共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
无法忍受不确定性是对不确定性情境或事件进行感知、解释和反应的认知偏差,它影响个体的认知、情绪和行为反应.不论该情境或事件发生的可能性大小和导致的后果如何,无法忍受不确定性的个体都认为是无法接受的,应该回避.该文介绍了三种主要的无法忍受不确定性测量工具,探讨了无法忍受不确定性的神经机制,阐述了无法忍受不确定性导致的不良后果:信息加工偏差和决策能力受损,担忧、焦虑和抑郁等负性情绪,消极应对策略和不良问题取向,文章最后对无法忍受不确定性的未来研究方向进行了讨论. 相似文献
2.
Selection to programmes for gifted students in Israel, performed in the second grade, relies on raw ability and achievement test scores, irrespective of age, thereby ignoring the well-known effect of within-grade age differences on test scores. Employing the entire cohort of third graders of legal age (67,366 students, 1.4% of whom were enrolled in a gifted programme) in 2011, this study examined the relationship between chronological age and the probability of acceptance to programmes for the gifted in Israel. The results reveal an almost perfect correlation between chronological age and the probability of being selected for a gifted programme (r2 = 0.92): older students have approximately 3.5 times greater chance of acceptance than younger students. Reliance on raw ability and achievement test scores, unadjusted for age, in selection to gifted students programmes is thus shown to be biased in favour of older students and to unintentionally discriminate against younger students. 相似文献
3.
Pigeons categorized binomial samples. One of two “coins” was tossed on each trial, and birds learned to infer from observing the outcomes which of the two equally likely coins had been tossed. Outcomes (“heads” or “tails”) appeared as successively presented red or green center keys. Coin R was biased in favor of red, and coin G was similarly biased in favor of green. A categorization consisted of a choice of a left or right side key and was reinforced with food if it was to the key (left for coin R and right for coin G) corresponding to the coin that produced that trial’s sample. Coin bias and minimum sample size required for reinforcement were experimentally manipulated. When sample size was greatest (n=8), categorizing a sample as having been produced by coin R tended to undermatch the probability that the sample was produced by coin R. When sample size was smallest (n=1), categorizing a sample overmatched, provided that the context did not include other trials with large samples. This context effect reconciles an otherwise inconsistent literature on intuitive statistical inference in pigeons but suggests a new and difficult goal for research-the general clarification of the effects of sampling context on inference. 相似文献
4.
This Monte Carlo simulation study compares methods to estimate the effects of programs with multiple versions when assignment of individuals to program version is not random. These methods use generalized propensity scores, which are predicted probabilities of receiving a particular level of the treatment conditional on covariates, to remove selection bias. The results indicate that inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) removes the most bias, followed by optimal full matching (OFM), and marginal mean weighting through stratification (MMWTS). The study also compared standard error estimation with Taylor series linearization, bootstrapping and the jackknife across propensity score methods. With IPTW, these standard error estimation methods performed adequately, but standard errors estimates were biased in most conditions with OFM and MMWTS. 相似文献
5.
Monte Carlo simulations with 20,000 replications are reported to estimate the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis regarding DIF using SIBTEST when there is DIF present and/or when impact is present due to differences on the primary dimension to be measured. Sample sizes are varied from 250 to 2000 and test lengths from 10 to 40 items. Results generally support previous findings for Type I error rates and power. Impact is inversely related to test length. The combination of DIF and impact, with the focal group having lower ability on both the primary and secondary dimensions, results in impact partially masking DIF so that items biased toward the reference group are less likely to be detected. 相似文献
6.
于树贵 《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》2006,35(3):28-32
偏执，是明代政治领域道德生活的基本倾向。由于时祖宗家法的偏执遵守，对儒家道德理想的偏执追求以及对宦官的偏执认识，当然也包括张居正自身所具有的偏执精神，最终导致了张居正悲剧的发生。 相似文献
7.
Chris van Klaveren Karen Kooiman Ilja Cornelisz Martijn Meeter 《Journal of research on educational effectiveness》2019,12(1):67-89
This study examines whether providing students with information on their future study success will influence their higher education enrollment decision and lower first-year dropout as a consequence. A randomized field experiment is conducted among 313 law and social science applicants at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. The main results suggest that (a) students are generally overly positive about their future performance, (b) enrollment rates increase by 25% if students receive information on future study success, but (c) providing information to students does not reduce first-year dropout. An important conclusion is that the higher enrollment decision is not driven by the extent to which students are self-serving biased or by their updating behavior. Instead this decision seems to be influenced by a fear of failure, in the sense that students who receive a pass-signal (fail-signal) with respect to future study success enroll with higher (lower) probability. 相似文献
8.
