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1.
The Public Values Failures of Climate Science in the US 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ryan Meyer 《Minerva》2011,49(1):47-70
This paper examines the broad social purpose of US climate science, which has benefitted from a public investment of more
than $30 billion over the last 20 years. A public values analysis identifies five core public values that underpin the interagency
program. Drawing from interviews, meeting observations, and document analysis, I examine the decision processes and institutional
structures that lead to the implementation of climate science policy, and identify a variety of public values failures accommodated
by this system. In contrast to other cases which find market values frameworks (the “profit as progress” assumption) at the
root of public values failures, this case shows how “science values” (“knowledge as progress”) may serve as an inadequate
or inappropriate basis for achieving broader public values. For both institutions and individual decision makers, the logic
linking science to societal benefit is generally incomplete, incoherent, and tends to conflate intrinsic and instrumental
values. I argue that to be successful with respect to its motivating public values, the US climate science enterprise must
avoid the assumption that any advance in knowledge is inherently good, and offer a clearer account of the kinds of research
and knowledge advance likely to generate desirable social outcomes. 相似文献
2.
Here we present the framework of a new approach to assessing the capacity of research programs to achieve social goals. Research
evaluation has made great strides in addressing questions of scientific and economic impacts. It has largely avoided, however,
a more important challenge: assessing (prospectively or retrospectively) the impacts of a given research endeavor on the non-scientific,
non-economic goals—what we here term “public values”—that often are the core public rationale for the endeavor. Research programs
are typically justified in terms of their capacity to achieve public values, and that articulation of public values is pervasive
in science policy-making. We outline the elements of a case-based approach to “public value mapping” of science policy, with
a particular focus on developing useful criteria and methods for assessing “public value failure,” with an intent to provide
an alternative to “market failure” thinking that has been so powerful in science policy-making. So long as research evaluation
avoids the problem of public values, science policy decision makers will have little help from social science in making choices
among competing paths to desired social outcomes. 相似文献
3.
Valdivia WD 《Minerva》2011,49(1):25-46
Evaluation studies of the Bayh-Dole Act are generally concerned with the pace of innovation or the transgressions to the independence
of research. While these concerns are important, I propose here to expand the range of public values considered in assessing
Bayh-Dole and formulating future reforms. To this end, I first examine the changes in the terms of the Bayh-Dole debate and
the drift in its design. Neoliberal ideas have had a definitive influence on U.S. innovation policy for the last thirty years,
including legislation to strengthen patent protection. Moreover, the neoliberal policy agenda is articulated and justified
in the interest of “competitiveness.” Rhetorically, this agenda equates competitiveness with economic growth and this with
the public interest. Against that backdrop, I use Public Value Failure criteria to show that values such as political equality,
transparency, and fairness in the distribution of the benefits of innovation, are worth considering to counter the “policy
drift” of Bayh-Dole. 相似文献
4.
Elena Aronova 《Minerva》2012,50(3):307-337
The Congress for Cultural Freedom is remembered as a paramount example of the “cultural cold wars.” In this paper, I discuss the ways in which this powerful transnational organization sought to promote “science studies” as a distinct – and politically relevant – area of expertise, and part of the CCF broader agenda to offer a renewed framework for liberalism. By means of its Study Groups, international conferences and its periodicals, such as Minerva, the Congress developed into an influential forum for examining the ways Big Science impacted the relations between science, society, and politics, thus constituting a semi-institutional niche for Science Studies before its professionalization within academia during the 1970s. I argue that the Congress contributed to the construction of public space in which the relations between science, society and politics were debated, and science was reconceptualized as a social activity. The vision of “science studies” the CCF-associated intellectuals promulgated was different from the science studies we know today. Yet, this alternative vision, in which the issues of science politics appeared inseparable from those of science policy, science organization, and science governance, constituted the “pre-history” of science studies today. 相似文献
5.
This paper demonstrates how the application of New Public Management (NPM) and the accompanying rise of academic capitalism
in allocating research funds in the German academic field have interacted with a change from federal pluralism to a more stratified
system of universities and departments. From this change, a tendency to build cartel-like structures of allocating symbolic
capital resulting in oligopolistic structures of appropriating research funds has emerged. This macro level structure is complemented
by the strengthening of the traditional oligarchic structures of research, carried out by an increasing number of assistants
under the direction of a professor on the meso level. The outcome of this institutional setting is a significant gap between
the appropriation of research funds according to the allocation of symbolic capital and the production of knowledge in publications.
The application of NPM therefore needs to be explained more as a result of the normative pressure of a globally established
model of “rational” administration, and less as a result of its functional effectiveness. This is demonstrated by an empirical
analysis with simple and multiple regressions using data on the allocation of research grants and publication records of German
chemistry departments. 相似文献
6.
