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Monitoring of physical fitness (PF) in childhood is important from a societal as well as individual perspective to ensure and support healthy child development. Hence, the German Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs together with the German Olympic Federation recommend the usage of motor tests, for instance in schools, to implement targeted interventions. Results of motor assessments are interpreted using reference categories to prevent overinterpretation of small but meaningless intra- and inter individual differences. Furthermore, temporal trends can influence the validity of these reference categories. The aims of the study are (1) to examine short- and medium-term changes in PF in middle childhood (2) to evaluate implications for reference values and the validity of the construct PF, (3) to provide valid reference values for eight- to nine-year-old children. In the school years 2011–2016, over 20,000 third-graders completed the German Motor Test (GMT) in the project “Berlin has Talent”. Possible temporal trends are examined using regressions and cross-tables. Implications of these changes on the construct PF are analyzed using Rasch measurement. Four out of seven tasks showed temporal changes. However, the validity and unidimensionality of the GMT are confirmed (p?>?0.90), if balancing backwards is excluded from the model. On the one hand, task-related changes of children’s motor performance within five years support the requirement of a comprehensive continuous monitoring to enable early interventions. On the other hand, they call for continuous evaluation of reference values of the GMT, which should rely on representative and sufficiently large samples. 相似文献
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美国学校健身(Fitness)课程介绍与简评 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
介绍了近年来美国学校推行健身课程的原因、内容及效果情况,并通过相应的评论,提出现阶段我国学校体育课程改革应注意的一些问题. 相似文献
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<正>我国关于学校体育教学要为学生的终身体育服务这一理念,在理论界已有相当成熟的论述。但是,对于如何培养学生动脑思考和动手实践能力的问题,在具体操作层面上,似乎还缺少大量的现实可行的实践方法。因此,美国学校在学期初为学生制定的具有可操作性的Goal Setting for Fitness Unit(体质健康目标设定——编者译)对我国学校体育教学,如何立足于课堂教学,着力培养学生终身体育素养具有一定的借鉴意义,本文现予以介绍: 相似文献
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当中国足球职业联赛进行到第六个年头,当去年降级的苦楚还隐隐痛在心里的时候,天津泰达队终于在1999年找回了自己甲A一席的尊严,因此,保住甲A地位就成了天津足球今年一曲高歌的“主旋律”。虽然在外界看来,以前一年变换一个东家的天津足球队,从1998年走向1999年,总算过勃个太平年,但是事实却并非如此,早在天津球迷还沉浸在重返甲A的喜悦之中的时候,完成了’98足球大任的天津经济技术开发区管委会,已经悄然把今年的按力棒交到了自己下属的泰达贪图手中,他们在天津足球界扮演的角色,一下子从风浪尖退到只需为俱乐部提供一定程度的… 相似文献
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The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of a plethora of sporting professionals, many of whom were involved in developing training and coaching practices. Teaching the skills, the ‘science’, of boxing became an important source of income for professional fighters while some practitioners also developed careers as trainers, normally operating on behalf of the wealthy ‘amateurs’ who retained professionals in order to make profitable wagers. These practices were described in some of the early instructional manuals of the period, notably a detailed analysis of wrestling by Parkyns in 1713, who considered technique, fitness, and diet, and by Godfrey in 1747 who included a seminal section on boxing in his A Treatise upon the Useful Science of Defence. The proliferation of boxing manuals in the last quarter of the century reflected both a revival of interest in the sport and a desire to record the essential elements of this martial ‘science’ since it was only now that contemporaries believed a full understanding had been achieved of the importance of ‘wind’ (endurance), ‘bottom’ (courage), and ‘science’ (technique). This paper explores a number of texts where authors discussed these essential components of boxing performance and highlights the longevity of their methods of athletic preparation. 相似文献
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Various models and methods have been proposed to address the worldwide decline in children's and youth's physical fitness, and the social-ecological model has shown some promise. Yet, the impact of the policy intervention, 1 component of that model, has not been evaluated carefully. Using limited data from policy documents, the impact of policy related to children and youth fitness in China was examined, and it was found that the policy alone did not seem to work. Possible reasons are explored, and a call for more policy evaluation research is made. 相似文献
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还记得当年的冰火两重天吗（VS ToD）？ 还记得曾经的三面埋伏吗（Vs Fov）？还记得难忘的飞艇秀吗（VSSky）？ 还记得他吗？月魔、月神、第五种族、魔兽第一人、邀请赛之王…… 相似文献
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The ways in which students make sense of the gendered fitness expectations found in a norm-referenced fitness testing program (i.e. President's challenge physical fitness test) were the focus of this study. Participants were 18 fifth grade students who completed fitness tests in their physical education classes. They were interviewed using a standardized, open-ended protocol designed to elicit their perceptions of the fitness test. Three salient themes emerged from the data: (1) students used notions of essentialism and social construction to explain gender differences; (2) students observed their peers’ performances through gendered lenses; and (3) students provided suggestions for change. Based on the findings from this study, researchers and practitioners may begin to recognize the ways in which fitness testing affects how students socially construct ideologies about fitness, ability and their bodies. 相似文献
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Jonathan Westaway 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(11-12):1515-1517
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Mark Turner 《Soccer & Society》2017,18(1):121-131
