共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 640 毫秒
1.
Forms of assessment and their potential for enhancing learning: conceptual and cultural issues 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Kerry John Kennedy Jacqueline Kin Sang Chan Ping Kwan Fok Wai Ming Yu 《Educational Research for Policy and Practice》2008,7(3):197-207
Assessment has become an important topic of debate and even reform in many Western countries. It is equally important in other
regions of the world, although less subject to reform. Yet discussions of assessment across cultural boundaries are not frequent
and in a globalizing world this can be problematic. The purposes of this article, therefore, are to review concepts such as
‘formative’ and ‘summative’ assessment and how they have developed over time. A focus of this review will be to identify the
implications of different kinds of assessment for student learning, especially in relation to the cultural contexts in which
they take place. The article will argue that different forms of assessment can be directed towards different learning purposes,
especially where cultural pressures dictate certain kinds of assessment practices. Valorizing one form of assessment over
another may well be counterproductive in particular cultural contexts. 相似文献
2.
Vanithamani Saravanan 《Educational Research for Policy and Practice》2005,4(2-3):97-113
‘Thinking schools’ will be sites of learning for everyone declared the Singapore Prime Minister, Goh Chok and Minister of
Education Teo Chee Hean’s in 1997 also spoke on the model of’ ‘thinking schools, learning nation’. Gardner’s model was used
for the thinking school model in Singapore, in order to develop critical and creative thinking in students. This was to be
done with the use of instructional technology as an enabling tool using a diversity of approaches including integrated project
work. This paper reports on how one school went about changing approaches to teaching and learning by implementing integrated
project work as a way of integrating the content areas of the curriculum, mathematics and science through English language,
supported by the tools of instructional technology. 相似文献
3.
Kim H. Koh Charlene Tan Pak Tee Ng 《Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability》2012,24(2):135-149
Using Singapore as an example, we argue that schools need to equip and encourage teachers to adopt authentic assessment in
teaching and learning so as to develop the students’ higher-order thinking. The importance of teaching and assessing higher-order
thinking in Singapore classrooms is encapsulated in the vision of ‘Thinking Schools’ launched by the Ministry of Education
in 1997. Underpinning this vision is a shift from conventional assessment to authentic assessment. Unlike conventional paper-and-pencil
tests that focus on knowledge reproduction and low-level cognitive processing skills in artificial, contrived contexts, authentic
assessment tasks underscore knowledge construction, complex thinking, elaborated communication, collaboration and problem
solving in authentic contexts. However, the creation of thinking schools in Singapore remains a constant challenge as many
teachers tend to rely on conventional assessment and are often ill-prepared to implement authentic assessment. By presenting
the findings from a recent empirical study, we propose that schools build teacher capacity by providing ongoing and sustained
professional development on authentic assessment for teachers. 相似文献
4.
Lori Beckett 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2011,38(1):109-124
This paper reports on the work of a small group of Education academics to build a professional learning community in a regional
university in the north of England. Their efforts form part of a ‘Leading Learning’ school–university partnership serving
schools in disadvantaged communities in inner city Leeds. This is designed to support teachers’ professional learning and
development and reclaim their sense of collaborative professionalism in a new era of austerity Britain. The account given
here is about the new partnerships being created between and among academic colleagues, who are learning to work effectively
with each other and their schooling colleagues on their collective professional learning and to build their collaborative
sense of professionalism. The complexities of this task—of working in a professional learning community within Faculty in
order to model and support a city-wide professional learning community with teacher partners, school communities, and civil
servants in the local Authority—are framed in terms of knowledge-building for the improvement of educational provision for
disadvantaged students in local schools and the university. 相似文献
5.
