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1.
Kaarle Kurki-Suonio 《Science & Education》2011,20(3-4):211-243
This article sketches a framework of ideas developed in the context of decades of physics teacher-education that was entitled the "perceptional approach". Individual learning and the scientific enterprise are interpreted as different manifestations of the same process aimed at understanding the natural and social worlds. The process is understood to possess the basic nature of perception, where empirical meanings are first born and then conceptualised. The accumulation of perceived gestalts in the ??structure of the mind?? leads to structural perception and the generation of conceptual hierarchies, which form a general principle for the expansion of our understanding. The process undergoes hierarchical development from early sensory perception to individual learning and finally to science. The process is discussed in terms of a three-process dynamic. Scientific and technological processes are driven by the interaction of the mind and nature. They are embedded in the social process due to the interaction of individual minds. These sub-processes are defined by their aims: The scientific process affects the mind and aims at understanding; the technological process affects nature and aims at human well-being; and the social process aims at mutual agreement and cooperation. In hierarchical development the interaction of nature and the mind gets structured into a ??methodical cycle?? by procedures involving conscious activities. Its intuitive nature is preserved due to subordination of the procedures to empirical meanings. In physics, two dimensions of hierarchical development are distinguished: Unification development gives rise to a generalisation hierarchy of concepts; Quantification development transfers the empirical meanings to quantities, laws and theories representing successive hierarchical levels of quantitative concepts. Consequences for physics teaching are discussed in principle, and in the light of examples and experiences from physics teacher education. 相似文献
2.
John A. Malone 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2011,6(3):737-746
In this paper I examine the history of the integration of mathematics education into the Science Education Centre, which had
been established by physicist, John de Laeter, within the School of Science and Engineering at Curtin University in Perth,
Australia. De Laeter’s vision for science education was that teachers should have access to professional education that allowed
them to extend their discipline and pedagogical knowledge using strategies that brought together theory and practice in ways
that were meaningful for teachers. This model was expanded when mathematics education was also included, paving the way also
for technology education. I present the history of this integration laying out the themes that are important for the continued
educational effectiveness of the Science and Mathematics Education Centre (SMEC) and the role that mathematics education has
played in this process. As the title suggests, this article focuses on the activities of the group of mathematics educators
who have worked within the Science and Mathematics Education Centre of Curtin University since it was established 30 or so
years ago and who have contributed to its reputation. The two streams operated then and now more-or-less independently in
matters of student thesis topic choice but offered students opportunities for interaction that might not have been available
if the “M” had not been incorporated into the Science Education Centre (SEC). This article’s focus is on the mathematics educators
who contributed to the Centre’s success and reputation, highlighting the synergistic relationship between mathematics and
science that helped to make SMEC a leading center for mathematics and science education. 相似文献
3.
This paper illuminates the experiences of beginning teachers using a participatory perspective approach and drawing on some
of these teachers’ perceptions. We place the ‘subject’ of workplace learning research centrally in understanding the relatedness
between workplaces and novice employees/trainees. This paper builds on previous work by the authors using semi-structured
interviews with 17 beginning teachers in 19 schools that aim to better understand issues associated with beginning teacher
retention. This study explores an application of a framework for evaluating workplaces as from expansive to restrictive learning
environments, whilst examining individuals’ responses to and agency in these environments. In addition, these teachers’ personal
networks were explored to idedntify how they shaped the teachers’ engagement with workplaces. This analysis revealed networks
both internal and external to their schools, and hence a broader view of workplace than is often proposed. Together these
analyses allowed an examination of the relatedness between individual beginning teachers and the schools they experienced.
This paper identifies the significance of ontogeny and expectation that individuals bring to the workplace, along with individuals
exhibiting different agency. These beginning teachers indicate how individuals can be proactive in creating more expansive
learning environments for themselves through the utilisation of personal networks, even when these are not offered. This finding
may have implications for beginning teachers to re-evaluate their potential to become empowered as they begin their careers. 相似文献
4.
In theoretical models of self-regulated learning, calibration is one important component in successful learning. Two issues
of calibration are explored. First, Nelson (1987) suggested the G (gamma) coefficient is the most appropriate measure of calibration (judgment accuracy) and rejected signal detection theory’s
d′ statistic because data commonly challenge distributional assumptions. We empirically examined this issue, comparing G and d′. Second, we examined whether a learner’s calibration varies across three domains of knowledge: general, word, and mathematics.
A sample of 266 university students volunteered to participate in the study. Participants were selected from various undergraduate
and graduate courses. Participants first answered demographic items. Then they completed three knowledge tests (general, word,
and mathematics) and judged correctness for each answer provided. Order of domains was randomly counterbalanced among participants.
