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1.
Jerome S. Bruner 《牛津教育评论》2013,39(1):31-50
ABSTRACT The child‐centred theme of natural development in Rousseau's Emile has exercised a powerful and benign influence on education. Rousseau's proposed curriculum for girls, however, seems extraordinarily illiberal, requiring as it does a rigorous preparation for playing the traditional female role in a male‐dominated society. It is argued here that such a conservative policy on the education of girls is inevitable in an educational theory which makes a virtue of its empirical foundations. Observational studies of the female's nature and of her needs and interests portray her as society permits or requires her to be rather than as she could or should be. This is a dangerous weakness in influential twentieth‐century versions of child‐centred theory which have embraced a scientific approach in the hope of enhancing their credibility. The full educational development of girls, however, requires a distinctive vision of how things ought to be, a willingness to defend such value judgments, and a determination to intervene positively in the classroom. 相似文献
2.
Mary‐Lou Breitborde 《The Teacher Educator》2013,48(1):34-46
Abstract The disparities between the education of the rich and poor of this nation will continue to grow until educators are more willing and better prepared to work effectively in a variety of schools operating within a variety of models. Teacher education must prepare new teachers with open minds, willing hearts, and myriad strategies to address the realities, strengths, and critical needs of poor, culturally diverse urban schoolchildren and their families. This article describes an initiative that engages one teacher education program with an innovative urban “full‐service” elementary school in a joint effort to serve children and families and to provide a deeper and broader experience for preservice teachers. Education students complete traditional and nontraditional field work in a full‐service school with an “educational village” mission that extends from preschool to adult education. 相似文献
3.
MARILYN ESPE‐SHERWINDT 《Support for Learning》2008,23(3):136-143
In the 1990s, the developing field of early intervention with young children with disabilities and their families adopted family‐centred practice as its philosophical foundation. Family‐centred practice includes three key elements: (1) an emphasis on strengths, not deficits; (2) promoting family choice and control over desired resources; and (3) the development of a collaborative relationship between parents and professionals. During the last two decades, the field of early childhood disability has successfully defined the working principles of family‐centred practice for practitioners. Although research has acknowledged that the paradigm shift to family‐centred practice is neither simple nor easy, a substantive body of evidence demonstrates that (a) family‐centred practice can be linked to a wide range of demonstrated benefits for both children and families, and (b) families are more satisfied and find family‐centred practice to be more helpful than other models of practice. 相似文献
4.
Ian Hardy 《Teaching Education》2013,24(2):163-174
In this paper, I present the findings of a self‐study into my teaching practices as a sociology‐of‐education lecturer working in the pre‐service teacher education programme of a regional university in New South Wales, Australia. The principal data source is a logbook of the teaching practices which characterised several tutorial classes taught in 2007. To understand these practices, the paper draws upon Aristotle's concepts of techne and praxis, and Bourdieu's understanding of practices as socially constructed and contested. The paper situates tensions between more technicist and praxis‐oriented teaching approaches to pre‐service teacher education, within the teacher education and university contexts in which these classes were undertaken. In doing so, the paper reveals tensions between assessment‐driven and more authentic teaching practices, and more student‐ and teacher‐centred teaching practices. The paper also shows how accountability pressures within tertiary settings have led to a more instrumental approach to tertiary teaching. I conclude that there is a need for greater attention to the conditions of work which influence teacher educators' practices, rather than fetishising individualistic instantiations of such practices. 相似文献
5.
Following the Commonwealth Government funding cuts in 1986, a hiatus has developed in in‐service teacher education in Australia. Recent curriculum innovations and expanding stresses in the educational environment have generated in‐service education needs which are possibly greater than at any other time in the recent past. The trend in other industrialized countries has been to encourage or even require teachers in primary and secondary education to achieve postgraduate qualifications. Similar pressures are currently mounting in Australia. The combination of the stresses and new emphasis, calls for a rethinking of existing approaches and policies. The restructuring of the education system in a number of States, the difficulties which have become apparent in solution‐centred in‐service programmes and the continuing unsatisfactory ad hoc arrangements for the design and delivery of such programmes across Australia indicate that the need for different policies and provisions in teacher professional development is acute. After analysing the state of the art of in‐service training in Australia, this paper provides possible rationales for such policies and programmes and suggests the development of a multiprogramme policy package which could assist the teachers to ensure a better quality and cost‐effective educational service. 相似文献
6.
Ewart Keep 《教育政策杂志》2013,28(6):457-471
This article reviews the current enthusiasm for an individual approach to creating a Learning Society in the UK, particularly as typified by the Royal Society of Arts (RSA) Campaign for Learning. While accepting that there are good reasons for policy makers wanting to place a greater emphasis upon the role of the individual learner, the article warns that major problems confront a more learner‐centred approach. These difficulties are reviewed on three fronts. First, parts of the vocational education and training (VET) system's institutional framework are not geared to meeting the needs of the individual user, and their governance structures afford little weight to the views of individuals and their representatives. Second, the economic case for individual upskilling is much weaker than many policy makers wish to believe. Third, an undue emphasis upon individual responsibility for learning runs the risk of ignoring the major structural and societal barriers that confront many adult learners. The article concludes that while an individual focus is important, it needs to go hand in hand with wider structural change ‐‐ aimed at reforming the VET system, stimulating greater demand for skill in the UK economy, and at tackling structural barriers that impede access to learning opportunities. 相似文献
7.
《Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties》2013,18(3):11-18
Abstract Historically, spelling approaches have been broadly classified as ‘child‐centred’ or ‘instruction‐centred’ but, in recent times teachers have tended to combine elements of these theoretically different perspectives to design new approaches. The findings of research reporting teacher dissatisfaction with such combined approaches is contrasted with the experiences of staff (teachers of Years 2–5) from one Western Australian primary school. The setting was of interest because compared to populations of children in surrounding areas students at Grove Primary School demonstrated consistently higher spelling results in statewide tests. Rather than subscribing to a particular approach, the teachers reported employing a combined approach that included incidental spelling instruction in the context of literature in conjunction with teacher directed and student initiated word study. At the same time, all teachers reported a commitment to spelling practices aligned with an instruction‐centred approach including separate spelling lessons each morning of at least 20 minutes in duration and weekly or fortnightly pretest‐learn‐test cycles of word lists. 相似文献
8.
This article considers the growth of ‘family literacy programmes’ in the UK and the implications this has for the relationship between the home and the school. We argue that most programmes are informed by a view of educational deficit, itself influenced by a marketised view of education which regards families as consumers’ of education. We contend that this ‘family’ is constructed in a way that privileges the patriarchal, nuclear, middle‐class family and makes a clear distinction between the public and the private sphere. This leads, we suggest, to a model of family literacy which imposes school‐based literacies on subordinated cultures and non‐nuclear families in ways that are culturally reproductive. We discuss an alternative, culturally productive, approach which focuses on home‐based literacies in ways which genuinely reflect the lived experiences of children and their families. Only in these types of programmes, we argue, will the values and practices of the home and community environment affect schooling in ways which give all families, however constructed, a genuine ‘voice’ in their children's education. 相似文献
9.
Susan M. Sheridan Emily D. Warnes Richard J. Cowan Ariadne V. Schemm Brandy L. Clarke 《Psychology in the schools》2004,41(1):7-17
Family‐centered positive psychology (FCPP) is defined as a framework for working with children and families that promotes strengths and capacity building within individuals and systems, rather than one focusing solely on the resolution of problems or remediation of deficiencies. This approach to family‐based services is predicated on the belief that child and family outcomes will be enhanced if members participate in identifying needs, establishing social supports and partnerships, and acquiring new skills and competencies, rather than simply receiving services from professionals. In this article, we present a rationale for FCPP, outline its primary principles, highlight one model for working with families that exemplifies FCPP practice, and illustrate its use through an authentic data‐based case study. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 7–17, 2004. 相似文献
10.
ABSTRACT In Sweden respite care is a legal right for families of children with disabilities. The Act Concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments (LSS) was passed in 1994. A previous study on respite care illuminated the municipalities’ view of the service. This article focuses on the parents’ view. The study is based on questionnaire responses from 141 families and interviews with 25 families. The results show that there is a widespread perception by families that there is not enough support and that the need for respite care is not met. There is also a lack of information about the service. More flexible, family‐oriented approaches are needed. 相似文献
11.
12.
《Journal of Further & Higher Education》2012,36(3):48-55
Abstract Students, quality assessment bodies established by the Government to determine output‐related funding, and other groups in society are placing more and more pressure on tertiary institutions to improve the quality of their teaching practices. Some institutions are responding to this pressure by implementing student‐centred approaches to teaching, where the students and course leaders become equal partners in determining the course work assessment process, teaching methods and learning outcomes. To a certain extent the learning outcomes are set by the Government's quality assessment bodies. However the course work assessment process, teaching methods and interpretation of these pre‐specified learning outcomes, can still be negotiated with the students in a student‐centred manner. Many disciplines in tertiary institutions currently face, or can expect to face in the future, extremely large class sizes. Many argue that it is not possible to implement a student‐centred approach in the large class setting. Indeed, they suggest that there is a negative relationship between class size and the quality of the learning experience. This paper examines the application of a student‐centred approach to a final year business studies course involving over 100 students completing their BSc (Hons). A survey of the students at the end of the year indicated that, relative to the other courses being taken by the students, this course achieved an unusual treble: higher levels of student learning, higher student workload, and yet, higher levels of student enjoyment. These results would tend to dispel the myth that student‐centred approaches can only be successful in the smaller class setting. 相似文献
13.
