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将社会网络分析中的位置分析引入作者同被引分析,改进科学共同体测度方法.实证得出我国经济学领域存在四大科学共同体,并分析了共同体之间的关系.认为,基于个体的统计分析与基于关系的网络分析相融合的新方法能够更本质地揭示科学共同体的形成与发展,在避免数据信息丢失,提取作者同被引行为模式,区分共同体层次结构,识别特殊团体,细分团体以及范式可视化方面具有优势. 相似文献
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Arnold J. Herzog 《Research Policy》1983,12(6):341-349
In an advanced country, the scientific community is large enough to permit differentiation, with sufficient members in each special field to permit complex interaction with each other, and sufficiently different from each other to be able to stimulate each other. …It has its own system of communicating and assessing the results of research and analysis. …It has its own circles of face-to-face interaction and inter-individual communication. …It is linked with other scientific communities across political boundaries by personal contact (emphasis added) by mutual appreciation and by public communication and formal association.…In the underdeveloped countries scientists are relatively few in number.… They suffer isolation from each other.… They are in danger…of losing contacts with their colleagues in the international scientific community.… They are in brief not fully-fledged members of the scientific community and their work suffers accordingly. [7] 相似文献
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科学传播是科学知识、科学方法、科学精神和科学意识在科学共同体内部及与社会之间的扩散与再建构过程。科学传播伦理探讨的哲学基础有科学实在论转向科学建构论,科学功用与科学精神的背离,公众理解科学由缺失模型转向民主模型。科学共同体在科学传播中负有"保证科学成果信息的真实性与透明性;客观公正地传播科学成果的价值和社会影响;尊重公众实际理解能力,适度简化对科学知识的表述"等伦理责任。 相似文献
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Sara Ann Wylie Kirk Jalbert Shannon Dosemagen Matt Ratto 《The Information Society》2014,30(2):116-126
This article explores the changing relationship between the academy and new public formations of scientific research, which we term “civic technoscience.” Civic technoscience leverages tactics seen in critical making communities to question and transform how and who can make credible and actionable knowledge. A comparison of two case studies is used. The first is a grassroots mapping process that allows communities to generate high-quality aerial imagery. The second is an academic-led project using environmental sensors to engage disparate audiences in scientific practice. These two projects were found to differ in their ability to form strategic spaces for community-based science, and suggest pathways to foster more robust relationships across the public–academic divide. By altering power dynamics in material, literary, and social technologies used for scientific research, we argue that civic technoscience enables citizens to question expert knowledge production through critical making tactics, and creates opportunities to generate credible public science. 相似文献
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Collin M. Timm Ryan R. Hansen Mitchel J. Doktycz Scott T. Retterer Dale A. Pelletier 《Biomicrofluidics》2015,9(6)
Microbial communities are complex heterogeneous systems that are influenced by physical and chemical interactions with their environment, host, and community members. Techniques that facilitate the quantitative evaluation of how microscale organization influences the morphogenesis of multispecies communities could provide valuable insights into the dynamic behavior and organization of natural communities, the design of synthetic environments for multispecies culture, and the engineering of artificial consortia. In this work, we demonstrate a method for patterning microbes into simple arrangements that allow the quantitative measurement of growth dynamics as a function of their proximity to one another. The method combines parylene-based liftoff techniques with microfluidic delivery to simultaneously pattern multiple bacterial species with high viability using low-cost, customizable methods. Quantitative measurements of bacterial growth for two competing isolates demonstrate that spatial coordination can play a critical role in multispecies growth and structure. 相似文献
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[目的/意义] 虚拟学术社区开始成为科研合作的重要平台,本文通过对虚拟学术社区科研合作行为的博弈分析,有利于维系与推动虚拟学术社区科研合作关系的形成。[方法/过程] 基于理性人假设,从虚拟学术社区科研合作团体和科研合作个体两个主体出发,构建KMRW声誉模型分析虚拟学术社区中科研合作策略选择与稳定性,并引入贴现因子、激励因子、惩罚因子,进一步对科研合作进行分析。[结果/结论] 研究表明：虚拟学术社区科研合作中,声誉会对科研合作个体的行为产生明显影响,而贴现因子、激励因子和惩罚因子的存在使得科研合作个体的声誉价值增加,促使形成的虚拟科研合作团体达到均衡状态,并据此提出促进虚拟学术社区科研合作的相关策略。 相似文献
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Nye MJ 《Endeavour》1999,23(4):148-154
There is a long tradition within scientific communities that encourages governments, patrons and citizens to enlist scientific expertise in the service of the public good. However, since the 17th century, scientists who have engaged in public political controversy have often been judged harshly by scientific colleagues, as well as by political adversaries. Some prominent scientists were politically active in Germany, France and England during the 1920s and 1930s; controversial stands were taken by the British physicist P.M.S. Blackett and the American chemist Linus C. Pauling against their countries' nuclear weapons policy following the Second World War. 相似文献
