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In this editorial article, we introduce this Special Issue of Research Policy in honour of the late Keith Pavitt, a pioneer in science and technology policy studies and a scholar of innovation. The papers in this Issue were drawn from a widely attended international conference held in Keith's honour in November 2003 and selected according to their contribution to themes central to the Pavitt tradition: the nature of technological knowledge, the management of research and development in the firm, systems of innovation and measurement of scientific and technological activities. There are a further two papers which describe not only Keith Pavitt's scholarly legacy to the fields of innovation studies and science and technology policy but also the important role he played in forging the growing community of scholarship in technology and innovation. 相似文献
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Jeroen P.J. de Jong 《Research Policy》2006,35(2):213-229
Taxonomies of patterns of innovation give a dominant role to large firms, and are often based on empirical studies that exclude micro firms. This paper proposes an empirical taxonomy of the innovative firms at the bottom of the size distribution, based on a new survey of 1234 small firms and micro firms in The Netherlands, in both manufacturing and services. These firms differ not only in their innovative activities, but also in their business practices and strategies, such as management attitude, planning and external orientation, that they use to achieve innovation. The taxonomy identifies four categories of small innovative firms: science-based, specialised suppliers, supplier-dominated and resource-intensive. It suggests a more diverse pattern of innovation of small firms than in Pavitt's [Pavitt, K., 1984. Sectoral patterns of technical change: towards a taxonomy and a theory. Research Policy 13 (6), 343-373] taxonomy, a pattern that is shared by both manufacturing and service firms. Finally, the research shows that taxonomies can be effectively used to map differences in the rates, sources and nature of innovation, with the differences in the business strategies of innovative firms. 相似文献
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摘要：通过绘制科学计量学研究前沿知识图谱,界定出七大国际科学计量学研究前沿领域：1、引文理论、科学交流、基础科研评价;2、科学知识图谱理论与方法、网络计量学;3、科学技术合作;4、科学计量学经典概率分布、文献计量学定律、信息计量学;5、科学计量学指标与国家科研绩效评价;6、知识的新产品--科技动力学;7、科学与技术的关系。其中前沿领域1、2、4属于理论与方法研究领域,而前沿领域3、5、6、7属于应用研究领域。经过比较发现科学计量学更加侧重于理论与方法研究。 相似文献
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Christine Greenhalgh 《Research Policy》2006,35(4):562-580
This paper analyses market valuations of UK companies using a new data set of their R&D and IP activities (1989-2002). In contrast to previous studies, the analysis is conducted at the sectoral-level, where the sectors are based on the technological classification originating from Pavitt [Pavitt, K., 1984. Sectoral patterns of technical change. Research Policy 13, 343-373]. The first main result is that the valuation of R&D varies substantially across these sectors. Another important result is that, on average, firms that receive only UK patents tend to have no significant market premium. In direct contrast, patenting through the European Patent Office does raise market value, as does the registration of trade marks in the UK for most sectors. To explore these variations the paper links competitive conditions with the market valuation of innovation. Using profit persistence as a measure of competitive pressure, we find that the sectors that are the most competitive have the lowest market valuation of R&D. Furthermore, within the most competitive sector (‘science based’ manufacturing), firms with larger market shares (an inverse indicator of competitive pressure) also have higher R&D valuations, as well as some positive return to UK patents. We conclude that this evidence supports Schumpeter by finding higher returns to innovation in less than fully competitive markets and contradicts Arrow [Arrow, K., 1962. Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. In: Nelson, R. (Ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity. Princeton University Press, Princeton], who argued that, with the existence of IP rights, competitive market structure provides higher incentives to innovate. 相似文献
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以《中国科技期刊研究》2008-2012年出版的30期刊载的1409篇论文为统计对象,运用文献计量学方法对载文量、总被引频次、影响因子、基金论文比、地区分布、作者合著情况、论文发表时滞、引文等指标进行定量定性分析,从而反映期刊的发展和学术水平,并指出了发展过程中的一些问题和不足,以期为期刊更好地发展提供一些依据和参考。 相似文献
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科技政策对科技进步和地方经济社会发展具有重要的指导和促进作用。地方政府作为科技政策的基层执行者,对科技政策的落实程度有密切关系。文章通过分析影响科学技术与科技政策对经济与科技发展的重要作用,同时以广西地方政府对科技政策的执行力度为例,列举广西近些年在科技工作发展过程中存在的问题与不足,提出提升科技政策地方政府执行力的具体建议,为改善科技政策地方政府执行力提供一些参考和借鉴。 相似文献
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Indicators for national science and technology policy: how robust are composite indicators? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This article addresses a set of issues that were central to Keith Pavitt's research, that is, the construction and use of tools to measure national innovative performance and to design national policies relating to innovation. It presents an overview of the development of science and technology (S&T) indicators and their use in national policy making and provides evidence of the vulnerability of composite S&T indicators to manipulation. A brief history of the development of S&T indicators begins with the role of the United States followed by their worldwide diffusion with particular emphasis on Europe. Newer developments towards composite indicators, benchmarking and scoreboarding are discussed. To investigate the robustness of innovation scoreboards empirically, a sensitivity analysis of one selected case is presented. It is shown that composite scores and country rank positions can vary considerably depending on the selection process. Thus, the use of scoreboards leaves room for manipulation in the policymaking system. Further research is needed on alternative methods of calculation to prevent their misuse and abuse. 相似文献