Results show that d′ is a valid measure of calibration, that assumptions about underlying distributions can be tested, and that preliminary evidence
suggests that d′ may be a superior measure of accuracy compared to G. Finally, calibration varied by domain. 相似文献
5.
Dan Battey 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2013,82(1):125-144
In considering ??good teaching?? in mathematics, scholars usually refer to teacher knowledge and instructional practices that promote understanding. However, researchers have found that these two elements of instruction are often not as prevalent in urban contexts, a space where high percentages of students of color and the poor are educated. Additionally, recent work calls for understanding other classroom mechanisms that impact the mathematics learning of students of color. Using video, field notes, and an interview, this research examines a case study of one urban classroom of Latino and African American students. Their teacher engages them in substantive mathematics and reform-minded pedagogical strategies, but a number of relational interactions raise issues of how these micro-interactions can mediate access to mathematics. The study found four dimensions in which relational interactions mediated access to mathematics: addressing behavior, framing mathematics ability, acknowledging student contributions, and attending to culture and language. The paper ends with raising questions for future research and calling for a broader framing of instruction that incorporates relational dimensions of the classroom. 相似文献
6.
Penny J. Gilmer 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2011,6(4):1031-1035
Catherine Milne’s book, The Invention of Science, recounts the history of science (mainly Eurocentric) from cross-cultural, historical and philosophical worldviews. Scientists,
science educators, and teachers would find this an interesting book, not only for themselves but also for those with whom
they interact. Most accounts are of the great men in science with some to women in science, including reference to the exclusion
of women from science. Milne provides thought-provoking activities to use in the classroom, like asking students to write
the processes that occur when sugar dissolves in hot tea, with students including the three components of causal explanation.
She also encourages teachers to use narratives to help students learn the context of discovery in science. In a comparison
of analogical, deductive, inductive and abductive reasoning, she encourages teachers to pay attention to dialogical arguments.
Book review author predicts that Milne’s book will fit well with the nation’s next generation science standards, still in
development form. Milne succeeded in her goal “to combine aspects of the philosophy and history; not just to focus on specific
scientific ideas but to provide a hint of the complex relationship between place and history, space and time, in the development
of Eurocentric science.” 相似文献
7.
Orit Ben-Zvi-Assaraf Chava Even - Israel 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2011,20(4):317-332
The ??Medical Systems?? program was designed to introduce high school students to the world of advanced medicine. Its premise was to use an applied scientific discipline like medicine to encourage high-school students?? interest in basic science. This study compares the teen-aged graduates of ??Medical Systems?? with fourth and fifth-year medical students. It aims to identify the attitudes of these two groups towards medical science and basic sciences in medicine. The population included 94 graduates of ??Medical Systems?? from schools throughout Israel, who had also completed an advanced-level course in a basic science (biology, chemistry or physics), and 96 medical students from different Israeli universities. The students?? attitudes were measured using West et al.??s questionnaire (Med Educ 16(4):188?C191, 1982), which assesses both the attitude of the participants towards basic science knowledge, and their attitude towards their learning experience in medical school. Nine participants from each group were also interviewed using a semi-structured interview protocol. The results showed essential differences in the attitudes of the two groups. The high school students consider scientific knowledge far more essential for a physician than do the medical students, who also showed a far lower estimation of the effectiveness of their science studies. 相似文献
8.
9.
Mohamed Abdellatif Kissami 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2011,57(1-2):161-177
Literacy education through the LIFE Initiative and follow-up of CONFINTEA VI in the Maghreb ?C Illiteracy is seriously compromising the economic and social development of the Maghreb countries. In Morocco and Mauritania, for instance, national strategies and literacy programmes have been implemented. These efforts ought to be assessed so that lessons can be learned from them and the contribution of the national and international initiatives implemented in recent years can be evaluated. The Sixth International Conference on Adult Education provided an opportunity to launch a Maghreb-wide literacy cooperation process. Drawing on the experience of two high-priority countries (Morocco and Mauritania), the countries of the Maghreb created a mechanism for ongoing exchange within the framework of the Forum on Literacy for the Maghreb Region. The second meeting of this Forum, which was held in May 2010 in Nouakchott, was devoted to monitoring the implementation of the Belém Framework for Action and resulted in the creation of a joint cooperation programme in this domain. 相似文献
10.
