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Abstract Equations by Jackson, Pollock, and Ward (1980) and by Durnin and Womersly (1974) for estimating body density (BD) from skinfolds (SF) purportedly overcome the criticism of “population specificity” by taking into account age and the curvilinear relationship between SFs and BD. Selected equations were validated on 79 women athletes against %fat and fat(kg) measured by underwater weighing. Equations by Sloan, Burt, and Blyth (1962), Wilmore and Behnke (1970), and Katch and McArdle (1973) were also evaluated to compare the newer equations to older ones. The mean estimate of %fat by one equation by Jackson et al. utilizing the sum of triceps, abdomen, suprailiac and thigh SF was the same as the true value (20.1%) and correlated .795 (SEE ± 3.27 total error 3.23). Regression analysis showed it to have acceptable accuracy over the range of sample values (10.3–34.0%). The Durnin-Womersly equations overestimated %fat by 3.9 to 4.4% and were not acceptable. For the older equations, the mean Sloan et al. estimate (20.8 %Fat) was not significantly different from the true value and correlated .779 (SEE ± 3.37 total error 3.47). Regression analysis showed it to overestimate fat in leaner subjects and to underestimate it in fatter ones, making it unacceptable. The Wilmore-Behnke equation overestimated %fat by 4.3%. Equations by Jackson et al., using the sum of triceps, suprailiac and thigh skinfolds, and by Katch and McArdle were shown to be acceptable if the ordinate values were adjusted (1.0994921 to 1.1074921 and 1.08347 to 1.09147 respectively) to account for the higher density of women athletes. 相似文献
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AbstractIn order to understand Chinese martial arts (CMA), people had better find out how native Chinese people picture these ancient arts. Maurice Halbwachs’s theory on collective memory is helpful to cognize the panorama of CMA. In the term of social framework, the contributors of the collective memory of CMA are mainly well-experienced inheritors, shallow-experienced mass practitioners and highly educated intellectuals. They respectively perceive martial arts more or less through bodily practicing, imagination, or fantasy. Among these three contributing groups, inheritors seemingly observe martial arts from the top of the mountain, ordinary practitioners at the foot of the mountain, while intellectuals overlook from the clouds. Inheritors, with professional skills, establish the technique systems of martial arts; mass practitioners, from non-professional perspective, test and verify the various functions, and intellectuals, from transdisciplinary perspective, enrich the connotation and extension of the martial arts. The shared concrete approaches they draw upon to shape such a collective memory are repetitive corporeal experiencing, mental experiencing, and active imagination. Eventually, they build the spectrum of CMA memory which is primarily filled with unique technique paradigms and chivalric spirits. In this way, CMA or Wushu, as an indigenous sport, is provided for consumers in the world. 相似文献
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Katherine Elizabeth Black Alistair David Black Dane Baker Kirsty Fairbairn 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(8):1049-1057
There is limited research studying fluid and electrolyte balance in rugby union players, and a paucity of information regarding the test–retest reliability. This study describes the fluid balance of elite rugby union players across multiple squads and the reliability of fluid balance measures between two equivalent training sessions. Sixty-one elite rugby players completed a single fluid balance testing session during a game simulation training session. A subsample of 21 players completed a second fluid balance testing session during an equivalent training session. Players were weighed in minimal clothing before and after each training session. Each player was provided with their own drinks which were weighed before and after each training session. More players gained body weight (9 (14.8%)) during training than lost greater than 2% of their initial body mass (1 (1.6%)). Pre-training body mass and rate of fluid loss were significantly associated (r?=?0.318, p?=?.013). There was a significant correlation between rate of fluid loss in sessions 1 (1.74?±?0.32?L?h?1) and 2 (1.10?±?0.31?L.?h?1), (r?=?0.470, p?=?.032). This could be useful for nutritionists working with rugby squads to identify players with high sweat losses. 相似文献
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Chinfang Kuo 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(4-5):375-387
The Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT) and Communist Party that ended in 1949 caused a confrontation between the ‘Free China’ in Taiwan claimed by the Republic of China, the KMT that retreated to Taiwan, and the ‘New China’ established by the People’s Republic of China. The sport policies of the ‘Two Chinas’ were based on the respective political positions, which were affected greatly by the Cold War. Taiwan, ruled by the KMT affiliating with the camp of the capitalists led by the USA, was the revival base to connect with Chinese in several East and Southeast Asian countries and to connect with other Asian anti-Communist countries. Political and military policies contributed to Taiwan women’s basketball development during the Cold War in East Asia and the first national team named Liangyou thus emerged. The Liangyou’s life symbolized the beginning and the phased ending of women’s basketball development in Taiwan, and skilful players of noble character practised loyal diplomatic missions and publicized the strong body-mind heroine image of Free China. Their healthy and cheerful character along with a passion for basketball provided new ideas of women’s roles in post-war Taiwan. Trips for overseas competitions let players experience the outside world. 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(2):73-75
Abstract Recent data indicate that levels of overweight and obesity are increasing at an alarming rate throughout the world. At a population level (and commonly to assess individual health risk), the prevalence of overweight and obesity is calculated using cut-offs of the Body Mass Index (BMI) derived from height and weight. Similarly, the BMI is also used to classify individuals and to provide a notional indication of potential health risk. It is likely that epidemiologic surveys that are reliant on BMI as a measure of adiposity will overestimate the number of individuals in the overweight (and slightly obese) categories. This tendency to misclassify individuals may be more pronounced in athletic populations or groups in which the proportion of more active individuals is higher. This differential is most pronounced in sports where it is advantageous to have a high BMI (but not necessarily high fatness). To illustrate this point we calculated the BMIs of international professional rugby players from the four teams involved in the semi-finals of the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) cut-offs for BMI, approximately 65% of the players were classified as overweight and approximately 25% as obese. These findings demonstrate that a high BMI is commonplace (and a potentially desirable attribute for sport performance) in professional rugby players. An unanswered question is what proportion of the wider population, classified as overweight (or obese) according to the BMI, is misclassified according to both fatness and health risk? It is evident that being overweight should not be an obstacle to a physically active lifestyle. Similarly, a reliance on BMI alone may misclassify a number of individuals who might otherwise have been automatically considered fat and/or unfit. 相似文献
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Body image is an important concept when assessing mental health and, thus, a target for intervention work. The common approach to assess body image is via self-report and, consequently, it is important to assess stability and susceptibility of items to random change. Participants (N = 99, aged: 18–30 years) completed the 34-item Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales (MBSRQ-AS) twice, separated by two weeks. Stability was quantified by calculating the test–retest differences for each item, with a stable item showing 90% of respondents’ differences within a criterion of ≤±1. This method was used in preference to correlation, which is a test of association rather than agreement. Analyses identified 29 stable items. Five items were found to be unstable including the entire “Appearance Evaluation” scale. One particular unstable question, Q9 = “Most people would consider me good-looking”, revealed strong associations with both gender and weight status. Forty-four per cent of “overweight” respondents changed their minds by more than ±1 compared with only 10% of “normal-weight” participants, suggesting that being overweight is associated with uncertainty and instability. We suggest that future research is needed to investigate why such factors as being overweight appear to be linked to instability in self-report measures of body image. 相似文献
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Jean Williams 《Sport in History》2015,35(1):1-18
This is an introductory essay for the special edition of Sport in History entitled ‘Kit: Fashioning the Sporting Body’. As well as giving an overview of the six articles in the collection, the introduction seeks to give an overview of sport and dress history. It then raises questions of the intersection of national style, costume history and sporting fashion as active and leisurewear. 相似文献
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Beat Knechtle Brida Duff Ulrich Welzel Götz Kohler 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):262-268
