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1.
构建生物育种企业之间的博弈模型以及育种企业和农业生产者之间的博弈模型,分析生物育种企业的产品选择、定价与品种权许可等市场行为。研究表明,较高的植物品种权保护水平不利于品种多样化,有助于形成大型生物育种企业的市场垄断,并提高种子的市场价格;农业新品种种子价格由技术系数、投入品价格以及平均成本决定的规律揭示了发达国家技术领先的种业公司利用植物品种权保护机制操控发展中国家农业产业技术体系和产业链的现实。 相似文献
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文章回顾中国开展水稻和小麦的杂交育种工程,揭示农业科研必须面向经济建设主战场的神圣使命。中国农业科研体制发挥了集中力量办大事的制度优势,坚持顶层设计和规划引领,坚持与时俱进、不断创新,促使农业科技进步在保障国家粮食安全、提高人民生活水平方面作出巨大贡献。70年来,中国培育了一大批稻、麦新品种,实现了作物矮秆化、杂交化、优质化的3次跨越,完成了6次新品种更新换代。此外,在稻、麦高产栽培方面取得了重大的创新性技术成果,推动了中国粮食生产的跨越式进步。 相似文献
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"分子模块设计育种创新体系"战略性先导科技专项以水稻为主,小麦、鲤等为辅,利用野生种、农家品种和主栽(养)优良品种等种质资源,综合运用基因组学、系统生物学、合成生物学等手段,解析高产、稳产、优质、高效等重要农艺(经济)性状的分子模块,揭示水稻复杂性状全基因组编码规律,发展多模块非线性耦合理论和"全基因组导航"分子模块设计育种技术,优化多模块组装的品种设计的最佳策略,建立从"分子模块"到"设计型品种"的现代生物技术育种创新体系,为实现全基因组水平多模块优化组装、培育新一代超级品种提供系统解决方案。文章介绍了该专项的背景、总体目标、研究内容、进展及发展展望。 相似文献
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运用多元统计学中的主成分分析法,根据小麦的形态性状可将小麦成功地分为抗虫和感虫两大类,表明可以利用小麦植株的形态性状综合评价对麦茎蜂的抗性。 相似文献
5.
W. Al-Timimi 《Research Policy》1975,4(2):160-171
Throughout the period 1951–1972 the source of over two thirds of the world shipbuilding output has been four industrial countries, namely UK, W. Germany, Sweden and Japan, However, during the same period, the relative share of each of the above-mentioned countries in the world's output has changed. During the 1950's the relative share in the world shipbuilding output of the UK and Swedish industries fell, while that of W. Germany and Japan rose. The 1960's witnessed a further fall in the relative share of the UK and Sweden, a fall in the relative share of W. Germany and a sharper rise than during the earlier decade in the relative share of Japan.The dominant position of Japan vis-à-vis other leading shipbuilding countries has been due primarily to its price competitiveness. Japanese shipbuilding prices were lower than those of the UK by a margin that ranged from 7.5–20%. This article attempts to show that this price advantage is due neither to the lower cost of Japanese factors of production, nor to a greater degree of subsidization for the Japanese shipbuilding industry in comparison with those of the UK, W. Germany and Sweden. The theme of this article is that the competitive position enjoyed by the Japanese shipbuilding industry is accounted for by its greater innovativeness compared with the industries in other leading shipbuilding countries. A series of process innovations introduced in Japan has reduced the building cost as well as the operating cost of Japanese built vessels. These process innovations have affected the various components of shipbuilding technology, such as the general engineering aspects, propulsion system, size and manning. This article shows that the greater innovativeness of the Japanese shipbuilding industry is due to several factors: the favourable effect on R & D expenditure of the average size of firms, good management of R & D efforts, and the involvement of management in the production technology side of the business. 相似文献
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遗传改良是提升作物产量和品质的最重要推动力,但其潜力的发挥受到了常规育种技术的严重制约。近年来的研究表明,基于功能基因组学知识和技术的分子设计育种是克服常规育种技术瓶颈的有效途径。在我国水稻结构和功能基因组研究已获得重要成果的基础上,结合国际分子育种领域的最新进展,中科院拟系统开展水稻和小麦品种分子设计研究,建立和完善多基因组装分子设计育种的理论和技术体系,实现传统遗传改良向品种分子设计的跨越,培育出具有高产、优质、高效、抗病虫、耐逆和稳产性状的水稻和小麦新品种。 相似文献
7.
