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1.
The popularity of Jacques Rancière in recent work in educational philosophy has rejuvenated discussion of the merits and weaknesses of Socratic education, both in Plato's dialogues and in invocations of Socrates in contemporary educational practice. In this essay Jordan Fullam explores the implications of this trend through comparing Rancière's educational thought to an analysis of the relationship between dialectic and stultification in Plato's Republic. This task clarifies what is useful in the recent wave of scholarship that brings Rancière's work to bear upon Socratic education, and what we might redeem in the practice of teaching that Plato assigns to the character of Socrates in the Republic. Fullam also draws on the educational literature on Socratic education to provide further context to explore the usefulness of both Rancière and Socrates for contemporary teaching.  相似文献   

2.
For the past two hundred years in German educational science the ‘maths lesson’ of Plato’s Meno has received attention – always to be celebrated as a masterpiece of Socratic teaching. Yet, by taking only the ‘maths lesson’ into account the negative ending of Meno is overlooked. Thus, because generally the ‘maths lesson’ is used as an example for a positive Socratic maieutic teaching method, a second possible medical, ‘therapeutic’ link between a midwife, with which Socrates compares himself in Plato’s Theaetetus, and a torpedo fish, with which he equates himself in Meno, is usually overlooked.  相似文献   

3.
在古希腊时期．以苏格拉底和柏拉图为代表的哲学派从伦理、真理、知识、正义等角度出发,对以高尔吉亚和普罗塔哥拉为代表的诡辩派以及他们的诡辩修辞提出了批判,在批判中逐渐形成修辞批评的伦理视角。诡辩家则对哲学家提出了反批评,并指出了哲学家表面追求真理和正义,其实同时也是通过迎合受众来追求名誉,从而形成了修辞批评的或然性视角。亚里斯多德则抹技术的角度对诡辩家和诡辩修辞提出了分析,并在这种分析中形成了修辞批评的技术分析视角。  相似文献   

4.
Plato’s Apology of Socrates contains a spirited account of Socrates’ relationship with the city of Athens and its citizens. As Socrates stands on trial for corrupting the youth, surprisingly, he does not defend the substance and the methods of his teaching. Instead, he simply denies that he is a teacher. Many scholars have contended that, in having Socrates deny he is a teacher, Plato is primarily interested in distinguishing him from the sophists. In this article, I argue that, given the historic educational transformation in Socrates’ and Plato’s lifetimes, Socrates’ denial is far more complex and far reaching than the Socrates-versus-the-sophists distinction indicates. Socrates suggests that Athenians have failed to recognize that there were various types among the new educators of fifth century Athens: orators, sophists, natural philosophers and, perhaps, a philosopher like Socrates. Further, the traditional education, which the Athenians believed was threatened by the new educators, was itself fractured. Ultimately, rather than offering a straightforward distinction between philosophizing and teaching, Socrates and the sophists, Plato treats the question of teaching aporectically in Apology; that is, after pointing to various alternatives for understanding the nature of teaching, Plato concludes the work without offering a clear resolution to that question.  相似文献   

5.
当下现实的教育主要向学生传授知识与技能,以使其获得外在于生命的生存能力。我们需要以培育心灵和爱智精神的教育来纠偏。对柏拉图对话的教育意蕴的探寻正是为此而做的具体尝试。苏格拉底终其一生在日常生活中进行对话性教育实践,以培育人们的爱智精神;柏拉图书写对话回忆苏格拉底的教诲;柏拉图的对话体写作避免了口头谈话的时空限制和惯常的书面写作的僵化问题,生动地再现了苏格拉底的教育精神。柏拉图的对话期待真正的读者,怀着生命热情在阅读中进行爱智精神的自我培育,真正地把苏格拉底的教诲带入当下。  相似文献   