In the present study, we investigated the association of anthropometric parameters with race performance in ultraendurance runners in a multistage ultraendurance run, in which athletes had to run 338 km within 5 consecutive days. In 17 male successful finishers, calculations of body mass, body height, skinfold thicknesses, extremity circumference, skeletal muscle mass (SM), and percentage body fat (%BF) were performed before the race to correlate anthropometric parameters with race performance. A positive association was shown between total running time and both body mass (r2 = .29, p < .05) and upper arm circumference (r2 = .23, p < .05). In contrast, body height, skinfold thicknesses, extremity circumference, SM, and %BF showed no association with race performance (p > .05). We concluded that in a multistage ultraendurance run, body mass and upper arm circumference were negatively associated with race performance in well experienced ultraendurance runners. In contrast, body height, skinfold thicknesses, circumferences of the other extremities, SM, and %BF showed no association with race performance. 相似文献
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《福建体育科技》2012,31(4)
对中国社会综合调查（CGSS2006）数据进行二次资料分析,发现不同教育程度、职业的管理位置、居住空间城市老年人的健身锻炼情况有显著性差异。退休前不同的技术职称等级、行政级别、所在单位不同等级、不同幸福感、生活满意感和社会经济地位主观认同的城市老年人对是否锻炼有显著性差异。性别、年龄没有成为区分体育锻炼行为差异的变量。应用社会分层和社会心理学研究成果分析认为社会客观位置与锻炼行动之间存在“结构化”关系,具有追求健康、非生产性、炫耀式休闲特征的身体锻炼行为成为文化资本的重要组成部分,不断被用来强化社会地位群体的边界。研究进一步对体育部门职能方向提出了可行性建议。 相似文献
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Elke Grimminger-Seidensticker Aiko Möhwald Johanna Korte Jörg Trojan 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(7):1013-1021
Body dissatisfaction is a phenomenon that may already occur in childhood and is linked to a variety of psychosocial risks. As the role of physical activity in the context of body dissatisfaction is still ambivalent, a cross-sectional study with 602 normal weight children (50.2% girls; Mage?=?9.23 years; SD?=?0.79) was conducted. The children filled in the MoMo-Questionnaire, including items about their physical activities and motives for being physically active, as well as Bender’s Body Esteem and Muscularity Concern Scale with the three subscales “body satisfaction”, “weight and shape concerns”, and “muscularity concerns”. Independent t-tests revealed that girls were less worried about muscularity than boys (Mgirls?=?1.94, SDgirls?=?1.11 vs. Mboys?=?3.12, SDboys?=?1.43; t(560)?=?11.33, p?d?=?0.92), whereas girls showed greater weight and shape concerns than boys (Mgirls?=?2.24, SDgirls?=?0.97 vs. Mboys?=?2.05, SDboys?=?0.92; t(549)?=?2.32, p?=?.02, d?=?0.20). In boys, physical activity is associated with less muscularity, weight, and shape concerns. Body satisfaction increases with health and fitness motives. In girls, the role of physical activity is ambivalent: girls who engage in sports do not differ in body dissatisfaction from non-active girls. In sportive girls, weight and shape concerns increased with more health and fitness motives. Finally, the study provides first insights into body dissatisfaction and the different role of physical activity in boys and girls in childhood. 相似文献
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《哈尔滨体育学院学报》2007,(6)
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Ivan Cuk Dragan Mirkov Aleksandar Nedeljkovic Milos Kukolj Dusan Ugarkovic 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2016,15(2):207-219
The present study explored the method of testing muscle mechanical properties through the linear force–velocity (F–V) relationships obtained from loaded vertical jumps. Specifically, we hypothesised that the F–V relationship parameters depicting the force, power, and velocity of the tested muscles will differ among individuals of different physical fitness. Strength trained, physically active, and sedentary male participants (N = 10 + 10 + 10; age 20–29 years) were tested on maximum countermovement and squat jumps where manipulation of external loads provided a range of F and V data. The observed F–V relationships of the tested leg muscles were approximately linear and mainly strong (median correlation coefficients ranged from 0.77 to 0.92; all p < 0.05), independently of either the tested group or the jump type. The maximum power revealed higher values in the strength trained than in the physically active and sedentary participants. This difference originated from the differences in F-intercepts, rather than from the V-intercepts. We conclude that the observed parameters could be sensitive enough to detect the differences among both the individuals of different physical fitness and various jump types. The present findings support using loaded vertical jumps and, possibly, other maximum performance multi-joint movements for the assessment of mechanical properties of active muscles. 相似文献
