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1.
This experiment examined the applicability of the generalized matching law to changes in divided-attention performance produced
by variations in relative reinforcement rate. Pigeons were exposed to a delayed matching-to-sample procedure in which compound
samples (color 1 line orientation) and element comparisons (two colors or two line orientations) were used. The relative rate
of reinforcement for accurate matches on the two types of comparison trials was varied. Variations in relative accuracy with
changes in relative reinforcement were well described by the generalized matching law. We suggest that the bias and sensitivity
parameters of the generalized matching law may measure the contributions of sensory activation and stimulus pertinence, respectively,
to divided-attention performance. Additional work using similar analyses might contribute to a more general quantitative account
of how differential consequences contribute to decision processes involved in the allocation of attention. 相似文献
2.
Anthony A. Wright 《Learning & behavior》1990,18(3):277-286
Decision and choice processes by pigeons were studied in a simultaneous matching-to-sample task. In order to view the recessed stimuli, the pigeons had to move in front of the pecking keys. They frequently moved back and forth between the comparison stimuli before choosing one of them as the match to the sample stimulus. These looking and choice responses were studied and recorded for five different discriminability levels, from near perfect (92%) to near chance (56%) performance, by changing the wavelength difference of the stimuli to be discriminated. The decision process was shown to be Markovian throughout the discriminability range, and the decision strategy based upon a Markov process is contrasted with other potential decision strategies. 相似文献
3.
James V. Devine Luther C. Jones Janice W. Neville Dilys J. Sakai 《Learning & behavior》1977,5(1):57-62
Two experiments were performed to determine the effect of sample duration (0.1, 2, and 4 sec), delay interval (.03, 4, 8, 16, and 32 sec), and type of stimulus (color and shape) on the matching performance of rhesus monkeys. In Experiment 1, the 15 possible delay-duration combinations were randomly presented in blocks of 15 trials. In Experiment 2, each duration was held constant and the five delays randomly presented. Then each delay interval was held constant with the three durations randomly varied. Matching performance increased as sample duration increased (ps < .01 and .005), while length of delay did not significantly affect performance. The type of stimuli paired in the matching test significantly affected performance (ps < .05 and .10) with the shape/shape choices leading to the poorest performance. Stimulus discriminability and amount of training with brief sample durations were implicated as significant determinants of matching performance. 相似文献
4.
James Allison 《Learning & behavior》1980,8(2):185-192
The conservation model was generalized to the variable-interval schedule by incorporating the concept of unscheduled instrumental responses, those which occur in the time before the next setup is due. Thirsty rats responded in constant-duration sessions on two 7-sec schedules that required one leverpress for 25 and 50 licks at a water tube and on a 14-sec 25-lick schedule. In accordance with the model, total licks decreased linearly as total presses increased, and the schedules facilitated leverpressing and suppressed licking relative to paired baseline levels of responding. While the matching model also gave a satisfactory fit to instrumental responding under the schedules, its two constants, representing asymptotic rate of responding and extraneous reinforcement, had anomalous values which led the model to predict that response rate would decrease as the rate of reinforcement increased, directly opposing its prediction for the constant-consumption experiments of its previous tests. 相似文献
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6.
The recent emphasis on various types of performance assessments raises questions concerning the differential effects of such assessments on population subgroups. Procedures for detecting differential item functioning (DIF) in data from performance assessments are available but may be hindered by problems that stem from this mode of assessment. Foremost among these are problems related to finding an appropriate matching variable. These problems are discussed and results are presented for three methods for DIF detection in polytomous items using data from a direct writing assessment. The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of using different combinations of internal and external matching variables. The procedures included a generalized Mantel-Haenszel statistic, a technique based on meta-analysis methodology, and logistic discriminant function analysis. In general, the results did not support the use of an external matching criterion and indicated that continued problems may be expected in attempts to assess DIF in performance assessments. 相似文献
7.
Pigeons served in two experiments in which responding on an observing key converted a two-component mixed schedule to the corresponding multiple schedule of reinforcement. Presentation of the stimulus correlated with the more valued component was faded out (probabilistically) over sessions, so that ultimately an observing response produced only the stimulus correlated with the less valued component. Observing was well maintained after a fading procedure when a stimulus was produced by a single response, regardless of whether the less valued stimulus was associated with food or with extinction (Experiment 1). However, observing was not well maintained after a fading procedure when a stimulus was produced according to an intermittent schedule (Experiment 2). Taken together, the results of the two experiments suggest that the absence of an exteroceptive stimulus change after a single response may become discriminative in its own right for the more valued component, and that the fading procedure is an effective means of promoting this discrimination. However, if observing responses produce a stimulus change according to an intermittent schedule, then the absence of a stimulus change after a response is correlated with both components. Under these conditions, the absence of stimulus change is not discriminative for either component, even with fading, and observing is not maintained. 相似文献
8.