R��gis Malet 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2011,57(3-4):319-335
Borders, translation and politics of difference: the hermeneutic task of comparative education ?C Governments are making increasing use of international comparisons as a tool to run and reform education systems, through the establishment of competency norms and assessment standards. In light of this trend, this paper wishes not only to reiterate the crucial distinction, made by Max Weber as early as 1922, between scientific research and political action, but also to recall the principles of separation and mediation from which the comparative approach in education derives. The concepts that comprise a language, that are disseminated and become established in a social world, are borne of history, of dynamic uses, and are culturally rooted. By neglecting this social and cultural provenance of words there is a danger that one can end up with a comparability based on functional equivalencies alone; although there are strong pressures in this direction, it is probably the surest way, in the words of Marcel Détienne, of ??comparing the incomparable??. The purely instrumental rationality that favours the spread of such frameworks or interpretative models appears indifferent to questions of meaning and culture, apart from being irrational on an axiological level, if we follow Weber. Strangeness or even ??otherness?? tends to be erased. One wonders therefore what issues are raised for the comparativist when the illusion of spontaneity in translation is reduced to a functional equivalence. In keeping with the researcher??s responsibility to mediate, he/she must promote clarification and mutual understanding (inspired by C. Taylor), replacing the standardisation of words with a critical illumination of the semiotic variations generated by their use. 相似文献
11.
The purpose of this study was to replicate previous research about teachers?? perceived benefits of home visits to determine if they remained stable. Furthermore, the investigation sought to find out whether home visits impacted variables often associated with improved school success (i.e., school attendance, academic performance, parent engagement). Participants were 29 kindergarten through second grade teachers in a rural, Midwestern school district who conducted home visits at the beginning of the school year. Seventeen of the teachers participated in the earlier study. Revised surveys were completed. Results are consistent with those of the previous study. Specifically, teachers reported these positive effects: beneficial relationships and better communication with parents, more appreciation of the influence of the child??s home environment related to school performance, and a better understanding the child??s behavior in school. In addition, teachers identified a connection between the home visits and variables related to school success. Thus, teachers?? perceptions reinforced the importance of conducting home visits. 相似文献
12.
Nicole von der Linden Wolfgang Schneider Claudia M. Roebers 《Metacognition and Learning》2011,6(1):3-23
Two studies were conducted to investigate whether context variations were suitable to improve metacognitive judgments in children
in a complex, everyday memory task. In the first phase of each experiment, participants were shown a short event (video) and
gave judgments-of-learning (JOLs), that is, rated their certainty that they would later be able to recall specific details
correctly. In the second phase of the experiments, participants took part in a memory interview about the memory event and
gave confidence judgments (CJs), that is, rated their certainty that the provided answers to the memory questions were correct.
Study 1 specifically investigated the potential positive influence of giving a verbal summary before the JOL-interview on
metacognitive monitoring, whereas Study 2 had a closer look on the effect of intentional versus non-intentional encoding on
JOL and CJ accuracy. Results revealed no significant influence of giving a summary and hardly any effect of encoding condition
on metamemory monitoring although children from age 6 on showed adequate monitoring performance. JOL accuracy appears to be
a complex process, which is even more difficult to influence in children than in adults. 相似文献
13.
14.
Life sciences faculty agree that developing scientific literacy is an integral part of undergraduate education and report that they teach these skills. However, few measures of scientific literacy are available to assess students’ proficiency in using scientific literacy skills to solve scenarios in and beyond the undergraduate biology classroom. In this paper, we describe the development, validation, and testing of the Test of Scientific Literacy Skills (TOSLS) in five general education biology classes at three undergraduate institutions. The test measures skills related to major aspects of scientific literacy: recognizing and analyzing the use of methods of inquiry that lead to scientific knowledge and the ability to organize, analyze, and interpret quantitative data and scientific information. Measures of validity included correspondence between items and scientific literacy goals of the National Research Council and Project 2061, findings from a survey of biology faculty, expert biology educator reviews, student interviews, and statistical analyses. Classroom testing contexts varied both in terms of student demographics and pedagogical approaches. We propose that biology instructors can use the TOSLS to evaluate their students’ proficiencies in using scientific literacy skills and to document the impacts of curricular reform on students’ scientific literacy. 相似文献
15.
Chui Shan Lau 《Educational Research for Policy and Practice》2011,10(3):135-147
This study focuses on the transformation of pro-Beijing labour education in the socio-political context of Hong Kong. It explores
the reasons that Hong Kong pro-Beijing educators initiated Workers’ Night Schools for adults; the organisation of schools
in many locales and the transformation of labour education that workers received in these educational settings. The history
of the development of this organization is deeply intertwined with the politics of education and the social transformation
of that period. That development provides an understanding of how the pro-Beijing educators constructed an alternative culture
that opposed the colonial government and was later transformed to serve as a pro-hegemonic force in the post-1997 era. In
addition, rapid and widespread changes were taking place throughout Hongkongese life. Labour education was once viewed as
a radical project to enhance working-class’s anti-hegemonic consciousness, socialist practices and political activism in the
colonial Hong Kong. The introduction of international standards, global benchmarks for career and technical education and
the transfer of sovereignty have created a new situation forcing these pro-Beijing educators to respond quickly. This article
aims to see how the pro-Beijing educators related to international standard for vocational training and how the schools transforms
itself to fit into the industrialized, market-oriented and globalized society of HKSAR (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region). 相似文献
16.