In an era of rapid global economic and social change, educational institutions like schools and universities are struggling
to keep their curricula and programs relevant. Singapore’s schools are no exception, especially when education is viewed as
the essential element for maintaining the nation’s global competitiveness in ways that are totally disproportionate to its
size. The current shift from an ‘efficiency-’ to an ‘ability-’ driven paradigm in education, however, is increasing uncertainty
and raising the stakes in an already pressurized system where schools, educators and students constantly compete for top academic
awards and rewards. The concept of “partnership” in Singapore education is a significant, relatively new, trend that has caught
on among local schools only since the late-1990s, with the focus on creating better “total” learning environments for students.
This paper analyses the challenges of matching rhetoric with professional practice with regard to school–home partnerships
in Singapore, and concludes that the key to authentic collaboration lies in the mutual appreciation and valuing of diversity
as well as a deep sense of shared responsibility by all parties concerned. 相似文献
6.
Markku Kankkunen 《Learning Environments Research》2001,4(3):287-324
This article grapples with the problem of how to track a student's real progress in learning, which cannot be absolutely quantified
at any given point as a result of a particular intervention. Results are presented for a long-term qualitative and quantitative
classroom study, during which the method of concept mapping was applied and interpreted in light of the semiotic paradigm
developed by Charles Sanders Peirce (1931–1958). Peirce's semiotic paradigm was thought to have sufficient intellectual rigour
and flexibility to give new access to the multiplicity of processes at work in the learning environment.
A natural learning environment was built over a four-year period in a Finnish primary school. The students, ranging in age
from 9–12 years, were encouraged to use qualitative judgement (intuition, tacit knowledge) to give them greater intellectual
access to the meanings of the concepts taught. The goal was to bring them to Vygotsky's stage of ‘conceptual learning’, and
to evaluate the effectiveness of concept mapping as an ‘advance organiser’ used in conjunction with Peirce's semiotic paradigm.
This article evaluates the success of concept mapping in constructing a conceptually-meaningful learning environment. The
qualitative results - and certain quantitative evidence - show that concept mapping provided a means for students to discover
tentative meanings for the concepts taught. In parallel, Peirce's semiotic paradigm provided a pragmatic framework for tracking
the process of ‘updating meanings’ which is intrinsic to learning.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
This study was conducted in a Reggio inspired child care classroom of 4-year olds where the fundamental principles of Reggio
Emilia preschools are interpreted for a Canadian context. Qualitative case study methodology was employed to investigate how
social interaction plays a role in young children’s learning processes. Drawing on social constructivist views of children’s
learning and socialization, children’s discussions and interactions within a preschool learning group were examined. Examination
of children’s discourse is valuable not only for understanding individual and group learning experiences but also for illuminating
children’s agency and their active roles in their own learning. The study focused on the in-depth study of six children’s
activities during a ‘Shades of Pink’ project. As the project, ‘Shades of Pink’ unfolded, the children faced cognitive conflict while they were talking about the details of Monet’s painting, but worked
toward building common understandings. In this study, children are considered to be meaning makers and active participants
in their own learning processes. In addition, the relationships between children became a context in which the co-construction
of theories, interpretations and various understandings of reality took place. Small group work became a basis for creating
unity, a space in which thoughts took shape as well as a way to compare interpretations; with the result that new thoughts
and meanings were produced. 相似文献
8.
Ka Ho Mok 《Higher Education》2010,60(4):419-440
With strong intention to enhance the global competitiveness of their university systems, both the Singapore and Malaysia governments
have introduced reforms along the lines of ideas and practices embedded in neo-liberalism. In the last decade or so, we have
witnessed reforms being introduced to the higher education sectors in these Asian states, particularly when corporatization
and incorporation strategies are adopted to transform national/public universities. With particular reference to how academics
evaluate the impact of the reforms on their academic life, this article reports and analyses findings generated from campus
visits and field interviews conducted in Singapore and Malaysia from 2007 to 2009. Although the senior management of corporatized/incorporated
universities in these Asian states has been given more discretion to decide how to operate their universities, most of the
front line academics that we interviewed have not experienced major differences in university governance after the reforms
took place. Instead of feeling ‘emancipated’ and ‘empowered’, many academics feel more pressures and control from the university
administration and government ministries. Despite the fact that both the Singapore and Malaysia governments have tried to
embrace the ideas and practices of ‘neo-liberalism’ to transform university governance, academics still see the state’s reluctance
in withdrawing from steering/controlling higher education development. Such observations clearly reflect the ‘clash’ of two
major governance philosophies, namely, ‘state centralism’ and ‘neo-liberalism’. In short, this article critically examines
how far the proposed university governance reforms by adopting the corporatization/incorporation strategies have actually
transformed university management and academic life style in Singapore and Malaysia. 相似文献
9.