In recent times there has been a surge in interest on policy instruments to stimulate scientific and engineering research
that is of greater consequence, advancing our knowledge in leaps rather than steps and is therefore more “creative” or, in
the language of recent reports, “transformative.” Associated with the language of “transformative research” there appears
to be much enthusiasm and conviction that the future of research is tied to it. However, there is very little clarity as to
what exactly it is and what criteria might be used to design policy instruments to make more of it happen. In this paper,
we contribute to the construction of a framework within which some conceptual clarity might be gained. We develop four analogies,
or metaphors, that are found in the discourse about “transformative research” and show what they imply for the meaning of
the notion and, as a result, both the phenomena that might be associated with it and the levers that would be available to
design policy instruments. The analogies serving as theoretical metaphors that we propose, and also document to be present
either explicitly or implicitly in the discourse about “transformative research,” are the stock market highlighting risk;
the process of evolution and its selection mechanisms; the process of popular culture and the power of “hot” events; and exploration
of the frontier of the unknown. No single analogy covers all the relevant issues. Together they help identify a field of phenomena
and the potential and challenges “transformative research” presents to policy. 相似文献
7.
STS research has devoted relatively little attention to the promotion and reception of science and technology by non-scientific
actors and institutions. One consequence is that the relationship of science and technology to political power has tended
to remain undertheorized. This article aims to fill that gap by introducing the concept of “sociotechnical imaginaries.” Through
a comparative examination of the development and regulation of nuclear power in the US and South Korea, the article demonstrates
the analytic potential of the imaginaries concept. Although nuclear power and nationhood have long been imagined together
in both countries, the nature of those imaginations has remained strikingly different. In the US, the state’s central move
was to present itself as a responsible regulator of a potentially runaway technology that demands effective “containment.”
In South Korea, the dominant imaginary was of “atoms for development” which the state not only imported but incorporated into
its scientific, technological and political practices. In turn, these disparate imaginaries have underwritten very different
responses to a variety of nuclear shocks and challenges, such as Three Mile Island (TMI), Chernobyl, and the spread of the
anti-nuclear movement.
Sheila Jasanoff is Pforzheimer Professor of Science and Technology Studies at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. Her research centers on the interactions of law, science, and politics in democratic societies. She is particularly concerned with the construction of public reason in various cultural contexts, and with the role of science and technology in globalization. Her most recent book is Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States. Sang-Hyun Kim is Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. He received Ph.D.’s in chemistry from Oxford and in history and sociology of science from Edinburgh. His research interests include the cultural politics of science and technology in twentieth-century Korea, the politics of expertise, the governance of science and technology, and the history and politics of environmental sciences. 相似文献
| Sang-Hyun KimEmail: |
Sheila Jasanoff is Pforzheimer Professor of Science and Technology Studies at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. Her research centers on the interactions of law, science, and politics in democratic societies. She is particularly concerned with the construction of public reason in various cultural contexts, and with the role of science and technology in globalization. Her most recent book is Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States. Sang-Hyun Kim is Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. He received Ph.D.’s in chemistry from Oxford and in history and sociology of science from Edinburgh. His research interests include the cultural politics of science and technology in twentieth-century Korea, the politics of expertise, the governance of science and technology, and the history and politics of environmental sciences. 相似文献
8.
Roger PielkeJr. 《Minerva》2012,50(3):339-361
The use of the phrase “basic research” as a term used in science policy discussion dates only to about 1920. At the time the phrase referred to what we today commonly refer to as applied research in support of specific missions or goals, especially agriculture. Upon the publication of Vannevar Bush’s well-known report, Science – The Endless Frontier, the phrase “basic research” became a key political symbol, representing various identifications, expectations and demands related to science policy among scientists and politicians. This paper tracks and evaluates the evolution of “basic research” as a political symbol from early in the 20th century to the present. With considerable attention having been paid to the on-going evolution of post-Cold War science policy, much less attention has focused on the factors which have shaped the dominant narrative of contemporary science policies. 相似文献
9.
Optimal pricing and grant policies for museums 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The “free access” policy designed by the British Government has encouraged interest in museum financial issues. We define a principal-agent model for museum administration where there are two income sources: public grants and ticket revenues. This model allows us to define the optimal contract determining public grants, ticket prices, budget and managerial effort. We find a theoretical explanation for the inelastic pricing strategy commonly adopted in cultural economics. We further find that museum manager should never have any control over the price of tickets. The model can also be applied to other institutions, such as schools or NGOs, which are able to raise funds directly from private (e.g., ticket revenues or membership fees) or public sources.
JEL Classification number H20, H42, C70, D80, Z10 相似文献
10.