Rebecca Zwick Dorothy T. Thayer Marilyn Wingersky 《Journal of Educational Measurement》1995,32(4):341-363
In a previous simulation study of methods for assessing differential item functioning (DIF) in computer-adaptive tests (Zwick, Thayer, & Wingersky, 1993, 1994), modified versions of the Mantel-Haenszel and standardization methods were found to perform well. In that study, data were generated using the 3-parameter logistic (3PL) model and this same model was assumed in obtaining item parameter estimates. In the current study, the 3PL data were used but the Rasch model was assumed in obtaining the item parameter estimates, which determined the information table used for item selection. Although the obtained DIF statistics were highly correlated with the generating DIF values, they tended to be smaller in magnitude than in the 3PL analysis, resulting in a lower probability of DIF detection. This reduced sensitivity appeared to be related to a degradation in the accuracy of matching. Expected true scores from the Rasch-based computer-adaptive test tended to be biased downward, particularly for lower-ability examinees 相似文献
9.
提出了有随机约束的混合回归模型在椭球约束下的一类有偏估计,并给出了在均方误差矩阵和PC准则下此估计类优于一般线性模型在椭球约束下的有偏估计类的条件. 相似文献
10.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate if we could improve retention by redesigning an online programming course from a gender perspective, while maintaining the focus on preferable and sustainable learning approaches. The study builds on results from an earlier study that investigated the relationship between approaches to learning and course completion and involves 1067 students that responded to the short version of the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) in 2010, 2012 and 2013. Three principles for course material design were identified; gender neutral and non-biased messages, emphasize the interdisciplinary approach and link to everyday examples. Responses to ASSIST were analysed in relation to performed changes in the course literature from a gender perspective. The probability to complete the course increased with 7% points for all students, in particular for men, and decreased for students with a high score in surface approach to learning, especially among women. 相似文献
11.
崔新丹 《喀什师范学院学报》2011,32(1):90-92
通过对语料库偏误研究现状的描述及对新疆少数民族习得汉语语料库中偏误现象的分析研究,发现语料库中偏误现象的普遍性,阐明了偏误研究的价值：从理论上说,可以发现学习者语言习得的规律并深化我们对偏误的认识;从实践上说,可以帮助我们预测和避免偏误,提出相应的教学对策,指导教学。 相似文献
12.
英汉语言中女性辱称构成方式的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
章彩云 《信阳师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》2005,25(4):85-87
人类的语言是相通的,英汉两种语言中不同程度地存在着对性别歧视的女性辱称的现象。而女性辱称是性别歧视的产物,性别歧视直接作用于女性辱称的形式和途径。从构词、语义和修辞等方面来审视英汉语中女性辱称的构成方式,使我们看到,英汉语言中女性辱称的构成不仅存在着纯形式的,即“构词型”,还存在着更多的词义运用形式,即“用词型”。 相似文献
13.
苏宝荣 《河北师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006,29(4):79-82
目前语言的理解和使用中,"以今律古"或"以古限今"的现象同时存在,混淆了语言的古义(或语源义)与今义,都违背了语言历史发展规则.语言是在历史上发生、发展的,对语言现象,特别是语义(词义)的认识,要注意到两个方面:阅读和注释古代文献应因古文以求古义,切不可"以今律古";在现代语言的使用上也不能"以古限今".尤其是对现代汉语词义的理解,要更多地关注语言事实. 相似文献
14.
Michael F. Brown Robert G. Cook Marvin R. Lamb Donald A. Riley 《Learning & behavior》1984,12(1):41-49
Pigeons’ pecks to the two elements of spatially separated compound samples were observed during matching-to-sample performance. An attentional biasing procedure was used in which the birds were tested on a subset of the information contained in the sample (either one of the two dimensions or one of the two sample key locations) for a large number of sessions. This procedure resulted in a greater proportion of sample pecks to the positively biased (tested during biasing) sample attribute. Increases in accuracy on the positively biased attribute as well as decreases in accuracy on the negatively biased (not tested during biasing) attribute were also found. However, not all of the shifts in matching accuracy could be explained by the shifts in pecking behavior. 相似文献
15.