It will be argued that the education of Australian managers needs to emphasise a Learner‐centred/Problem‐based (LC/PB) approach rather than a Teacher‐centred/Discipline‐based one. In the current study management students reported that they preferred such an emphasis. The results indicated that the courses had insufficient Leamer‐centred and Problem‐based elements and that the students would prefer to see more of these features in the curriculum. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Education & Work》2012,25(3):17-28
Abstract School based enterprise education and activities are becoming increasingly popular within Australian schools, particularly among students in senior years. However, the objectives of school based business education are still unclear, largely as the demand for activities and courses presently outstrips the development process. As such, the approach taken has centred on the ‘traditional’ style of education, with an overriding concern placed on what can ‘reasonably’ be demanded of students time and resources. This paper outlines the factors contributing to the increased popularity of school based enterprise activities in Australian schools reviewing both past and present teaching methods. An alternative approach to business education is proposed and analysis of the relative merits of this proposal undertaken. The overall objective of the alternative proposed is to remove the artificial environment associated with the approaches employed to‐date. This will require the acceptance of failure as a possible positive outcome and the consideration of issues in a broader social, community and macro‐economic context. 相似文献
15.
《Journal of Further & Higher Education》2012,36(2):70-77
Abstract This paper discusses the use of a student centred research driven approach to teaching and learning in the context of a part‐time conventional degree. The vehicle used for this particular study is the Trent Polytechnic B.Sc. in Quantity Surveying, but the approach may be equally suitable for other vocational courses. 相似文献
16.
The authors present the findings of a survey completed by 280 families of children identified as gifted by two Midwestern school districts with distinctly different gifted and talented programs. The authors examined: (a) How parents perceive the learning needs of their children who are identified as gifted; (b) How families address their children's perceived needs; and (c) How children's needs were perceived in school districts with different service delivery models. Parents perceived their children's learning needs similarly across districts. Noted differences were the need for higher level content and time to verbalize ideas. Low on the list of needs was to have a special environment, the need to work with adults, and the need to have role models. Based on the results of this study, the authors address issues associated with developing programs to meet the learning needs of gifted students. 相似文献
17.
Peter Woods 《International Studies in Sociology of Education》2013,23(2):123-146
ABSTRACT Alienative learning is a common feature in schools. Approaches aiming to combat it, such as child‐centred progressivism or critical pedagogy, do not appear to have been very productive as yet in the empowerment of students. Alienative learning, in fact, seems set to increase in the drift to intensification. This paper takes a different approach, seeking to identify instances of empowerment that have actually occurred, and examining their properties. Examples include moments or periods of profound insight; the cultivation of marginality; positive trauma; communitas; and social outrage. These are all potentially radicalising states. Among the factors for achieving breakthroughs is the use of pupils as ‘critical others’. An example is given involving some children with special needs, wherein the learning and development of all, including teachers, was enhanced. 相似文献
18.
The federal requirement to develop an Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP) for all infants and toddlers with special needs has a major conceptual difficulty that has, to date, been inadequately addressed in the literature. That problem stems from the linkage of family service to family assessment. Many authorities, attracted to parental “empowerment” theory, advocate that parents should be the authors rather than (or as well as) the objects of assessment, and that professionals and parents should be partners in assessing needs and planning services. When there is disagreement, professionals should defer to parents, who are in the best position to assess their own needs. We question the wisdom of conducting assessments with, or on, families of targeted children. But, if there are to be assessments, we argue that families are better served, and mutual respect better preserved, by a traditional complementary relationship: The professional controls the evaluation process, determines the problems (with the input of the family), and makes recommendations, which parents are then free to reject. 相似文献
19.
Judith A. Niemeyer 《Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education》2013,34(3):173-179
Abstract More early childhood programs are including young children with disabilities, thereby creating inclusive environments. In order to adequately prepare personnel for working in these inclusive settings and because of the major focus on family involvement, teacher preparation programs have developed competencies related to family centered practices. One of the most valuable methods for assisting students in developing a family‐centered philosophy is to involve families in the training process. Families of children with disabilities already have much experience in dealing with the many diverse services provided to young children such as, medical staff, social service agencies, specialists (i.e., physical therapists, occupational therapists), early interventionists and teachers and therefore, could provide extensive learning opportunities for students especially from a parents’ perspective. While there are many advantages for involving family members in training activities, there are also some challenges. The purpose of this article is to discuss the importance of involving families in early childhood teacher preparation programs, different strategies for including them, and the benefits and challenges of partnering with them. © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. 相似文献
20.
Cesare Scurati 《欧洲师范教育杂志》1986,9(2):125-131
The idea of ‘innovation’ refers most of all to a research‐experiment situation, where the idea of “Reform” has to do mainly with a political‐administrative approach.
In the Italian experience, reform situations prevail on innovation situations in the sense that significant changes tend to be introduced through reform interventions rather than through innovation processes. The prevailing trend is that the innovations follow the reforms instead of preparing them.
This implies that initial teacher preparation has very little to do with a positive attitude towards innovation processes, while the in‐service training endorses a paramount relevance as the most effective strategy of diffusing, supporting and sustaining the passage from the reforms to the innovations.
In‐service activities can reflect three main models: content centred, technique centred, and relation centred. The implications and the developments of the three models are analysed in order to identify the approaches and the strategies put into effect by the most significant agencies active in this field.
The conclusions point at four final perspectives: to realise a sound initial preparation; to connect the innovative processes with the enhancement of the professional quality within the schools; to support the continuous growth of the school personnel qualifications and to make a correct use of the professional avant‐garde. 相似文献