6.
Two thousand four hundred years ago Socrates gave a remarkable lesson of geometry, perhaps the first detailed record of a pedagogical method in vivo in history [ Plato. (2008) . Apología de Sócrates. Menón. Crátilo. Madrid: Alianza Editorial]. Socrates asked Meno's slave 50 questions requiring simple additions or multiplications. At the end of the lesson the student discovered by himself how to duplicate a square using the diagonal of the given one as the side of the new square. We studied empirically the reproducibility of this dialogue in educated adults and adolescents of the 21st century. Our results show a remarkable agreement between Socratic and empiric dialogues. Even in questions in which Meno's slave made a mistake, within an unbounded number of possible erred responses, the vast majority of participants produced the same error as Meno's slave. Our results show that the Socratic dialogue is built on a strong intuition of human knowledge and reasoning which persists more than 24 centuries after its conception, providing one of the most striking demonstrations of universality across time and cultures. At the same time, they also emphasize its educational failure. After following every single question including Socrates' “diagonal argument,” almost 50% of the participants failed to learn the simplest generalization when asked to double the area of a square of different size.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

In the Republic, Plato developed an educational program through which he trained young Athenians in desiring truth, without offering them any knowledge-education. This is not because he refused to pass on knowledge but because he considered knowledge of the Good as an ongoing research program. I show this by tracing the steps of the education of the Philosopher-Kings in Plato’s ideal state, to establish that the decades-long educational regime aims at training them in three types of virtue: (i) Moral Virtue; (ii) the Cognitive Virtue of Abstraction; (iii) the Cognitive Virtue of Debate.

Plato’s theory of education has much to teach us about intellectual character education today. The Platonic educational program does not advocate the direct transmission of knowledge from teacher to learner but rather focuses on building the learners’ epistemic dispositions. Building upon the Socratic Method, Plato’s educational program does not ‘spoon-feed’ knowledge to the learners but rather fosters the growth of intellectual virtues through problem-solving.

I explain ways in which fostering intellectual virtues through problem-solving could be applied in classrooms today. I conclude that Plato’s rigorous educational program is of definite merit for contemporary virtue education, especially since Aristotle offers us surprisingly little on how to educate for intellectual virtues.  相似文献   

8.
... So Zeus, fearing that our race was in danger of utter destruction, sent Hermes to bring respect and right among men, to the end that there should be regulation of cities and friendly ties to draw them together ... ; let all have their share fof virtue] ; for cities cannot be formed if only a few have a share of these as of the other arts.

Plato, “Protagoras 322, trans. D. E. Lane Education does not take root in the soul unless one goes deep. Protagoras, in Freeman, Ancilla to the Pre‐Socratic Philosophers, p. 127.  相似文献   

9.

Drawing on arguments by Carolyn Miller, Steven Katz, and others, this essay claims that teaching ethics is particularly important to technical writing. Next, the essay outlines a classical, sophistic approach to ethics based on the theories and pedagogies of Protagoras, Gorgias, and Isocrates. This sophistic approach emphasizes the Greek concept of nomos, internal and external deliberation, and responsible action or articulation. The final section of the essay discusses possible problems and pedagogical applications of sophistic ethics in the contemporary technical writing classroom.  相似文献   

10.
柏拉图在其《书简七》的开头讲述了自己的生平,故称柏拉图的"自传"。本文细致分析了苏格拉底、雅典以及柏拉图在这部自传中的角色,通过解析柏拉图的笔法。揭示出柏拉图在自传中对苏格拉底的辩护,对雅典的两重态度,以及柏拉图通过自我教育从政治上升到哲学的过程。  相似文献   

11.
Socrates (469–399 B.C.) formulated a unique method of teaching, of which the main characteristic is dialogue. We have no authentic record, but Plato has preserved the "Socratic conversations" in his dialogues. In the first part of this study, the Socratic strategy is examined through a comparative analysis of the early Platonic dialogues with the theories of critical rationalism and the cognitive theories based on motivation for achievement and learning. In the dialogues, Socrates invites his interlocutors to express their opinions, professing himself ignorant of the matter under discussion, but gradually challenges their certainties and moves from the particular and the egocentric to the general concept, using concrete examples. The second part of this study gives a detailed presentation of the elements of the Socratic strategy of teaching and learning: conversation, the exploitation of errors in teaching, aporia (confused doubt), critical reflection and intellectual honesty, and tolerance. These continue to be of relevance today and are timely in the context of shifting values and the need for a critical approach to knowledge.  相似文献   