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Simcha Jong 《Research Policy》2008,37(8):1267-1282
The increasing intertwining of academic and commercial research networks has led to fundamental changes in the organization of modern science. Industry links not only affect the professional dynamics within individual scholarly communities but also affect the position of these communities in their broader academic environment. This paper outlines how industry ties open up opportunities for scientific institution builders to strengthen the legitimacy of their fields of scientific enquiry within this environment. How an academic environment shapes efforts by institution-builders to pursue these opportunities is examined in the context of reorganizations in the life sciences at the University of California at Berkeley and Stanford University following the rise of biotechnology during the 1980s and 1990s. This study also highlights how different models of technology transfer shaped the organizational structures of the expansionist initiatives pushed through at these two universities by molecular biologists with close industry ties. 相似文献
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20世纪以来化学污染物导致的人类健康危害日益突出,数以万计的高生产量化学品伴随着生产和使用进入环境介质,给环境科学相关领域研究提出了若干新的科学问题。文章介绍了发现新型有机污染物研究方向设立的背景和科学意义,讨论了判别新型有机污染物分子结构、环境行为特征的基本原则,阐述了定量结构—性质关系模型预测、疑似目标/非目标分析、效应导向分析方法框架的技术思路和优势。对于新型有机污染物识别、行为和效应的深入探索,将为引领学科方向发展、完善化学品风险评估标准、揭示环境污染物的毒性和健康危害机制发挥重要的支撑作用。 相似文献
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网络内的派系团体比普通的联盟具有更高的联系紧密度,有助于进一步共享知识和合作研发。目前的研究较少关注派系团体与对团体创新能力的影响。本文基于中国9个高科技行业的联盟数据,并计算派系团体的派系度。派系团体内的构成越复杂,派系度越大。我们使用派系过滤算法和负二项回归模型,研究了最基本的3-派系-团体对于派系团体的创新能力的影响。研究结果表明,派系度与派系团体的创新能力之间呈倒U型关系,而派系团体外的企业数量会对这影响过程产生抑制作用。本研究对于企业联盟结派时选择派系团体梯队时,有一定的借鉴作用。 相似文献
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This paper investigates the notional development of various approaches claiming to add value in knowledge generation during the 20th century, with the aim to identify what it is that enhances productiveness in knowledge generation. Observing that knowledge generation is a complex phenomenon, an approach is used for the investigation that was developed specifically to study un-deterministic complex systems. A list of salient features for scientific knowledge generation is presented as a result. In addition to these features, various problem types are identified from literature. These two are then integrated to provide a proposed framework for scientific knowledge generation, which is trans-disciplinary and useful for scientific problem-solving in a pluralist reality. A case study illustrates the implementation of this framework. 相似文献
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[目的/意义]旨在为促进虚拟学术社区科研合作发展提供参考。[方法/过程]为厘清多理论下科研合作影响因素,以虚拟学术社区367份有效问卷为样本,运用主成分分析法对虚拟社区中科研人员合作影响因素进行研究。[结果/结论]在虚拟学术社区科研合作中,社区信任起主导作用;个体层面因素包括个体基本特征、个体心理感知和个体预期三个维度,影响程度均与群体交互因素相当。提出建立并完善虚拟学术社区管理规范和信任机制,构建并完善虚拟学术社区版块,完善虚拟学术社区激励机制等建议。 相似文献
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This paper deals with information needs, seeking, searching, and uses within scholarly communities by introducing theory from the field of science and technology studies. In particular it contributes to the domain-analytic approach in information science by showing that Whitley’s theory of ‘mutual dependence’ and ‘task uncertainty’ can be used as an explanatory framework in understanding similarity and difference in information practices across intellectual fields. Based on qualitative case studies of three specialist scholarly communities across the physical sciences, applied sciences, social sciences and arts and humanities, this paper extends Whitley’s theory into the realm of information communication technologies. The paper adopts a holistic approach to information practices by recognising the interrelationship between the traditions of informal and formal scientific communication and how it shapes digital outcomes across intellectual fields. The findings show that communities inhabiting fields with a high degree of ‘mutual dependence’ coupled with a low degree of ‘task uncertainty’ are adept at coordinating and controlling channels of communication and will readily co-produce field-based digital information resources, whereas communities that inhabit fields characterised by the opposite cultural configuration, a low degree of ‘mutual dependence’ coupled with a high degree of ‘task uncertainty’, are less successful in commanding control over channels of communication and are less concerned with co-producing field-based digital resources and integrating them into their epistemic and social structures. These findings have implications for the culturally sensitive development and provision of academic digital resources such as digital libraries and web-based subject portals. 相似文献