10.
11.
The paper addresses the apparent lack of impact of ‘history in mathematics education’ in mathematics education research in
general, and proposes new avenues for research. We identify two general scenarios of integrating history in mathematics education
that each gives rise to different problems. The first scenario occurs when history is used as a ‘tool’ for the learning and
teaching of mathematics, the second when history of mathematics as a ‘goal’ is pursued as an integral part of mathematics
education. We introduce a multiple-perspective approach to history, and suggest that research on history in mathematics education
follows one of two different avenues in dealing with these scenarios. The first is to focus on students’ development of mathematical
competencies when history is used a tool for the learning of curriculum-dictated mathematical in-issues. A framework for this
is described. Secondly, when using history as a goal it is argued that an anchoring of the meta-issues in the related in-issues
is essential, and a framework for this is given. Both frameworks are illustrated through empirical examples. 相似文献
12.
Bev Rogers 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2003,30(2):65-87
Educational research has been criticised by governments and practitioners. For some politicians and policy makers, there is
a tendency to look for direct links between research and successful, effective and efficient practice. Research is needed
to inform their evidence-based practice as policy makers, and to provide the kind of research teachers need to base their
practice on the best available evidence for doing ‘x rather than y’ (Hargreaves 1996) or predicting the ‘size of the effect
of A on B’ (Blunkett 2000). There is no doubt that both teachers and policy makers do make decisions on a daily basis based
on some form of evidence. This paper explores Hargreaves’ notion of evidence-based practice, providing a range of criticisms.
It also examines Carr’s historical account of ‘praxis’ and ‘poiesis’ to suggest a notion of evidence-based praxis based partly
on the historical notion of ‘phronesis’ — practical wisdom. The basis for this is the argument that wise and practical ethical
and moral judgements are central to an understanding of teachers’ daily work. What to do in a specific educational situation
cannot be determined solely by theoretical beliefs or by ‘techne’. However the ethical dimension is not the only consideration.
The paper suggests that evidence-based praxis use Stenhouse’s notion of ‘actionable evidence’, which includes the ethical
dimension, but also Thomson’s concept of ‘thisness’, which describes the unique contextual characteristics of a school. If
disadvantaged schools can make some sort of difference to learning opportunities for students, it is argued that teachers
might engage in evidence-based praxis which involves them in reflecting on, and theorising what is happening in classrooms,
schools and neighbourhoods. This ‘praxis’ also involves them in modifying their theories, critically analysing ‘what works’,
questioning how they know and developing ideas about how things might be done differently. There will be an element of developing
knowledge about teaching and learning strategies (Hargreaves’ ‘body of knowledge’), but it will be in the context of the ethical
and moral dilemmas associated with education. It will take up the question of local differences as well as a realistic approach
to what constitutes actual school improvement. Evidence-based praxis is also essentially a collective activity not an individual
approach. Future development of the notion of evidence-based praxis might also include involving students in a more reciprocal
and open learning process like that highlighted by researchers who focus on student participation linked to school reform. 相似文献
13.
Jonathan D. Jansen 《Prospects》2001,31(4):553-564
The South African obsession with performance-based pedagogies, as I have shown, has negative implications for resolving equity problems in educational reforms; it threatens to negate a political debate about ‘goals’ in favour of a technician’s debate about ‘ends’; and it fragments knowledge into meaningless tasks that assign value to external behaviours rather than the multiplicity of ways in which learning and valuing can be experienced (if not always expressed). The real danger to building a strong democratic culture through education is that what should be vibrant debates about ‘what’s worth knowing’ could be effectively silenced in a performance assessment system that only values, through a complex assessment system, that which is worth doing. Such an understanding of education is, unfortunately, entrenched in a global network of economic and technological processes that make such pursuits appear both normal and inevitable. 相似文献
14.
