national science and technology policy narrative that is market-oriented and the training, experiences, and perspectives of science and engineering doctoral students. Findings also indicate science and engineering doctoral students mostly understand entrepreneurship and innovation in the contexts of funding research activities and creating social impact, which parallel rather than oppose dominant academic values and norms. Based on the findings, we contend that it is both possible and prudent for universities and graduate programs to pursue strategies that align science and engineering doctoral education with the current national economic agenda and support the personal, professional values and perspectives of students without coming in conflict with the scientific core of the academy. 相似文献
12.
Patrick Petitjean 《Minerva》2008,46(2):247-270
The World Federation of Scientific Workers (WFScW) and UNESCO share roots in the Social Relations of Science (SRS) movements
and in the Franco-British scientific relations which developed in the 1930s. In this historical context (the Great Depression,
the rise of Fascism and the Nazi use of science, the social and intellectual fascination for the USSR), a new model of scientific
internationalism emerged, where science and politics mixed. Many progressive scientists were involved in the war efforts against
Nazism, and tried to prolong their international commitments into peacetime. They contributed to the establishment of the
WFScW and of UNESCO in 1945–1946. Neither the WFScW nor UNESCO succeeded in achieving their initial aims. Another world emerged
from the immediate post-war years, but it was not the world fancied by the progressive scientists from the mould of scientific
internationalism. The aim of this article is to follow the path from the Franco-British networks towards the establishment
of the WFScW and UNESCO; from an ideological scientific internationalism towards practical projects. It is to understand how
these two bodies came to embody two different scientific internationalisms during the Cold War.
Patrick Petitjean is “Chargé de Recherches” at the CNRS, Paris. He is an historian of science and belongs to the laboratory REHSEIS (Recherches Epistémologiques et Historiques sur les Sciences Exactes et les Institutions Scientifiques). He has co-edited Science and Empires—Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992); and Les Sciences colonials—figures et institutions (Paris: Orstom éditions, 1996). He has recently published some contributions on Unesco’s first years: Petitjean, P., Zharov, V., Glaser, G., Richardson, J., de Padirac, B. and Archibald, G. (eds), Sixty Years of Sciences at UNESCO, 1945–2005 (UNESCO, Paris, 2006). He is currently working on the history of international scientific relations from the 1930s to the 1950s, and on the influence of the science and society movements upon the Science Division of UNESCO. 相似文献
| Patrick PetitjeanEmail: |
Patrick Petitjean is “Chargé de Recherches” at the CNRS, Paris. He is an historian of science and belongs to the laboratory REHSEIS (Recherches Epistémologiques et Historiques sur les Sciences Exactes et les Institutions Scientifiques). He has co-edited Science and Empires—Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992); and Les Sciences colonials—figures et institutions (Paris: Orstom éditions, 1996). He has recently published some contributions on Unesco’s first years: Petitjean, P., Zharov, V., Glaser, G., Richardson, J., de Padirac, B. and Archibald, G. (eds), Sixty Years of Sciences at UNESCO, 1945–2005 (UNESCO, Paris, 2006). He is currently working on the history of international scientific relations from the 1930s to the 1950s, and on the influence of the science and society movements upon the Science Division of UNESCO. 相似文献
13.
Live and prerecorded popular music consumption 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Changing consumption habits have rearranged the popular music market in the last decade, and a pattern in which live music
attendance gets an increasing share of the market has emerged. This work analyzes the demand for the popular music sector
considering its double dimension as supplier of live concerts and prerecorded music. We use the 2006/2007 wave of Spain’s
Survey on Habits and Cultural Practices, and estimate a bivariate probit model for attendance to live concerts and the purchase of prerecorded music. Results allow
us to describe the profile of the average and frequent consumer in both markets, which shows some similarities—gender effects
and the role of cultural capital—but also striking differences—time restrictions and relation to economic activity, and the
use of technology. Finally, we find evidence of demand complementarities, with a direct causal link from prerecorded music
to live attendance that helps explain recent institutional changes. 相似文献
14.