１９９８年在西宁地区种植北方六省区的１１个春小麦品种,进行了产量等农艺性状的比较。结果表明,高原４４８和民和５８８综合农艺性状较好,产量高,具有适应本生态环境的优势,可进行生产试验和示范。 相似文献
8.
分析豫东典型小麦种植区——商丘市2010年-2011年的气象数据,选择商丘市2011年8个田间"三情"监测点"矮抗58"小麦样品进行实验室分析,研究2010年-2011年豫东地区出现的持续性干旱对冬小麦品质性状的影响。结果表明:水分条件与冬小麦品质性状密切相关,研究区2010年-2011年的持续干旱整体上降低了冬小麦的品质性状,灌溉可有效控制降水匮乏产生的负面影响。在8个监测点中,蛋白质含量和Zeleny沉降值较常年最大偏低分别达39%、17%;表征淀粉糊化特性的峰值粘度下降最大幅度为6%;表征面团流变学特性的面团形成时间、稳定时间最多缩短32%、30%;此外,拉伸面积、延伸性等拉伸参数也有不同程度下降。 相似文献
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Michele White 《Ethics and Information Technology》2002,4(3):249-266
Most guidelines and proposalsfor Internet research ethics are based onregulations for human subjects research. In therelated research, Internet material is viewedas animate and described as people. Humanitiesresearchers have rarely been a part of thedebate about Internet research ethics and thepractices of these scholars have not been takeninto consideration when drafting most of theguidelines. This threatens to limit the kindsof Internet research that can be performed – critical strategies are particularlydiscouraged – and the ways that researchers andother users understand the Internet.Researchers who use human subjects models havenot fully acknowledged computer mediation, theconstructed aspects of Internetrepresentations, and the screen. If we viewInternet material as cultural production thenthe models for Internet research would be ArtHistory and Visual Culture, English andLiterary Studies, Film and Media Studies, Musicand Sound Studies, and Theatre and PerformanceStudies. A more complete integration of theseapproaches into Internet Studies – either as asole investigatory strategy or in tandem withother forms of inquiry – would changeresearchers' ethical questions. It would alsoshow instances in which human subjectsguidelines do not apply to complex Internetmaterial. It is imperative to demonstrate thatInternet material is not people because thisconception makes highly constructed words andimages seem natural and stereotypedrepresentations appear to be real. 相似文献
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文章中的研究成果是河南省安阳市农业科学研究所小麦育种课题组历经15年获得的,本成果的核心技术是自有创新高产多抗小麦新品种安麦七号。本文从该项目的立项、选育目标、选育和推广过程等方面进行了综述,并提出了选育体会。在推广过程中进行了良种良法配套技术研究,为该品种的应用提供了技术支撑,取得了巨大的经济和社会效益。 相似文献
13.
Before there was the digital divide there was the analog divide– and universal service was the attempt to close that analogdivide. Universal service is becoming ever more complex in terms ofregulatory design as it becomes the digital divide. In order to evaluatethe promise of the next generation Internet with respect to the digitaldivide this work looks backwards as well as forwards in time. Byevaluating why previous universal service mechanisms failed andsucceeded this work identifies specific characteristics ofcommunications systems – in particular in billing and managinguncertainty – and argues that these characteristics underliesuccess or failure in terms of technological ubiquity. Developing a setof characteristics of services rather than a set of services is afundamental break with the tradition of universal service. In fact, theimplications of our proposal is that basic characteristics in theoffering of the service rather than the absolute price are critical toclose the digital divide: certainty of total charge, ability to avoiddeposits or disconnection via best effort service, and payer-basedcontrol of all charges. While all of these principles sound obvious infact none of these hold in the telephony network. Universal service hasevolved from common carriage (serve all with no discrimination) to aright to basic services (100% penetration). Universal service isnow discussed as the digital divide, as the access to information asopposed to services becomes increasingly critical. However, we arediscussing in this paper access to the bits and the network rather thanaccess to the information (or intellectual property) once connected. Theprovision of universal service is seen as a technical problem only in thatthe technology costs money – universal service debates have longbeen the domain of economists. Yet the design of protocols has been thedomain of engineers, the building of systems the corporate domain, andthe discussion of equity the interest of ethicists. The design ofprotocols can define the parameters of the corporate decision-makers,the variables of the economist, and the questions for the ethicist. Thedesign decisions made at the fundamental levels can make communicationsequity more or less likely. In this work I focus on the design ofprotocols for the next generation Internet, protocols which willfundamentally change the best-effort nature of Internet services.Building on the economic and ethnographic work of others I argue thatthe effects of protocols adoption on universal service can be predictedto some degree. By examination of past and current technologies Iexamine a set of technical mechanisms to determine how such mechanismsmight harm or enhance universal service. I define each mechanism (e.g.denial of entry) and offer observations about each particularmechanism's implicit pricing assumptions. I close with a discussion ofinterest to ethicists and regulators on evaluating communicationsprotocols with respect to universal access. Protocols for developingmultiple qualities of service for packet-switched networks have focusedon economic efficiency (e.g. Mackie-Mason, 1995; Choi, Stahl &Winston, 1997; Shapiro & Varian, 1998), billing to encouragewidespread adoption of network innovations (e.g. Xie & Sirbu, 1985)and billing in a manner consistent with the underlying network (e.g.Clark, 1996). Here we examine a set of protocols which include varyingquality of service mechanisms with respect to the compatibility of theprotocols with universal access. 相似文献
14.