12.
There is more to be said about two of the topics Chris Peers addresses in his article Freud, Plato and Irigaray: A morpho-logic of teaching and learning (2012, Educational Philosophy and Theory, 44, 760–774), namely the Socratic method of teaching and Plato’s stance with regard to women and feminism. My purpose in this article is to continue Peers’s discussion of these two topics.  相似文献   

13.
This paper examines Eric Havelock's view of Plato's works as a turning point in the transition from a predominantly oral society to a predominantly written culture. There is a paradox between the influence of written abstraction on Plato's thought and the Platonic attack upon writing in the Phaedrus. Havelock's consideration of the influence of written technology upon Plato's thought is outlined and is contrasted with the view of writing expressed by Socrates in the Phaedrus and elsewhere. The essential paradox in associating Plato with the written tradition is that Plato criticizes the written word in the Phaedrus for the same faults attributed to the poets in the Republic. The dimensions of the paradox are considered along five lines. First, it is clear that writing and abstract thought are related in Havelock's view, and yet Plato attacks writing for being “the third place from truth.”; Secondly, memory is associated with the oral tradition which Plato attacks so strongly in the Republic, and yet memory is vital to Plato's epistemology. A third paradox is that Plato condemns the self‐identification of the individual with the poets of the oral tradition, and yet the dialectic which is the approved approach to truth takes place in oral dialogue. In addition, while Plato clearly expected his attack upon poetry to be unpopular, there is evidence that his attack on writing—on the same epistemological grounds—was an accurate reflection of popular sentiment. Finally, the poets appear to have been singled out in the Republic for special attention due to their relationship with the oral tradition, but the rhetoricians, logographers, and sophists associated with writing are criticized upon the same grounds as the poets and rhapsodes. The study concludes that these apparent paradoxes are consistent with Plato's pivotal position in the transition from a predominantly oral to a predominantly written culture as outlined by Havelock. Plato's paradoxical attack upon writing provides a remarkable paradigm of the employment of the strengths of both the written and the oral traditions, and urges us by example to consider the impact of modern media upon the quality of our thought.  相似文献   

14.
在苏格拉底那里,哲学教育的中心问题乃是人的自我认识问题,也即一个人究竟应该如何达成德性与幸福的问题。“认识你自己”是苏格拉底哲学教育的基本出发点,“认识自己无知”,由此保持自我不断地求知智慧,也即“爱智慧”,乃是苏格拉底哲学教育的基本目标,反诘式对话是苏格拉底哲学教育的基本方法。个体成长乃是从天性舒展出发,逐步过渡到理性的生成。苏格拉底哲学教育主要面对成年人而非儿童展开。儿童教育乃是从儿童身体自然出发,激活天赋本能与生命活力,走向积极而非节制的儿童生活。伴随个体成长,个体开始以反思走向个体精神自觉,教育也从诗性教育转向哲学教育,由此而显明个体成长的内在秩序与哲学教育的审慎。  相似文献   

15.
Socrates is famous for claiming that ‘I know one thing: That I know nothing’. There is one subject that Socrates repeatedly claims to have expertise in, however: ta erôtika. Socrates also refers to this expertise as his erôtikê technê, which may be translated as ‘erotic expertise’. I argue that the purposes this expertise serve are, to a significant extent, educational in nature: Socrates has certain erotic educational methods that participate in his expertise on erôs. In addition, I suggest that Socrates uses two kinds of psychological techniques while practicing his erotic expertise through these erotic educational methods.  相似文献   

