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1.
The objective of our study was to investigate young people's attitudes towards modern genetics and biotechnology. Quantitative and qualitative studies were conducted among high school students in Rio de Janeiro. These included a survey of students in nine public and private schools as well as focus groups for a complementary analysis of their attitudes and perceptions with respect to these subjects. We observe that, in general, students are relatively well informed about some of the main issues related to the applications of genetics. In their assessment of the utility, the potential risks, and the need for encouragement of the different techniques used in genetic manipulation, they were able to make clear distinctions between the different purposes of each technique. Most students believed that transgenic food could be useful and that it should be encouraged, but they were also aware that there were risks involved. Furthermore, the students were strongly supportive of the labeling of transgenic food. 相似文献
2.
生物技术的发展和应用，在给农业、食品、医药、工业等领域创造广阔情景的同时，也带来了包括政治、经济、贸易、环境保护，以及社会道德伦理、风险安全方面的挑战。而公众的态度和观点无疑是影响这项技术的发展和产业化进程的重要因素。本研究采用欧洲EUROBAROMETER52．1版调查问卷，在浙江省调查了2006个公众对生物技术应用的态度，并分析了公众对生物技术应用的效益知觉、风险意识、道德评价、以及对发展的期待和影响因素，同时，也揭示了各评价指标间的相互关系。 相似文献
3.
Bauer MW 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2002,11(2):93-111
Whether biotechnology is one or several developments is not clear. Once distinctions are required, the question is: Which one prevails? When the good, the bad, and the ugly settle, where do they fall? Evaluation implies distinction, and representation drives attitude. The controversies over biotechnology are fertile ground on which to study these issues. The imports of genetically modified (GM) soya into Europe in 1996-97 and the cloning of Dolly the sheep from adult cells in 1997 changed the symbolic environment for genetic engineering. The ensuing public controversies came to focus mainly on field trials of GM crops and food labeling. This paper will explore the relationship between quality press coverage and public perception, in particular the cultivation of the contrast between "desirable" biomedical (RED) and "undesirable" agri-food (GREEN) biotechnology in Britain. The argument draws on a systematic analysis of the British press coverage of biotechnology from 1973 to 1999 and analysis of public perceptions in 1996 and 1999. The paper concludes that the debate over GM crops and food ingredients fostered the RED-GREEN contrast among the newspaper-reading public, thereby shielding RED biotechnology from public controversy, and ushered in a realignment of the regulatory framework in 2000. 相似文献
4.
通过对946名居民的调查,研究社会公众对技术伦理风险情感态度的状况及影响因素。数据分析结论表明,公众对技术伦理风险总体态度较积极,在对技术伦理风险的控制方面公众持有较主动的态度。克隆技术和转基因技术的伦理风险已成为公众态度最为消极的技术伦理风险。通过分析克隆技术与转基因技术伦理风险的影响因素,发现在克隆技术伦理风险方面,性别、职业和收入因素影响最大,在转基因技术伦理风险方面,收入、学历和职业因素影响最大。在对公众情感状况和影响因素分析的基础上,我们提出,深入开展科技伦理普及教育,建立健全科技伦理风险问责机制,建立健全相关行业法律法规及行业规范,促进相关政府职能转移的对策。 相似文献
5.
本文根据旅游目的地生命周期理论,构建了国内旅游目的地居民感知模型,并以御道口森林草原风景区为例,通过问卷调查,采用描述性统计分析、一致性检验,Pearson相关分析和主成份分析等统计方法对数据进行分析,从经济、社会、环境三个方面揭示了目的地居民对旅游影响正、负两方面的感知和态度。研究结论表明,国内旅游目的地居民对经济影响的感知态度更易倾向于正面感知,而对于社会文化和旅游环境的负面环境影响的感知则强于其正面环境影响感知,具体表现为：①发展旅游业能促进经济发展,提高个人收入,但也会加剧居民收入两极分化;②发展旅游业有利于提高当地知名度及弘扬传统文化,但大量游客的涌入干扰了本地人的正常生活,减少了本地居民使用公共设施的机会;③旅游发展改善了城镇环境卫生状况,但草原退化加剧与发展旅游业有关。基于此,本文从关注多方利益主体的角度提出了促进国内旅游目的地发展的相关对策建议。 相似文献
6.