浙江省现有小麦品种的籽粒品质普遍较差,表现为蛋白质含量和面筋含量低,面团形成特性不良,不适合烘烤优质面包,这在很大程度上与生态条件有关,但某些品质性状可通过育种得到改良.文中提出了当前品质育种的目标以及提高品质育种效果的对策。 相似文献
15.
Most of the literature on university–industry (U–I) linkages assumes that these linkages are beneficial per se. We question this assumption, suggesting that not all such linkages are equally helpful. In this paper, we explore the factors driving the formation of ‘valuable U–I linkages’, conceived as those linkages between universities and firms that have a higher potential to diffuse knowledge to other firms in their regional economy. Our empirical strategy combines case-study methodology with econometric techniques using data from two wine clusters in Chile and in Italy. The firm's knowledge base is found to be a key driver of ‘valuable’ U–I linkages. We conclude that selectivity should be encouraged among policy makers endeavouring to promote U–I linkages. 相似文献
16.
Masami Tanaka 《Research Policy》1989,18(6)
This article examines some of the key features of Japanese evaluation systems utilized in evaluating R&D policies. The distinctive features of the system are that Japan depends upon in-house self-assessment combined with close cooperation and consensus-seeking behavior with the government and its advisory bodies. This system is markedly different from those predominant in countries where R&D policies are evaluated separately, independent from the sphere of decision-making. The system described here is subjective rather than objective in that the direct promoters of R&D plans were directly included in the evaluation activities. The system has evolved gradually in the course of Japanese technological development, and has been influenced also by Japan's particular internal and external environment. The system appears to have worked well in areas where research programs were modified to obtain incremental improvement or to create new types of R&D programs. However, recent constraints caused by budget deficits, together with the shift from applied to more basic research, have required a new type of evaluation system for Japan's R&D policy. 相似文献
17.
We try to assess, in a systematic and objective manner, the research performance of 13 research institutes active in the field of molecular biology. For this purpose we have counted the number of scientific publications and the number of citations received during a five-year period (1980–1984). We use citations per publication as an indicator of quality and costs per citation as an indicator of efficiency of research. Peer review seems to discourage uninteresting, i.e. not cited, research. Grant systems seem to work more efficiently than funding on a permanent institutional basis. 相似文献
18.
The centrality of firms vis-à-vis regions underlines a general contrast between two models of producing innovations. This paper uses a new database composed of 4262 European chemical patents applied by 693 firms during 1987–1996 to compare the relative effect of firm and regional characteristics on the production of technological “hits” (highly cited patents). By using extensive controls, the main finding of the paper is that technological hits in the “traditional” chemical sectors are explained only by R&D intensity at the firm level and the scale of the research projects. Firm competencies, particularly technological specialisation, are still important in biotechnology. However, the distinct feature of the biotechnology model is that localised knowledge spillovers also matter. 相似文献
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按全国的评价标准对青海省春小麦籽粒蛋白质含量状况进行了评价,指出了籽粒蛋白质的遗传控制,提出了制定合理的育种目标,远缘杂交,育种过程中采用的测试技术,诱变四种途径尽快改良青海省春小麦籽粒品质。 相似文献