16.
In this essay, Vasileios Pantazis examines how two philosophers having different orientations acknowledge and study the phenomenon of the “encounter” (Begegnung) and its fundamental importance to human life and education. On the one hand, Otto Friedrich Bollnow drew on existential philosophy and philosophical anthropology in his analysis of the encounter, while Alain Badiou, on the other hand, used psychoanalysis, mathematics, and Plato in exploring the concept. The approach Pantazis takes in this essay aims at fusing the concept of the encounter as developed by Bollnow with a philosophical view, specifically Badiou's understanding of the encounter in the context of his concept “event of truth.” Through the “fusion of horizons,” as Hans‐Georg Gadamer put it, between these two views, Pantazis seeks to enrich the concept of the encounter and to draw out a renewed meaning for philosophical and educational theory.  相似文献   

17.
从苏格拉底到杜威:教育的生活转向与现代教育的完成   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
苏格拉底、柏拉图为代表的古典教育以对美好事物的追求为基本内容,以教育即回忆为基本形式,体现出对日常生活世界的超越性。从夸美纽斯提出教学论是把一切知识教给一切人的艺术,到卢梭对儿童的发现,斯宾塞的教育是为未来完满生活做准备,再到杜威的教育即生活,现代教育发展的过程乃是教育转向成人生活、再转向儿童生活的过程。这个过程既是现代教育逐渐适应工业化时代和民主生活的过程,同时也是教育普及与教育民主实现的过程。现代教育的完成同时也意味着在现代知识观照下教育过程现代化的完成,教育不再是基于回忆,而是现实经验的获得与改造,儿童作为古典自然的存在也逐渐转化为现代心理化的存在,这导致现代教育对效率与技术化的追求以及儿童作为效率的主体,由此而意味着教育之伦理性基础的消解。当代教育在充分实现教育的生活取向、也就是教育的民主平等诉求之时,又需要不失去一份古典的关照,保持教育对生活的必要的超越性,保持教育过程的必要的迷魅,由此而实现现代教育的效率化追求,又不失去教育自身的伦理关怀,从而促成健全现代个体的生成。  相似文献   

18.
智者哲学是古希腊早期哲学走向繁荣时期的枢纽,在整个西方哲学史上占有重要的地位。但是由于苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德等人的批判,智者学派被排斥在哲学之外,并视为诡辩家。因此智者学派的历史地位没有被公正公允的评价。黑格尔是第一个为智者恢复名誉的人。该文在剖析智者学派产生的社会背景和理论背景及其普罗泰戈拉的著名命题“人是万物的尺度”和高尔吉亚的“无物存在”等哲学思想的基础上,探究智者学派的历史地位。  相似文献   

19.
I consider if and how far it is possible to live an educational philosophical life, in the fast‐changing, globalised world of Higher Education. I begin with Socrates’ account of a philosophical life in the Apology. I examine some tensions within different conceptions of what it is to do philosophy. I then go on to focus more closely on what it might be to live a philosophical, educational life in which educational processes and outcomes are influenced by philosophy, using examples taken from published sources and from conversational interviews with philosophers carried out by myself with Kenneth Wain, Bas Levering and Richard Pring. I then outline the directions of current European policy for Higher Education. Finally I discuss how far current policies and trends leave room for doing philosophy of education, concluding that it is possible, but only for individuals who are very much in sympathy with current policy trends or who are creative in constructing smoke screens.  相似文献   

20.
Through an exegesis of the dramatic elements of Plato's Laches, Brandon Buck and Rachel Longa argue that it is an especially valuable text to read with practicing and preservice teachers. Buck and Longa show how the dialogue illustrates three essential aspects of what education means and involves. First, they show how the dialogue foregrounds the often-obscured role of philosophical inquiry in addressing educational questions. Second, they show how the depiction of aporia in the Laches underscores the importance of uncertainty for the persistence of humanistic conversation, and thus for substantial engagement with core educational questions. Finally, they interpret Socrates to suggest that participation in humanistic conversation is not merely an incidental aspect of education as a profession, but rather precisely what it means to be an educator. In sum, Buck and Longa argue that the Laches illustrates the core idea that in order to educate at all, we must be deeply involved in the very questions that characterize humanistic conversation.  相似文献   

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