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AbstractThe consistency of community size effects in North American contexts but not elsewhere, reinforces the notion that the effect is driven by socio-cultural factors specific to the country under examination. In order to identify and understand the various forces driving the community size effect, it is important to determine whether the effect has changed over time. Stability or instability over time would assist researchers in identifying the specific socio-cultural mechanisms driving these effects. This study compared the influence of community size on the likelihood of being drafted into the National Hockey League (NHL) among Canadian ice hockey players drafted to play in the NHL between 1985 and 2009. Although there was some variability over the timespan examined, most notably in communities with between 250,000 and 499,999 inhabitants and over 1,000,000 inhabitants, trends were generally stable over time, suggesting that the socio-cultural mechanisms may have also been relatively stable, although further work is necessary to confirm this assumption. 相似文献
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Dr. Leon E. Smith 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):191-197
Abstract Forearm flexion strength of 65 college men was measured at two distances from the elbow at each of three angles of the forearm. The speed of forearm flexion movement was measured through an arc of 85°. Ebel intraclass reliabilities for strength and speed were high, i.e., .95 to .99. The extremely low correlations between limb strength and speed of movement, which ranged from —.06 to .14, are in agreement with the majority of the low correlations reported in earlier studies. The findings of this study support the theory of specificity in that individual differences in the speed of a limb involving a single joint are predominantly independent of strength measures associated with that limb and joint. 相似文献
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Tae-Seok Jeong Tom Reilly James Morton Sang-Won Bae 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):1161-1166
Abstract The aim of this study was to quantify the physiological loads of programmed “pre-season” and “in-season” training in professional soccer players. Data for players during each period were included for analysis (pre-season, n = 12; in-season, n = 10). We monitored physiological loading of training by measuring heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Training loads were calculated by multiplying RPE score by the duration of training sessions. Each session was sub-categorized as physical, technical/tactical, physical and technical/tactical training. Average physiological loads in pre-season (heart rate 124 ± 7 beats · min?1; training load 4343 ± 329 Borg scale · min) were higher compared with in-season (heart rate 112 ± 7 beats · min?1; training load 1703 ± 173 Borg scale · min) (P < 0.05) and there was a greater proportion of time spent in 80–100% maximum heart rate zones (18 ± 2 vs. 5 ± 2%; P < 0.05). Such differences appear attributable to the higher intensities in technical/tactical sessions during pre-season (pre-season: heart rate 137 ± 8 beats · min?1; training load 321 ± 23 Borg scale · min; in-season: heart rate 114 ± 9 beats · min?1; training load 174 ± 27 Borg scale · min; P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that pre-season training is more intense than in-season training. Such data indicate that these adjustments in load are a direct attempt to deliver training to promote specific training adaptations. 相似文献
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懒懒地坐在电脑前,和平常一样为自己泡一杯Black coffee,然后打开音乐播放器,任意大利之夏的音符在耳朵里畅游。咖啡、音乐和足球就这样糅合在一起,糅合进我的生活里,时间阃工作突然不再沉闷,一切都变得富于激情和幻想。回想起1990年那个夏天,我跟世界杯的第一次,正是乔吉奥·莫罗德尔(Giorgio Moroder)和吉娜·娜尼尼(Gianna Nannini)沙哑而又激昂的嗓音,带着我走进意大利,走近世界杯。音乐和足球,像两个孪生的兄弟,不可分割。他们把世界缩小,让所有的语言都成为多余。在16年之后,我同样期待着夏天的来临,期待着那些振奋人心的旋律…… 相似文献
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This article examines the social forces underlying FIFAgate. Why do corrupt practices, which are often highly consolidated or even institutionalized, suddenly become scandalous? What is a scandal? Why did FIFA fall into crisis in 2015 and not before? To answer these questions, it is necessary to look at the sequence of thrusts and parries between all the parties involved. Our analysis embraces the notion that social processes are based on relationships in order to provide insights into why and how denunciations can lead to long-tolerated corrupt practices suddenly becoming compromising enough to force an organization’s leaders to implement measures that would have previously been unimaginable. We use multiple sources to examine the emergence of FIFAgate and the way FIFA overcame previous critical situations, describing how FIFA neutralized earlier allegations and developed a remarkable ‘resilience’ to scandal. Finally, we analyse the successive mobilizations whose domino effect led to the emergence of FIFAgate and the measures FIFA took to contain the scandal. Our research enabled us to draw up a new theoretical model for analysing corruption scandals. 相似文献