When the journal Minerva was founded in 1962, science and higher educational issues were high on the agenda, lending impetus to the interdisciplinary field of “Science Studies” qua “Science Policy Studies.” As government expenditures for promoting various branches of science increased dramatically on both sides of the East-West Cold War divide, some common issues regarding research management also emerged and with it an interest in closer academic interaction in the areas of history and policy of science. Through a close reading of many early issues of Minerva but also of its later competitor journal Science Studies (now called Social Studies of Science) the paper traces the initial optimism of an academically based Science Studies dialogue across the Cold War divide and the creation in 1971 of the International Commission for Science Policy Studies as a bridging forum, one that Minerva strangely chose to ignore. In this light, attention is drawn to aspects of the often forgotten history of Science Studies in the former Soviet Union and the Eastern European block. Reviewed also are several early discussions that are still relevant today: e.g., regarding differing concepts of Big Science, science and democracy, autonomy in higher education and what conditions are necessary to sustain academic freedom and scientific integrity (some of Edward Shils’ primary concerns). Finally, it is noted how the question of quantitative methods to measure scientific productivity lay at the heart of a “Science of Science” movement of the 1960s has re-emerged in a new form integral to the notion of a “Science of Science Policy.” 相似文献
11.
Mariachiara Tallacchini 《Minerva》2009,47(3):281-306
The institutionalization of ethics and the direct influence of politics on how ethics bodies frame their opinions have been
widely recognized and explored in the last few years. Less attention has been paid to what kind of normative instrument “ethics”
as an institutional phenomenon has become in the State under the rule of law, and which institutional powers it has depended
on. This paper analyzes the rise of ethics in the European Union context, where ethics, constructed as an isolated set of
values, has been exploited for its symbolic capacity to evoke citizenship, has become quite formalized as to certain features,
and has acquired the potential to redefine the traditional divisions of powers in the State under the rule of law. 相似文献
12.
Stephen P. Turner 《Minerva》2010,48(3):239-258
Charles Perrow used the term “normal accidents” to characterize a type of catastrophic failure that resulted when complex,
tightly coupled production systems encountered a certain kind of anomalous event. These were events in which systems failures
interacted with one another in a way that could not be anticipated, and could not be easily understood and corrected. Systems
of the production of expert knowledge are increasingly becoming tightly coupled. Unlike classical science, which operated
with a long time horizon, many current forms of expert knowledge are directed at immediate solutions to complex problems.
These are prone to breakdowns like the kind discussed by Perrow. The example of the Homestake mine experiment shows that even
in modern physics complex systems can produce knowledge failures that last for decades. The concept of knowledge risk is introduced,
and used to characterize the risk of failure in such systems of knowledge production. 相似文献
13.
James Heilbrun 《Journal of Cultural Economics》1997,21(1):29-40
The Sunday “Arts and Leisure” section of the New York Times for selected years is examined to gauge competition between “high”
culture and “popular” culture. From 1962 through 1988 high culture consistently outranked popular culture in percentage of
articles, but after 1988 popular culture gained steadily, and by 1993 accounted for 49 percent of articles as compared with
only 39 percent for high culture. Most of the gain was accounted for by coverage of motion pictures. For two out of four sub-categories
a significant correlation was found between editorial content and advertising, so that one cannot reject the hypothesis that
advertising affects editorial coverage.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Mercy W. Kamara 《Minerva》2009,47(4):441-463
Drawing from contemporary social science studies on the shifting regime of research governance, this paper extends the literature
by utilizing a metaphoric image—research is a game—observed in a field engagement with 82 American, British, and Danish crop
and plant scientists. It theorizes respondents’ thinking and practices by placing the rules of the research “game” in dynamic
and interactive tension between the scientific, social, and political-economic contingencies that generate opportunities or
setbacks. Scientists who play the game exploit opportunities and surmount setbacks by adopting strategies and reinventing
tactics in order to maximize their winnings and to minimize their losses. Winners become superstars who decree what is open,
closed, or doable science for the majority of the scientific community. 相似文献
15.
This paper analyses the effect of literary prizes and nominations on the subsequent market success using a panel dataset of
Dutch-language titles from January 2003 to June 2005. The analysis indicates winning a prize generally has a positive effect
on the ensuing sales, whereas nominations do not generate additional sales. The precise effect differs depending on the particular
prize. Winning a “home” debut prize has a significant positive effect on sales, and, to a lesser extent, “established” literary
prizes have a significant positive effect on the sales of the winning title, but winning a debut prize in the Netherlands,
the neighbouring country, has no effect on sales in Belgium. 相似文献
16.