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This paper explores the complex relationship between scientific novelty and technological impact. We measure novel science as publications which make new combinations of prior knowledge, as reflected in new combinations of journals in their references, and trace links between science and technology by scientific references in patent applications. We draw on all the Web of Science SCIE journal articles published in 2001 and all the patents in PATSTAT (October 2013 edition). We find that the small proportion of scientific publications which score on novelty, particularly the 1% highly novel scientific publications in their field, are significantly and sizably more likely to have direct technological impact than comparable non-novel publications. In addition to this superior likelihood of direct impact, novel science also has a higher probability for indirect technological impact, being more likely to be cited by other scientific publications which have technological impact. Among the set of scientific publications cited at least once by patents, there are no additional significant differences in the speed or the intensity of the technological impact between novel and non-novel scientific prior art, but the technological impact from novel science is significantly broader and reaching new technology fields previously not impacted by its scientific discipline. Novel science is also more likely to lead to patents which are themselves novel. 相似文献
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Junghwan KimAuthor Vitae Donald R. JonesAuthor Vitae 《International Journal of Information Management》2011,31(2):111-120
As a significant source of knowledge, virtual communities have stimulated interest in knowledge management research. Nonetheless, very few studies to date have examined the demand-side knowledge perspective such as knowledge acquisition in virtual communities. In order to explore the knowledge acquisition process within virtual communities, this study proposes the cognitive selection framework of knowledge acquisition strategy in virtual communities. The proposed framework takes a cognitive perspective, to identify how knowledge recipients select their strategy for acquiring specialized knowledge, emphasizing their cognitive goals (e.g., cognitive replication and innovation) and cognitive motivators (e.g., virtual community self-efficacy, heightened enjoyment, and time resources). Our results suggest that knowledge recipients’ cognitive motivators differentially influence their cognitive goals (cognitive replication and innovation), which, in turn, are related to their selection of knowledge acquisition strategy (static and dynamic acquisition strategy), respectively. 相似文献
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Entrepreneurship as a scientific field has grown significantly, irrespective of the measures used. In this article we raise the question: How can we understand the evolution and success of entrepreneurship as a scholarly field? In particular, we focus on the social structure of entrepreneurship scholars to explain (1) how they are becoming integrated into larger scholarly communities and (2) how they differ from the way scholars integrate within the field of innovation studies. Based on a unique database and responses from 870 entrepreneurship scholars, we demonstrate that entrepreneurship can be regarded as a phenomenon-driven field bound together by a shared communication system and social interaction rather than strong theoretical influences, i.e., a social scholarly community. We identify two broader social communities; one embedded in entrepreneurship conferences that includes a rather eclectic group of entrepreneurship scholars, and another related to entrepreneurship journals and entrepreneurship economics, characterized by a stronger domain orientation. In contrast, scholars in innovation studies tend to be more theory-driven and are bound together by their disciplinary and theoretical background, i.e., an intellectual scholarly community. 相似文献
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Regional economic communities, which are growing in numbers and size, play an increasingly important role in information and communication technology (ICT) policymaking. As seen through the lens of complex adaptive systems theory, such systems should strive to generate adaptive policies through adaptive policymaking processes that position them to respond to rapid technological change. To date, however, regional policymaking has been overly concerned with policy harmonization as an outcome, possibly to the detriment of other important goals. Despite this bias, upon closer examination, one finds that regional communities do foster adaptivity through their roles in the formation of epistemic communities, capacity building, and resource pooling. These activities contribute to variation, interaction, and selection, all key processes for adaptation. It is this degree of adaptivity, and its required balance between policy harmonization and competition, that should be the basis for analyzing the effectiveness of regional policymaking. 相似文献
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为丰富立足中国本土大规模调研、针对制约高校科技成果转化效率提升瓶颈的计量实证研究，以促进提高我国高校科技成果产业化效率，聚焦新发展格局对我国高校科技成果产业化提出的更深层次需求，在实地调研、专家访谈与文献回顾基础上提炼出科技成果自身局限性、转化风险控制不到位和宏观政策环境待完善等制约高校科技成果产业化的三方面主要瓶颈，基于对国内千所高校的大规模调研数据，运用Ordered Logit模型进行计量分析。结果发现：成果实用创新性不足、立项时市场需求不明晰、资金风险保障机制不健全、技术风险共担机制待优化、知识产权归属落实不到位和成果市场定价机制不完善等是我国高校科技成果产业化面临的突出挑战和问题。据此，提出打造全链条服务支撑体系、进一步细化成果分类评估标准和营造多方统筹联动的“政企学研融”合作机制等破解高校科技成果转化瓶颈的对策建议。 相似文献