Pigeons were trained to discriminate visual flicker-rate stimuli using two types of instrumental choice procedures. One experiment used a free-operant concurrent schedule with multiple schedule components. Two additional experiments used a two-alternative, discrete-trial procedure. In all experiments, the range of training stimuli was manipulated across conditions. Results from all three experiments showed typical range effects on discrimination performance. That is, performance declined with increases in the overall range of variation of training stimuli. These range effects occurred with either continuous response rate measures or discrete choice measures. Moreover, range effects appeared with relatively high or low levels of overall discrimination accuracy and with either symmetrical or asymmetrical extensions of stimulus range. The results of these experiments suggest that increasing stimulus range influences both perceptual sensitivity and bias to response alternatives. 相似文献
9.
Rats received pairings of two stimuli with reward noncontingently in the Skinner box. During noncontingent pairings, the bar was immobilized. For Group CC 100% of the presentations of both stimuli were rewarded (S1 ±, S2 ±), for Group PP 50% of the presentations of each stimulus were rewarded (S1, ±, S2±), and for Group PC one stimulus was followed by reward on 50% of its presentations, while the second stimulus was followed by reward on 100% of its presentations (S1 ±, S2 ±). A fourth group received the stimuli and reward nonpaired. In a subsequent rewarded test phase, the response facilitating effects of the stimuli were evaluated. In the test phase all groups that received reward paired with S1, and S2 performed better in the presence of S1 and S2 than the group for which the stimuli were not paired with reward. For groups that received the stimuli paired with reward, a difference due to schedule of reward occurred when schedule of reward was varied within Ss (Group PC), but not when varied between Ss (Group PP vs Group CC). The specific form of this finding was that Group PC’s performance in the presence of S2 ± was more vigorous than its performance in the presence of S1 ± and was more vigorous than the performance of Groups PP and CC to S2. Group PC’s performance to S1 ± did not differ from that of Groups PP and CC to S1. 相似文献
10.
Karen M. Lionello-DeNolf 《Learning & behavior》2009,37(2):188-203
It has been 25 years since the publication of Sidman et al.’s (1982) report on the search for symmetry in nonhuman animals.
They attributed their nonhuman subjects’ failure to the absence of some critical experiences (e.g., exemplar training, control
of location variables, and generalized identity matching). Since then, species ranging from rats to chimpanzees have been
tested on symmetry, and the results have been equivocal. Twenty-four investigations of symmetry in nonhumans are reviewed
to determine whether the underlying factors first addressed by Sidman et al. (1982) have been verified and whether new factors
have been identified. The emergent picture shows that the standard procedures as typically implemented on a three-key apparatus
are insufficient by themselves to produce emergent symmetry in nonhumans. Recent successful demonstrations of symmetry in
sea lions and pigeons have clarified certain important stimulus control variables (i.e., select and reject control) and suggest
avenues for future research. Reliable symmetry may be achievable with nonhumans if training and test procedures that encourage
compatible stimulus-control topographies and relations are designed. 相似文献
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12.
Patricia M. Blough 《Learning & behavior》1992,20(3):293-300
Pigeons searched for symbolic targets among heterogeneous distractor items displayed on a video monitor. Phase 1 varied target identity and overall display size, thus establishing differential discriminabilities of three target symbols. Phase 2 varied the relative probability of these targets within sessions. The findings showed that reaction time was lower not only when targets were more discriminable, but also when they were relatively frequent; these effects did not depend on the discriminability of the less frequent targets. Phase 3 was similar in design but provided occasional choice trials on which two targets appeared. The birds were more likely to respond to the more frequent target on such trials only if it was also the most discriminable. The data are not consistent with certain predictions from Guilford and Dawkins’ (1987) reinterpretation of effects attributed to search images. The data indicate that detection and choice are modified jointly by priming-induced expectancies and stimulus-driven perceptual processes. 相似文献
13.
Two experiments are reported in which, by pressing a lever, unsignaled avoidable shocks could be changed to signaled avoidable shocks for periods of 1 min, after which unsignaled avoidance was automatically reinstated. A correlated stimulus identified the signaled schedule. Under these conditions, Ss changed over at a rate sufficient to remain in the signaled schedule more than 90% of the time. Both experiments showed that changeover performance was under the control of the correlated stimulus. Presenting the signaled schedule without the correlated stimulus did not maintain changing over. The second experiment showed that a 1-sec presentation of the correlated stimulus was sufficient to maintain changeover performance. The results were attributed to the conditioned reinforcing properties of the correlated stimulus. 相似文献
14.
Four pigeons were exposed to several nonindependent concurrent variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. One schedule component required a keypecking response; the other component required a treadlepressing response. The birds matched the ratio of their behavior (as measured by responses and time) between the two topographically different responses to the ratio of reinforcement in those two components. When additional foods not contingent on a keypeck or treadle-press were then added, the birds matched time spent in the components to total rates of food delivered in those components; response matching was somewhat disrupted. The matching law, developed under concurrent variable-interval schedules requiring similar responses, can thus account for choice behavior involving topographically different responses. 相似文献
15.