Through a critique of various social, cultural, political and technological changes in English football as a result of the Taylor report into the safety of football stadia post-Hillsborough in 1989, this paper explores the way in which the modern ‘safe’ all-seater stadium is often experienced by fans in a hyperreal and relatively passive fashion. The paper then considers some of the challenges posed by these developments and the potential for fans to renegotiate and adapt in the face of a middle classing of football discourse. Finally, the paper examines the social control agenda inherent within the neoliberal development of all-seater stadia, whilst highlighting the response of the English Football Supporters Federation and their ‘Safe Standing Campaign’. The paper will conclude by offering a tentative critique of an innovative response by Manchester City F.C. supporters and their participatory ‘Poznan’ celebration in all-seating areas based on auto-ethnographic interpretation. 相似文献
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1996年新的赛季,不久就要拉开战幕。 去年的一年,是中国足球改革“初露峥嵘”的一年,想来广大足球爱好者对今年的联赛寄予希望更大。随着改革的成效愈见,步伐自然加快,从目前的春训情况看,甲级A、B队的阵容调整、训练质量、赛前状态等等均已不同程度地超过去年。所以,预计 相似文献
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Harish Kumar Argyro Elisavet Manoli Ian R. Hodgkinson Paul Downward 《Sport Management Review》2018,21(5):549-562
Sport delivery systems, aimed at facilitating sports participation, represent an inter-institutional, cross-sector collaboration. Researchers focusing on the impact of different levels of sport provision from policy, through facilities, to end users remains limited. The authors address this gap in knowledge through a mixed- methods approach to examine sport participation from the perspective of the whole delivery system. Specifically, focusing on a County Sport Partnership region in the UK, the authors examine sport participation from the policy (macro), facility (meso), and end user (micro) levels. Regional heads responsible for sport development and delivery participated in semi-structured interviews, facility-level managers completed a survey, and end-users across public, private, and outsourced facilities participated in focus groups. Results show a clear divergence between the sport policy goals across the private and public sectors, with significant differences observed between facility types on their social and commercial objectives and their prioritized stakeholder groups. The divergence has little impact on user participation or expression of health, wellbeing, and social capital, offering new evidence on the role of neoliberalism in sport delivery systems. 相似文献
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Meredith Nash 《Sport in Society》2018,21(9):1432-1453
CrossFit (CF) is one of the fastest growing exercise regimens in the world. However, sociologists have been relatively slow in examining the place of CF coaches in contemporary CF fitness culture. CF coaches are key figures in the production, promotion and consumption of CF fitness services. Therefore, coaches are a sociologically compelling group to examine. Drawing on interviews with male CF coaches in Tasmania, Australia, this paper argues that the way that CF coaches become qualified, interact with clients and understand ‘health’ and ‘fitness’ is shaped by the confluence of masculinity and neoliberalism. As CF grows in Australia alongside other fitness regimens, these findings pose a unique set of concerns for the Australian fitness industry, especially in relation to the ways that CF coaches translate the meaning and practice of ‘health’ and ‘fitness’ to their athletes. 相似文献
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Steven N. Waller 《Sport in Society》2017,20(9):1241-1258
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Ornella Nzindukiyimana 《国际体育史杂志》2017,34(11):1140-1160
AbstractThe early 1910s marked a turning point in Canadian immigration policy history. With the introduction of the Immigration Act of 1911, the Canadian state effectively declared black people, Asians, and most other people of colour to be unfit and unsuitable immigrants. Nation-building efforts encouraged a white Canada; as such, the Canadian Amateur Athletic administration approached the 1912 Games as an opportunity to attract ‘suitable’ white European immigrants. Amidst sustained anti-black immigrant discourse in policies and the press, Canada’s 1912 Olympic team included, for the first time, a black athlete: John Armstrong ‘Army’ Howard, an emerging sprinting talent from Winnipeg (Manitoba) who had done well in national meets. Howard’s racial identity was not only the antithesis of a white Canada, he was also a recent American immigrant. Yet, his potential made him one of most prominent medal hopefuls for a nation looking to secure its position on the world stage. In this way, Howard’s tenure on the national team underscores the fragile and conditional space which ideas of race and nation have largely occupied in Canada, and the role of sport and the Olympics in shaping them. 相似文献
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Markus Gerke 《Sport in Society》2018,21(6):932-945
AbstractBased on ethnographic research with supporters’ groups in the US, this article explores how Ultra and other global models of fandom are being appropriated by soccer fans in the US and Canada. I argue that these fans enact more than stylistic expressions of fandom but instead contest the boundaries of locally accepted models fandom. Most notably, organized soccer supporters in the US reject the notion of being simply consumers of sports entertainment and see themselves instead as stakeholders in the teams they follow and as de facto constituents that the clubs need to be accountable to. At the same time, the global and local organizational structures and histories of professional soccer confront these fans with specific restrictions in how they are able to articulate their interest as fans. 相似文献