Pauline W. U. Chinn 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2011,6(1):223-233
This response to Mitchell and Mueller’s “A philosophical analysis of David Orr’s theory of ecological literacy” comments on
their critique of Orr’s use of the phrase “ecological crisis” and what I perceive as their conflicting views of “crisis.”
I present my views on ecological crisis informed by standpoint theory and the definition of crisis as turning point. I connect
the concept of turning point to tipping point as used in ecology to describe potentially irreversible changes in coupled social-ecological
systems. I suggest that sustainable societies may provide models of adaptive learning in which monitoring of ecological phenomena
is coupled to human behavior to mitigate threats to sustainability before a crisis/tipping point is reached. Finally, I discuss
the Hawai‘i State Department of Education’s removal of its Indigenous science content standard Mālama I Ka ‘Āina, Sustainability and its continued use in community-based projects. 相似文献
17.
Mahamadou Cheick Diarra 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2011,57(1-2):145-159
Training the trainers: its role in high-quality adult education ?C This article is about the crucial role of instructor training; it discusses the implications for the quality of adult learning and education. The documents arising out of CONFINTEA V and VI, the Hamburg Declaration, the Agenda for the Future and the Belém Framework for Action all recognise the critical role played by facilitators and adult instructors in the quality of adult learning and education. However, all over the world, they are undertrained and poorly paid by comparison with their counterparts in the formal education sector. In West Africa, where the average literacy rate is 20%, the situation of these facilitators and instructors and the conditions in which they work are becoming alarming, particularly since actors?? expectations of them are constantly increasing. This article aims to clarify the most important reasons for this marginalisation and then provides some key pieces of guidance on how to move forward in terms of the political context, the literate environment, skills and languages, curricula, teaching methods and learner needs, materials, monitoring and evaluation and research. 相似文献
18.
Roberta Corrigan 《Reading and writing》2011,24(7):749-771
There are individual differences in the amount and type of vocabulary that adults produce to young children in the home environment before the children enter school. How many words a mother knows is a significant predictor of a child??s vocabulary. The current study addressed the question of whether there were individual differences in the amount and type of vocabulary that pre-service teachers produced in their first read-aloud lessons to first and second grade students. Specifically, would pre-service teachers with higher vocabulary scores differ from those with lower vocabulary scores in their choice of books to read and in the language they used to discuss the books? Results indicated that pre-service teachers with more advanced vocabulary scores chose books with more vocabulary diversity and sophistication. When they chose narrative texts, they also chose books that were more difficult in terms of their semantic cohesion. Both the receptive vocabulary of pre-service teachers and the language in the books that they chose had an effect on the ??teacher talk?? that they used in the lesson surrounding the book reading. Just as parents show individual differences in the richness of the language input provided to their children before they enter school, pre-service teachers own knowledge of language varies, and this influences the linguistic input that they provide to their students. 相似文献
19.
This paper analyzes the behavior of families in China regarding private tutoring, applying game theory to its discussion of
their actions. It finds that families will definitely give their children private tutoring after school in order to obtain
better educational opportunities in situations where the distribution of educational resources is uneven. According to game
theory, overuse of private tutoring after school will waste societal resources and negatively affect all the players in the
game. It is argued that a key strategy to reduce private tutoring after school is to close the gaps in state provision of
education. 相似文献
20.
Representing the Electromagnetic Field: How Maxwell��s Mathematics Empowered Faraday��s Field Theory
Ryan D. Tweney 《Science & Education》2011,20(7-8):687-700
James Clerk Maxwell ??translated?? Michael Faraday??s experimentally-based field theory into the mathematical representation now known as ??Maxwell??s Equations.?? Working with a variety of mathematical representations and physical models Maxwell extended the reach of Faraday??s theory and brought it into consistency with other results in the physics of electricity and magnetism. Examination of Maxwell??s procedures opens many issues about the role of mathematical representation in physics and the learning background required for its success. Specifically, Maxwell??s training in ??Cambridge University?? mathematical physics emphasized the use of analogous equations across fields of physics and the repeated solving of extremely difficult problems in physics. Such training develops an array of overlearned mathematical representations supported by highly sophisticated cognitive mechanisms for the retrieval of relevant information from long term memory. For Maxwell, mathematics constituted a new form of representation in physics, enhancing the formal derivational and calculational role of mathematics and opening a cognitive means for the conduct of ??experiments in the mind?? and for sophisticated representations of theory. 相似文献