Perry den Brok Sibel Telli Jale Cakiroglu Ruurd Taconis Ceren Tekkaya 《Learning Environments Research》2010,13(3):187-204
The purposes of this study were to examine how Turkish students perceived their biology classroom environment, how their perceptions
compared to those of students in other countries, and what classroom learning environment profiles could be discerned in Turkish
high school biology classrooms. Data were gathered from 1,474 high school students in four inner city schools, in Bursa, Turkey.
A total of 11 biology teachers participated in the study with 52 of their classes. Data on students’ perceptions of their
learning environment were collected with the What Is Happening In this Class? (WIHIC) questionnaire. Results indicated that
Turkish classrooms were perceived as being low in terms of Teacher Support and high in terms of Task Orientation. Six distinct
classroom learning environment profiles were found: the ‘self-directed learning classroom’, ‘task-oriented cooperative learning
classroom’, ‘mainstream classroom’, ‘task-oriented individualised classroom’, ‘low-effective learning classroom’ and ‘high-effective
learning classroom’. The most common profile was the ‘mainstream classroom’ for which all WIHIC scales had medium–high scores. 相似文献
15.
Soonghee Han 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2001,2(2):85-95
This paper investigates the formation and establishment of lifelong learning support systems in six Asian countries, including
Korea, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong(SAR), Thailand, and the Philippines. The countries included in this research are quite
diverse and unique in their basic characteristics. Despite the divergent values, systems, and social roles, since the 1990s,
the basic ideas and trends have been toward a somewhat integrated model in which each component of the system was geared to
function for serving the global knowledge economy. In this paper, the process of recent lifelong learning system development
in the selected six Asian countries was traced in two ways: global aspects and local peculiarity. I argued in this paper that
the cases in Asia mostly follows the ‘global trends’, especially with the ‘business mind’ of global capitalism. I also suggest
that Asian experiences can provide several distinctive characteristics rarely observed elsewhere: new role in mitigating diploma-disease,
building centralized supporting system between central and local governments, the impact of colonial legacy, unbalance between
HRD and humane-orientations, and preservation of the emphasis of adult basic education. 相似文献
16.
Brian L. Jones 《Research in Science Education》1990,20(1):161-170
The term ‘concept’ is used in different ways within educational literature and has at least two different, although related,
referents in relation to science knowledge, namely, public knowledge and private understandings. A taxonomic structure for
‘science concepts’ (public knowledge) has been developed to provide a rationale for the choice of phenomena to be used in
the investigation of students’ ‘concepts’ and also to act as a frame of reference for generating insights about the data to
be collected. Furthermore, it may be a useful heuristic to predict other science concepts likely to be highly problematic
in school teaching situations and thus worthy of detailed research. The taxonomy, called a ‘Scale of Empirical Distance’ (SED),
enables science concepts to be mapped according to their degree of closeness to concrete realities. The scale shows a recognition
of the empirical basis of science concepts and the role of human senses in the perception of the material world even though
“absolute objectivity of observation is not a possible ideal of science” as Harre (1972) has noted. The scale uses two binary
variables, namely, ‘visual’ and ‘tactile’, to generate four categories of science concepts ranging on a continuum from concrete
to abstract. Some concepts related to ‘matter’ will be classified and discussed.
Specializations: science teacher education, primary science curriculum and methods, students’ personal meanings of phenomena. 相似文献
17.