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通过对1985—2014年公开发表在CNKI上的2 888篇科技服务业领域学术文献进行文献计量分析,了解国内科技服务业研究的发展历程、研究水平与发展方向。研究表明,当前科技服务业研究快速发展,地域集中与地区差异大并存,研究视角多元,研究内容多样,研究水平仍处于初级阶段。要进一步发挥科技服务业在经济转型中的作用,还需要加强大对这一领域研究的扶持力度,壮大研究力量,为科技服务业的发展提供理论指导与决策支持。 相似文献
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In this article we employ a number of bibliometric techniques to capture Rob Kling's intellectual impact and influences over the course of his varied career. We analyze his many publications in terms of type, topic, impact, and rate of co-authorship. We provide a detailed deconstruction of his citation identity (all those scholars whom he cited) and also his citation image makers (all those scholars who cited his work). In addition, we analyze acknowledgment data to gain deeper insights into the sociocognitive networks that sustained, and were sustained by Kling throughout his career. 相似文献
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基于文献计量方法, 针对中国知网(CNKI)学术文献网络出版总库收录的门禁系统研究论文,分别从论文年代分布、著者及机构、关键词、期刊、学科类别、研究层次、被引频次7个方面对门禁系统的文献进行了统计分析,从一个层面揭示了国内门禁系统科学研究的情况。 相似文献
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In this article we employ a number of bibliometric techniques to capture Rob Kling's intellectual impact and influences over the course of his varied career. We analyze his many publications in terms of type, topic, impact, and rate of co-authorship. We provide a detailed deconstruction of his citation identity (all those scholars whom he cited) and also his citation image makers (all those scholars who cited his work). In addition, we analyze acknowledgment data to gain deeper insights into the sociocognitive networks that sustained, and were sustained by Kling throughout his career. 相似文献
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我国图书馆学情报学核心期刊高水平作者分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
高水平作者具有较高的学术产出和学术影响力,是学科发展和创新的主体。本文拟对高水平作者进行分析,为避免单独使用某一种指标所带来的局限性,通过《中国引文数据库》获取2000~2009年我国图书馆学、情报学核心期刊作者的发文量、被引次数、篇均被引次数、h指数等多方面指标,采用文献计量、引文分析、数理统计等方法,综合以上指标用定量的方法对我国图书情报界高水平作者进行讨论。通过实证研究后发现,严格选用多项指标所得到的结果一方面可以较全面反映作者的学术地位与学术影响力,但另一方面,也存在着一定局限性。 相似文献
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采用文献计量学方法,对《情报科学》创刊30年来(1980-2009年)载文被引情况进行了统计分析。结果表明,该刊创刊以来,共发文6141篇,被引文章4077篇,平均被引率66.4%,被引25319次,平均单篇被引4.12次,被引文章平均单篇被引6.21次。回归分析表明,被引文章总篇数,被引率(%),被引总次数,及平均单篇被引次数随年份的线性变化趋势明显,各指标都随年份而增大。在统计意义上,被引文章总篇数,被引率(%),被引总次数,及平均单篇被引次数分别每年增加11篇,1.23%,75篇,及0.13次。结果表明,《情报科学》文献被引逐渐增多,引文分析型,综述型,及方法型的文章被引频次较高。 相似文献
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《普罗米修斯》2012,30(4):455-479
One of the most influential contributions to the fields of science policy research and science and technology studies during the last 20 years was The New Production of Knowledge by Gibbons et al. (Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P. and Trow, M. (1994) The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, Sage, London). The authors argued that over recent decades a different form of knowledge production has emerged, one which they termed ‘Mode 2’. In this, knowledge is produced in the context of application, generally on the basis of transdisciplinary research efforts, by a heterogeneous range of institutional actors, who are subject to wider social accountability and more diverse forms of quality control than in the traditional ‘Mode 1’ knowledge production. Although there have been a number of attempts to examine the claims of The New Production of Knowledge empirically, the evidence is, at best, rather ambiguous. The study reported here analyses highly cited publications in the field of bibliometric research to establish whether the themes of those publications and, more specifically, the changes in these themes over the last 20 years, provide any evidence of a growing incidence of Mode 2 knowledge production. The paper concludes that there is some evidence that bibliometrics, as a field of research, has exhibited a shift towards Mode 2 knowledge production over the last two decades. In addition, it would seem to have played a part in a similar shift across science more generally, offering policy-relevant tools and analyses, helping scientific research to respond to increased demands for accountability, and contributing to changes in the approach to the quality assessment of research. At the same time, and perhaps inadvertently, it may have contributed to bringing about changes in publication and citation practices as more and more authors seek to maximise their ‘score’ on one or more bibliometric indicators. 相似文献
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Martin Heidenreich 《Research Policy》2009,38(3):483-494
Does a specific innovation pattern of low- and medium-low-technology (LMT) industries exist, and if so, can this pattern be the basis for autonomous, economically successful development? This study based on Fourth Community Innovation Survey (CIS4) data finds, as predicted by Pavitt [Pavitt, K., 1984. Sectoral patterns of technical change: towards a taxonomy and a theory. Research Policy 13, 343-373], that LMT industries are characterised by process, organisational and marketing innovations, by weak internal innovation capabilities and by strong dependencies on the external provision of machines, equipment and software. Suppliers are the most important source for their information and knowledge. On the one hand, firms in LMT industries are an essential pillar of advanced industrial regions. On the other hand, an alternative growth path-based predominantly on LMT industries does not appear to exist. LMT industries are shrinking in Western Europe and companies in these industries are relocating to Eastern Europe. In general, regions with a high proportion of LMT industries have a lower gross domestic product, though so do regions with high proportions of high- and medium-high-technology industries. The economic potential of regions specialised in knowledge-intensive services and characterised by high employment rates and qualified employees is higher than that of industrial regions. 相似文献
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从被引分析看虚拟参考咨询研究的现状与发展趋势 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用文献计量学方法，通过对2001—2006年虚拟参考咨询服务领域被CNKI采源期刊引用的论文进行分析。揭示出我国虚拟参考咨询研究的现状和发展趋势。 相似文献