Fisher M Small B Roth H Mallon M Jerebine B 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2005,14(3):317-326
An assessment was undertaken of the attitudes of individuals within the science community towards a program to produce genetically modified cattle for altered milk composition, expectantly allowing for research into the treatment of multiple sclerosis in humans. The majority of respondents to an electronic survey expressed favorable attitudes to the program, thought it beneficial, respected individual freedom and was fair and just and disagreed that it was harmful. A passion for science and having a suitable lifestyle were the most important motivating factors for individuals. Finally, there were a wide range of responses to a number of cultural beliefs or myths. Science grouping significantly affected the responses. Compared with Systems and Land groups, Plant and Reproduction groups more strongly agreed with the project, thought it less harmful to interest groups, felt that genetic modification of animals was more morally acceptable, and more strongly agreed with the myth statements. These results indicate a diversity of beliefs and attitudes towards genetic modification amongst those within the science community, and highlight the importance of understanding ethics and myths in dealing with them. It is suggested that the diversity of beliefs could be better used to help shape public policy and understanding of biotechnology. 相似文献
7.
基于前沿生物技术主观不确定性风险的研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(5):769-778
技术风险的主观不确定性主要来源于相关主体不同的利益或价值追求。前沿生物技术较高的主观不确定性在其社会扩散过程中容易被级联放大,进而埋下风险隐患。对此,文章基于Oxitec公司转基因伊蚊技术环境释放试验的案例研究,探究了前沿生物技术主观不确定性风险产生的源头与过程。研究发现：（1）技术本身的不确定性是风险争议产生的起点,主要通过科学家之间的相互博弈产生;（2）技术研发机构是技术不确定性向社会扩散的过渡点,焦点机构与其他主体之间由于价值追求的冲突而产生相关争议;（3）制度环境决定着技术不确定性扩散的方向,不完善的制度设计与制度执行容易导致对各主体利益保护的失衡。文章拓展并丰富了技术风险管理的理论研究,对实践中前沿生物技术的风险防范也具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
8.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors influencing employees’ knowledge-sharing behavior on social tagging supported systems. Using the strong theoretical background of the well-known technology acceptance model (TAM), this paper proposes and empirically validates a model that fits the social and technical nature of social tagging tools within the public sector. The analyses in this paper were based on data collected from a large survey of more than 480 respondents working for two public organizations in the United States. The findings demonstrate a significant impact of the role of social presence in encouraging employees to create and share content. Further, there is a strong relationship between the benefits employees receive from using tagging tools and their creation and sharing of tagged content. Specifically, the following factors showed a significant impact on employees’ creation and sharing behavior, specifically their attitudes towards and intentions to create and share tags: perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, social presence, and pro-sharing norms. For researchers, the paper offers an opportunity to further study knowledge-sharing behavior regarding social media technologies. The findings should motivate practitioners to inject these tools with a social aspect so that employees are encouraged to share content. 相似文献
9.
Simon RM 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2010,19(6):642-653
The relationship between gender, knowledge of biotechnology, attitudes toward biotechnology, and various socio-demographic variables was investigated using the Eurobarometer 52.1. It was found that neither socio-demographics, nor differing levels of scientific knowledge could explain females' greater probability of being pessimistic toward biotechnology. After running separate models for males and females, it was discovered that, for males, more knowledge of biotechnology decreased their probability of being pessimistic about science, but for females more knowledge of biotechnology actually lead to a greater probability of being pessimistic. Further, a gender-education interaction was discovered that revealed that, for males, education and knowledge of biotechnology have independent effects on attitudes, but for females education has no effect on attitudes towards biotechnology when knowledge is controlled. The results for females complicate the deficit model of social support for science, which posits that more knowledge of science always leads to more positive attitudes. 相似文献
10.