In this paper, we engage with the widespread and influential approach of National Innovation Systems (NIS). We discuss its adequacy to non-OECD countries, especially in Latin America where it tends to be reified. Although the NIS approach is meant to address the most pressing needs of the economies it applies to, we argue that it would benefit from developing a more encompassing scope, allowing integration of greater diversity and complexity. By retracing the history of regimes of science, technology and innovation in Latin America, we explore the following paradox: whereas numerous Southern scholars urge the pressing need to develop an innovation agenda for Southern countries with a “Southern framework of thought”, they continue to heavily rely on a reductionist version of the NIS-approach that prevents such a “Southern perspective” to fully emerge. This creates problems for actors willing to use NIS more reflexively, and it also affects the effectivity of science, technology and innovation (STI) policies in non-OECD countries. We formulate a research agenda with three suggestions for further engaging NIS both conceptually and practically. Using such analytical perspectives, we argue, might benefit both to scholarly work about NIS, but could also allow for a better articulation with STI regimes in Southern countries. 相似文献
17.
In recent years questions concerning the impact of public research funding have become the preeminent site at which struggles
over the meanings and value of science are played out. In this paper we explore the ‘politics of impact’ in contemporary UK
science and research policy and, in particular, detail the ways in which UK research councils have responded to and reframed
recent calls for the quantitative measurement of research impacts. Operating as ‘boundary organisations’ research councils
are embroiled in what might be characterised as the ‘politics of demarcation’ in which competing understandings of the cultural
values of science are traded, exchanged and contested. In this paper we focus on the way the UK’s ‘Engineering and Physical
Sciences Research Council’ (EPSRC) has responded to contemporary policy discourses concerning the impacts of public research
expenditure. We argue that, in response to the shifting terms of contemporary science policy, the EPSRC has adopted three
distinct strategies. Firstly, in collaboration with other research councils the EPSRC have emphasised the intellectual and
metrological challenge presented by attempts to quantify the economic impact of public research expenditure, emphasising instead
the cumulative impacts of a broad portfolio of ‘basic science’. Secondly, the EPSRC has sought to widen the discursive meaning
of research impacts – specifically to include societal and policy impacts in addition to economic ones. Thirdly, the EPSRC
has introduced a new framing into the ‘impact agenda’, preferring to talk about ‘pathways to impact’ rather than research
impacts per se. In responding to government priority setting, we argue that the EPSRC has sought to exploit both the technical fragility
of auditing techniques and the discursive ambiguity of notions of impact. 相似文献
18.
In this article we present an empirical analysis of the ‘patterns of cultural choice’ in the musical domain in Italy. The
main goal of the article is to verify whether musical tastes in Italy are diversified, with the presence of a group of ‘cultural
omnivores’. Our study is based on the theoretical model of the demand for cultural goods proposed by Lévy-Garboua and Montmarquette
(1996). In the empirical analysis we simultaneously evaluate the probability of choosing different musical genres. Through the
specification of the set of alternatives into three groupings of musical genres —“only classical music”, “only popular music”
and “all music”—we were able to detect the relative impact of several socio-economic characteristics on the probability of
having “univorous” or “omnivorous” musical likings. In addition, our approach allows us to verify the existence of different
patterns of music consumption by testing the significance of differences among the estimated coefficients of the probability
functions related to the three groupings of musical genres. We find that age, gender and education are important predictors
of an omnivorous taste.
相似文献
| Carlofilippo FrateschiEmail: |
19.
Alvin Weinberg’s classic and much debated two articles in Minerva, “Criteria for Scientific Choice” (1963) and “Criteria for Scientific Choice II – The Two Cultures” (1964), represent two of the first and most important attempts to create a meta-discourse about priority setting in science policy, and many of the points advanced remain relevant. The goal of this paper is to elaborate on the relevance of some of Weinberg’s original arguments to priority setting today. We have singled out four issues for attention: The tension between scientific and institutional choice, the assumptions behind the triad of scientific, technological and social merit, the elusive ‘externality from size’ argument for funding promoted by Weinberg, and finally the problems involved in the idea of basic science as an ‘overhead cost’ for applied science, and applied science as an ‘overhead’ on a sectoral mission. These four issues will be elaborated from a policy perspective and connected to present day challenges for science and technology policy. 相似文献
20.
Beginning in 1979, certain states extended extra copyright protection, known as “moral rights” protection, to visual artists.
Moral rights protection, which was incorporated into U.S. copyright law in 1990, ensures that works cannot be altered in a
manner that would negatively impact the reputation of the artist. Using difference-in-differences regression strategies, we
compare artists and non-artists in states with moral rights laws to those in states without these laws, before and after the
laws are enacted. This enables us to test the impact of the laws on the behavior of artists, consumers, and policy makers.
Our analysis reveals that the average artist’s income falls by around $4000 per year as a result of moral rights legislation,
but we find no impact of the laws on artists’ choices of residence or on state-level public spending on the arts. 相似文献