The Public Values Failures of Climate Science in the US 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ryan Meyer 《Minerva》2011,49(1):47-70
This paper examines the broad social purpose of US climate science, which has benefitted from a public investment of more
than $30 billion over the last 20 years. A public values analysis identifies five core public values that underpin the interagency
program. Drawing from interviews, meeting observations, and document analysis, I examine the decision processes and institutional
structures that lead to the implementation of climate science policy, and identify a variety of public values failures accommodated
by this system. In contrast to other cases which find market values frameworks (the “profit as progress” assumption) at the
root of public values failures, this case shows how “science values” (“knowledge as progress”) may serve as an inadequate
or inappropriate basis for achieving broader public values. For both institutions and individual decision makers, the logic
linking science to societal benefit is generally incomplete, incoherent, and tends to conflate intrinsic and instrumental
values. I argue that to be successful with respect to its motivating public values, the US climate science enterprise must
avoid the assumption that any advance in knowledge is inherently good, and offer a clearer account of the kinds of research
and knowledge advance likely to generate desirable social outcomes. 相似文献
15.
16.
Lindy A. Orthia 《Minerva》2016,54(3):353-373
Since the mid-twentieth century, the ‘Scientific Revolution’ has arguably occupied centre stage in most Westerners’, and many non-Westerners’, conceptions of science history. Yet among history of science specialists that position has been profoundly contested. Most radically, historians Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams in 1993 proposed to demolish the prevailing ‘big picture’ which posited that the Scientific Revolution marked the origin of modern science. They proposed a new big picture in which science is seen as a distinctly modern, western phenomenon rather than a human universal, that it was invented in the Age of Revolutions 1760–1848, and that science be de-centred within the new big picture: treated as just one of many forms of human knowledge-seeking activity. Their paper is one of the most highly cited in the history of science field, and has the potential to transform the way that science educators, science communicators, science policy-makers and scientists view science. Yet the paper and historians’ scholarly response to it are not well-known outside the history discipline. Here I attempt to bridge that disciplinary gap with a review of scholarly papers published 1994–2014 that cited Cunningham and Williams or otherwise discussed the Scientific Revolution, to gauge the extent of support for the old and new big pictures. I find that the old big picture is disintegrating and lacks active defenders, while many scholars support aspects of the new big picture. I discuss the significance of this for scholars in ‘applied’ fields of science studies such as education, communication and policy. 相似文献
17.
Irwin Feller 《Minerva》2009,47(3):323-344
Neoliberal precepts of the governance of academic science-deregulation; reification of markets; emphasis on competitive allocation
processes have been conflated with those of performance management—if you cannot measure it, you cannot manage it—into a single
analytical and consequent single programmatic worldview. As applied to the United States’ system of research universities,
this conflation leads to two major divergences from relationships hypothesized in the governance of science literature. (1)
The governance and financial structures supporting academic science in the United States’ system of higher education are sufficiently
different from those found in many other OECD countries where these policies have been adopted to produce political pressures
for an increase rather than a decrease in governmental control over university affairs. (2) The major impact upon academic
science of performance measurement systems has come not externally from new government requirements but internally from the
independent adoption of these techniques by universities, initially in the name of rational management and increasingly as
devices to foster reputational enhancement. The overall thrust of the two trends in the U.S. has been less a shift as experienced
elsewhere from bureaucratic to market modes of governance than the displacement of professional-collegial control by internal
bureaucratic control. 相似文献
18.