Economic success is an aim of governments around the world. Their ‘human capital’ stance towards higher education implies
the need to develop graduates’ capabilities to the full. The concept of graduate ‘employability’, currently being developed
in the light of theory and empirical data, is beginning to find acceptance in the UK. One of the keys to its acceptability
in higher education has been the alignment of employability with good learning – that is, learning that is manifested in complex
outcomes. However, the achievement of complex outcomes requires a programme-level focus, rather than a focus on individual
study units. This article reports on the way such a programme-level approach was adopted in four different universities in
the UK, and how relatively small-scale actions have the potential to augment students’ employability. The implications for
policy at the levels of the system, the higher education institution and the academic department are discussed. 相似文献
18.
Konrad J. Schönborn Susanne Bögeholz 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2009,7(5):931-955
Recent curriculum reform promotes core competencies such as desired ‘content knowledge’ and ‘communication’ for meaningful
learning in biology. Understanding in biology is demonstrated when pupils can apply acquired knowledge to new tasks. This
process requires the transfer of knowledge and the subordinate process of translation across external representations. This
study sought ten experts’ views on the role of transfer and translation processes in biology learning. Qualitative analysis
of the responses revealed six expert themes surrounding the potential challenges that learners face, and the required cognitive
abilities for transfer and translation processes. Consultation with relevant curriculum documents identified four types of
biological knowledge that students are required to develop at the secondary level. The expert themes and the knowledge types
exposed were used to determine how pupils might acquire and apply these four types of biological knowledge during learning.
Based on the findings, we argue that teaching for understanding in biology necessitates fostering ‘horizontal’ and ‘vertical’
transfer (and translation) processes within learners through the integration of knowledge at different levels of biological
organization. 相似文献
19.
Andrew Marks 《Higher Education》2005,50(4):613-630
This paper argues that the conceptions of ‘space’ (and increasingly ‘time’) in the discussion of ‘the university’ (in its
most transcendent sense) have gone through four distinct phases in the UK. Using a Heideggerian conception of ‘space’ where
usefulness is more important than proximity, the ‘ancient’ universities were ‘useful’ to the gentry and thus were ‘closer’
to them than to the excluded ‘local’ poor in the institutions’ vicinities. The ‘civic’ universities on the other hand stressed
‘localism’ as part of their mandate – to educate the people of their locality (but only those of the new industrial middle
class). The ‘Robbins’ universities were a partial return to the ‘ancient’ notion of learning as a ‘lived’ activity, providing
scenic landscapes on green-belt campuses where students could ‘retreat’ from the ‘real world’ for the duration of their studies.
The ‘spatial’ quality of these places was thus part of a conception of higher education as ‘lifestyle choice’ where young
people moved away from their locality to study. As such ‘proximity’ was an issue only insofar as the greater the distance
from one’s point of origin the better for successful immersion in the growing student ‘culture’. The ‘new/post-1992’ universities
partially retained their polytechnic mandate to educate local people, but embraced a colonialist impulse regarding local space
usage. ‘
‘The discussion can be further refined to argue that these four stages are merely two phases which have repeated themselves:
from ancient ‘exclusivity’ to civic ‘localism’ and back to Robbins era ‘exclusivity’ and thence to post-1992 ‘localism’ once
more’. The opening up of higher education via the Internet in the late 20th and early 21st centuries provides for the possibility
of the growth of entirely non-spatial and asynchronous learning experiences, and as such we may well be on the verge of the
fifth stage of university development. 相似文献
20.
An Instrument for Assessing Students' Mental State and the Learning Environment in Science Education
The purpose of this research was to develop and validate a new instrument, the Mental State in Learning Environment Questionnaire (MSLEQ), to assess student's mental state in a given learning environment. The MSLEQ has high internal consistency reliability
values between 0.70–0.92 as well as good construct validity and predictive validity. After conducting a factor analysis, four
main factors were extracted and were described as ‘emotion’, ‘intention’, ‘internal mental representation’ and ‘external mental
representation’. The important feature of this study is the construction of an economical questionnaire on the mental state
in a given learning environment. The questionnaire yielded important information that can be concretely applied to science
teaching and learning. 相似文献