In a Registered Report, the authors propose a new survey-bias-mitigation method—incorporating inverse probability weighting via boosted regression—to better understand lesbian, gay, bisexual, or questioning (LGBQ)-heterosexual youth risk disparities. This method is tested using the 2019 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-collected Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) national data, which contain 12,847 observations (ages 12–18 [M = 16, SD = 1.25]; 49.1% male [8.7% LGBQ] and 50.9% female [22.4% LGBQ]; nationally representative regarding race and ethnicity). Looking across 44 outcomes, the authors found that the YRBS contains responses that are potentially biased against LGBQ youth in systematic ways, inflating perceived risk for this group in some outcomes. This potential bias is more pronounced among reported males than among reported females, and it is more pronounced for low-incidence outcomes. For example, the steroid-use disparity estimate among reported males reduced by 67%, while the reduction in bullying victimization was small and not statistically significant. The authors discuss robustness of results, the new method, and data policy implications. 相似文献
16.
"品"是中国古代绘画的一个较为复杂的结构性范式。在风格性层面,"品"的审美偏向于事实维度上的品味定论;在现象性层面",品"的审美偏向于精神维度上的品质定论;在等级性层面,"品"的审美偏向于价值维度上的品格定论。中国古代绘画品评的结构性范式始终处于"位移"与不断"转向"之中。本文运用结构主义方法论,探讨中国古代绘画中"品"的问题,分析了不同品评标准背后的成因及对绘画风格的影响。 相似文献
17.
The dynamic field theory predicts that biases toward remembered locations depend on the separation between targets, and the spatial precision of interactions in working memory that become enhanced over development. This was tested by varying the separation between A and B locations in a sandbox. Children searched for an object 6 times at an A location, followed by 3 trials at a B location. Two- and 4-year-olds', but not 6-year-olds', responses were biased toward A when A and B were 9-in. and 6-in. apart. When A and B were separated by 2 in., however, 4- and 6-year-olds' responses were biased toward A. Thus, the separation at which responses were biased toward A decreased across age groups, supporting the predictions of the theory. 相似文献
18.
Although prior research has shown that experts tend to overestimate or underestimate what laypersons actually know, little
is known about the specific consequences of biased estimations for communication. To investigate the impact of biased estimations
of a layperson’s knowledge on the effectiveness of experts’ explanations, we conducted a web-based dialog experiment with
45 pairs of experts and laypersons. We manipulated the experts’ mental model of the layperson by presenting them either valid
information about the layperson’s knowledge or information that was biased towards overestimation or underestimation. Results
showed that the experts adopted the biased estimations and adapted their explanations accordingly. Consequently, the laypersons’
learning from the experts’ explanations was impaired when the experts overestimated or underestimated the layperson’s knowledge.
In addition, laypersons whose knowledge was overestimated more often generated questions that reflected comprehension problems.
Laypersons whose knowledge was underestimated asked mainly for additional information previously not addressed in the explanations.
The results suggest that underestimating a learner during the instructional dialog is as detrimental to learning as is the
overestimation of a learner’s knowledge. Thus, the provision of effective explanations presupposes an accurate mental model
of the learner’s knowledge prerequisites. 相似文献
19.
Many of our cognitive and metacognitive judgments are based on sheer subjective experience. Subjective experience, however,
may be contaminated by irrelevant factors, resulting in biased judgments. Under certain conditions people exert a metacognitive
correction process to remedy such biased judgments. In this study we examine the proposition that even after a judgment has
been corrected to avoid the biasing effects on subjective experience, subjective experience itself remains biased. We asked
participants to judge the difficulty of anagrams for others. When they were aware of having been exposed to the solutions
of some of the anagrams, they corrected their difficulty judgments for these anagrams. Despite this correction, their speeded
choices in a subsequent task disclosed their biased subjective experience that these anagrams were easier to solve. Implications
for the study of metacognition and for the educational domain are discussed.
相似文献
| Ravit NussinsonEmail: |
20.
王红斌 《四川教育学院学报》2014,(10):75-78
上上联读汉语双音节的音变读音是墨西哥汉语习得者习得汉语语音的一个难点,为找出墨西哥汉语习得者上上联读双音节变调的偏误规律,对比分析男女两名汉族人与四名墨西哥汉语习得者的19组上上联读汉语双音节的发音声学数据,发现墨西哥汉语习得者上上联读汉语双音节的音变读音前一音节的正确率共占上上联读总音节数的68.42%,后一音节的错误率占总音节数的11.84%,偏误率88.16%,根据后一音节的偏误类型上的比例,列出了如下偏误类型降级序列：调域偏误（起点、拐点、终点偏低〉起点、拐点、终点偏高）〉调型偏误（拐点偏高〉终点略低）。 相似文献