[研究目的]法国智库是西方构建对华舆论的重要组成部分。准确研判法国智库关于中国问题的认知及态度,有助于把握法国政府与欧盟对华战略及外交政策,为促进中法、中欧在全球多边框架下务实深入合作提供情报支持。[研究方法]以法国国际关系研究所涉华研究文本成果为样本,通过文献计量和文本分析方法挖掘并总结该智库涉华研究不同领域的主要认知、观点及态度,以此窥探法国智库的中国观。[研究结论]研究表明,法国国际关系研究所的研究能够紧跟中国政治经济形势的发展,认为中国的崛起为西方带来了挑战,但也存在机遇;其在不同研究领域表现的对华态度也不同,总体上更加务实地关注与法国、欧洲利益关系密切的全球治理、多边国际体系、能源、应对气候变化等领域,并以强调双方合作为主;在涉及中国政治体制、国家治理及军事议题上受意识形态偏见影响持消极态度较多;主要由于其对华认知结构和知识体系未发生根本变化,导致对华出现认知偏差。 相似文献
11.
信任能降低公众对人工智能技术的风险感知吗 《科学学研究》2021,39(10):1748-1757
论文基于一项全国性抽样问卷调查,从主效应和交互效应两个层面,探究信任是否以及如何塑造公众对人工智能技术的风险感知。结果显示：对政府官员和科学家的信任,均显著降低了对人工智能技术的风险感知;信任政府官员的影响力,不仅高于信任科学家,也高于人工智能知识;对科学家能力信任的影响力高于对科学家的道德信任。除了主效应,信任与知识之间还存在相互强化的交互效应,即信任对技术风险感知的影响力随着人工智能知识水平的上升而增强,随着知识水平的下降而减弱。论文进一步讨论了上述研究结果对风险管理与风险传播的政策意义与未来研究方向。 相似文献
12.
Simon RM 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2011,20(3):334-346
Research into the public understanding of science has revealed that the effect of scientific knowledge on attitudes toward science is contextualized by gender; however there has not yet been an account of how gender contextualizes knowledge. This paper investigates how gender identification affects attitudes toward science, and tempers the effects of scientific knowledge on attitudes toward science. Utilizing data from the Eurobarometer 52.1, it is predicted that when males perceive a threat to their masculinity (as measured by a perceived threat to their financial security) they will become more likely to be aversive to biotechnology, and that increased levels of perceived threat will reduce the effects of knowledge on attitudes toward biotechnology. Moreover, it is predicted that these effects will be smaller than their female counterparts. All predictions are affirmed. 相似文献
13.
A long stream of academic literature has established that public funding towards research and development matters for economic growth because it relates to increases in innovation, productivity and the like. The impact of public funding on the creation of new firms has received less attention in this literature despite theoretical constructs that support such association. In the present paper we study whether indeed there is a relationship between public research funds and local firm births in the context of the U.S. biotechnology industry. In doing so, we introduce a number of changes that strengthen the robustness of our findings when compared with existing literature. These changes include a direct measure of research expenditures and a considerably lengthier longitudinal dataset which allows us to capture a structural relationship and not a chance event. We empirically demonstrate that increases in the level of research funding from the National Institutes of Health towards biotechnology associate with increases in the number of biotechnology firm births at the Metropolitan Statistical Area level. Further, we reveal that public funds towards established firms associate with local firm births considerably more strongly when compared with funds towards universities and research institutes/hospitals. We conclude the paper with academic and policy implications of the present work that highlight the complexity of factors that underlie the creation of local firms in high technology industries. 相似文献
14.
15.