Ben A. Williams 《Learning & behavior》2002,30(1):1-20
Behavioral contrast is defined as a change in response rate during a stimulus associated with a constant reinforcement schedule,
in inverse relation to the rates of reinforcement in the surrounding stimulus conditions. Contrast has at least two functionally
separable components: local contrast, which occurs after component transition, and molar contrast. Local contrast contributes
to molar contrast under some conditions, but not generally. Molar contrast is due primarily to anticipatory contrast. However,
anticipatory contrast with respect to response rate has been shown to be inversely related to stimulus preference, which challenges
the widely held view that contrast effects reflect changes in stimulus value owing to the reinforcement context. More recent
data demonstrate that the inverse relation between response rate and preference with respect to anticipatory contrast is due
to Pavlovian contingencies embedded in anticipatory contrast procedures. When those contingencies are weakened, anticipatory
contrast and stimulus preference are positively related, thus reaffirming the view that the reinforcing effectiveness of a
constant schedule is inversely related to the value of the context of reinforcement in which it occurs. The underlying basis
of how the context of reinforcement controls reinforcement value remains uncertain, although clear parallels exist between
contrast and the effects of contingency in both Pavlovian and operant conditioning. 相似文献
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17.
Young (mean age of 19 years) and older (mean age of 69 years) adults participated in a two‐choice, matching‐to‐sample reaction time experiment. Young adults responded more quickly than older adults; all subjects responded more quickly to a verbal standard sign than to a pictorial standard. However, there was an age difference in speed of performance only for those subjects in the stimulus order condition receiving first pictorial standards and then verbal standards. These data are interpreted within a model of dual memory processing systems (verbal and nonverbal). During adulthood there is an increasing tendency for verbal codes to elicit more general associations of both a verbal and a pictorial symbolic nature, while a pictorial code continues to activate only other pictorial stimuli. More generally, the implications of such a model for understanding aging and educational gerontology are discussed. 相似文献
18.
Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of omitting the comparison stimuli in a matching-to-sample task. In Experiment 1, birds were trained initially on both symbolic and identity matching to sample. Comparison stimuli were then omitted following the presentation of a particular sample stimulus, and this decreased the number of sample (observing) responses. The reintroduction of the comparison stimuli on subsequent probe trials revealed that the accuracy of symbolic matching was reduced to chance levels, while identity matching accuracy was significantly below chance. In Experiment 2, a similar procedure was employed; however, observing responses to the comparison-omitted samples were maintained by direct reinforcement (fixed ratio 20). Matching accuracy during probe trials was again at chance levels for symbolic matching but, contrary to Experiment 1, was significantly above chance for identity matching. The differential effects of omitting comparison stimuli on symbolic and identity matching trials in these two experiments were interpreted within a framework which assumes that instructional processes are altered by comparison-omission procedures. 相似文献
19.
Frances K. McSweeney 《Learning & behavior》1975,3(3):264-270
Five pigeons pecked for food reinforcement on several concurrent schedules. Their body weights were varied from 80% to 110% of their free-feeding weights. A number of predictions of the equations proposed by Herrnstein (1970) were tested. As predicted, the relative rate of responding equalled the relative rate of reinforcement for all subjects, on all schedules, at all body weights. And, as predicted, the overall rates of responding on the components of a concurrent schedule were slower than the local rates of responding on the components of an identical multiple schedule. Contrary to prediction, the total rate of responding generated by the concurrent schedules did not increase with increases in the total rate of reinforcement they provided. And, contrary to prediction, the k parameter did not remain constant, and the R0 parameter did not increase with increases in body weight. It was concluded that Herrnstein’s matching law and his interpretation of the m parameter are correct but that the interpretations of k and R0 require further investigation. 相似文献
20.
Transfer of judgments of control to a target stimulus and to novel stimuli through derived relations
Three experiments examined the effect of response?Coutcome contingencies on human ratings of causal efficacy and demonstrated that such ratings transfer to novel situations through derived stimulus relations. Efficacy ratings generally followed the delta probability rule when positive response-outcome contingencies were employed (Experiment 1) and when some outcomes were not contingent on participants?? responses (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 employed a negative response?Coutcome contingency and manipulated performance expectancies in the task. All three groups overestimated their causal efficacy ratings. A learned helplessness effect was observed when the response?Coutcomes were uncontrollable and in the high-expectancy group when participants?? performance in the task was worse than they had expected. In all experiments, ratings transferred to a stimulus presented during the task and often generalized to novel stimuli through derived relations. These results corroborate the view that outcome probability is a determinant of causal efficacy ratings and that schedules can be employed as UCS in procedures that share characteristics of evaluative conditioning procedures. 相似文献