The paper questions some of the premises in studying academic spin-offs in developed countries, claiming that when taken as
characteristics of ‘academic spin-offs per se,’ they are of little help in understanding the phenomenon in the Eastern European
countries during the transitional and post-transitional periods after 1989. It argues for the necessity of adopting a path-dependent
approach, which takes into consideration the institutional and organisational specificities of local economies and research
systems and their evolution, which strongly influence the patterns of spin-off activity. The paper provides new findings and
original arguments in support of Balazs’ seminal theses (Balazs 1995, 1996) about the emergence of academic spin-offs during the early transition. It reveals key economic and policy mechanisms bearing
on academic entrepreneurship in Eastern Europe, such as the tensions between economic and political nomenclatures of former
Communist Parties, where the dismantling or preservation of the power of political nomenclature resulted in different patterns
of development—rapid reforms in the ‘first wave’ of EU accession countries or the establishment of rent-seeking and assets-stripping
economies in countries like Bulgaria and Romania, making the transition period especially difficult. In the latter, a specific
economic environment emerged, unknown in Western Europe and in the ‘champions’ of transition—such as suppression of the authentic
entrepreneurship in a number of economic sectors, disintegration of corporate structures, etc. Thus, the paper reveals the
common ground behind the two conflicting tendencies in post-socialist academic spin-offs, partially outlined in other research
(Simeonova 1995; Pavlova 2000): as an authentic form of academic entrepreneurship grasping the opportunities opened up by the economic crisis and compensating
failures in science and technology policy on the one hand, and as specific rent-seeking strategy draining valuable public
assets on the other (the latter, in turn, boosting the negative attitudes in local scientific communities). The paper provides
new findings about the evolution of the academic spin-offs in Bulgaria along the two polar trends and their positive and negative
repercussions on parent research institutions. The results were achieved in the PROKNOW Project, EC 6th Framework Program. 相似文献
19.
《Journal of Cultural Economy》2013,6(4):477-488
In this essay, the author analyzes social science thinking about the capitalist market from instrumentalism to institutionalism and the recent turn toward more cultural economics, and propose to enlarge the latter opening via the 'strong program' in cultural sociology. Nineteenth century' big thinkers' conceptualized the market as if it were entirely deracinated, based on alienation and pure calculation. The profession of economics subtracted the social critique from this dismal understanding and converted the dismal science into mathematical predictions and production functions. The new economic sociology exposed the institutional framework of market decisions, emphasizing social networks and status competition. Cultural economic sociology has challenged institutionalism, showing how social meanings, not just institutional position, determines economic value. The next step is to demonstrate that the market itself depends on cultural meanings. The strength of a market depends upon narrative projections of future economic conditions. An optimistic scenario creates confidence and sparks investment. A pessimistic narrative creates fear and leads investors keep their money tight. Confidence in the future depends on constructions of 'character': will economic actors constrain themselves by acting in a sober and moral way or will they be hedonistic, indulging in short-term satisfaction? This cultural-sociological theory is illustrated with reference to Keynes' General Theory about the 1930s Great Depression and U.S. Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke's policy vis-à-vis the current Great Recession. 相似文献
20.
Understanding Academic Drift: On the Institutional Dynamics of Higher Technical and Professional Education 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jonathan Harwood 《Minerva》2010,48(4):413-427
‘Academic drift’ is a term sometimes used to describe the process whereby knowledge which is intended to be useful gradually
loses close ties to practice while becoming more tightly integrated with one or other body of scientific knowledge. Drift
in this sense has been a common phenomenon in agriculture, engineering, medicine and management sciences in several countries
in the 19th and 20th centuries. Understanding drift is obviously important, both to practitioners concerned that higher education
should be relevant to practice, but also to historians who seek to make sense of long-term trends in knowledge-production.
It is surprising, therefore, that although the existence of drift has been widely documented, remarkably little attention
has been given so far to explaining it. In this paper I argue that drift is not an invariant universal tendency but a historically
specific one which arises under particular circumstances. I outline a model of institutional dynamics which seeks to explain
why drift has occurred at some institutions but not others. In the second section I explore the implications of the model
for educationists and policy-makers concerned with the reform of higher education in these areas. 相似文献