Guttelin JM 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2002,11(2):131-142
This paper addresses the issue of public perception of modern biotechnology in the Netherlands. Contrary to expectations, data from the 1999 Eurobarometer on biotechnology indicate that the position of the Dutch public in general is rather ambiguous, which is in contrast to many of its neighboring countries. The issue is described in terms of differences between the Netherlands and other European countries on political-economic, social-cultural, or media coverage indicators. On many indicators, the Dutch population differs from that of other European countries, and the Dutch opinion-leading media present a rather balanced perspective on modern biotechnology. 相似文献
16.
本研究通过对华东某高校11个不同专业292名学生的问卷调查与个别访谈,测量学生对合作办学的8个方面的态度值,并定量分析项目差异、影响因子和学生特征的关系。研究结果表明：不同生源层次、学费水平的特征群体对合作项目的态度存在显著差异。 相似文献
17.
中国正在积极推进生物技术在农业和食品产业中的应用以应对日趋重要的粮食安全问题,但2009年10月以来出现的有关转基因水稻商业化的辩论却使这种战略计划面临严峻挑战。在这场社会辩论中,中国公众不仅仅关注转基因商业化可能对人类、环境和社会带来的负面影响,而且对转基因水稻商业化决策和审批过程的合法性和透明性提出质疑,要求进行相应的规制改革。总体而言,有三类基本的伦理问题成为这场社会辩论的核心议题,它们是权利问题、利益实现方式问题和责任问题。与此相应,政府需要应对的公共治理问题包括信任问题、规制改革问题和实施问题。 相似文献
18.
Despite mobile applications being at the frontier of mobile computation technologies, security issues pose a threat to their adoption and diffusion. Recent studies suggest that security violations could be mitigated through improved security behaviors and attitudes, not just through better technologies. Existing literature on behavioral security suggests that one of the main predictors of users’ perceptions of security is their perceived privacy concerns. Using communication privacy management theory (CPM), this study examines the effects of privacy-related perceptions, such as privacy risk and the effectiveness of privacy policies, on the security perceptions of mobile app users. To empirically test the proposed theoretical model, two survey studies were conducted using mobile apps requesting less sensitive information (n = 487) and more sensitive information (n = 559). The findings show that the perceived privacy risk negatively influences the perceived security of the mobile apps; the perceived effectiveness of a privacy policy positively influences user perceptions of mobile app security; and perceived privacy awareness moderates the effect of perceived privacy risk on the perceived security of mobile apps. The results also suggest that users have different privacy-security perceptions based on the information sensitivity of the mobile apps. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
19.
Arguments for public involvement in science and technology are often based on ideas of developing a more capable public and the assumed effects this may have for science. However, such a relationship is yet to be sufficiently explored and recent work indicates that a more involved public may have counterintuitive effects. Using nationally representative survey data for the U.K. and Northern Ireland, the effects of the public's own beliefs about involvement are explored. Developing the concept of "belief in public efficacy," findings suggest those who believe that the public might be able to affect the course of decision making have less approving attitudes towards future applications of genetic science; however, an individual's political efficacy does not significantly influence these attitudes. Furthermore, political efficacy and belief in public efficacy have some distinct and opposing relationships with the principles of governance people prefer. Overall, findings provide support for suggestions that it is simplistic to consider increasing public involvement as a way of increasing the approval of risky new technologies. 相似文献
20.
Sanderson SC Wardle J Michie S 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2005,14(2):213-224
Genetics opinion surveys often include information to ensure that respondents have sufficient understanding to give informed responses. The information is assumed to be neutral but may skew responses. We assessed the impact of a seemingly "neutral" information leaflet on attitudes towards genetic testing among 1,024 survey respondents, half of whom received the leaflet. The leaflet group reported higher levels of subjective understanding of genetic testing (68 percent vs. 53 percent), were mre interested in genetic testing (81 percent vs. 77 percent), and held more positive attitudes towards genetics than people who did not receive the leaflet. Information leaflets may have the intended effect of increasing understanding, but may also unintentionally influence reported views of genetics. In the light of the weight given to public consultation in today's governance and regulation of human genetics, increased awareness of how even seemingly neutral information can influence public attitudes is recommended. 相似文献