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1.
Abstract

Encouraging involvement in local, regional and national communities in order to develop a healthy democracy is a laudable goal for society. However, culturally marginalized groups that have been historically excluded from such participation, and who utilize communication patterns that differ from the dominant culture, cannot take all the responsibility for becoming engaged. The aboriginal peoples of North America are one such marginalized cultural group. Utilizing data from the current British Columbia treaty process, this study posits communication structures, attitudes, and behaviors that dominant culture groups must adopt in order to build positive long-term relationships for public engagement with historically marginalized cultural groups.  相似文献   

2.
During the past two decades, thanks to the rapid development of solid-state-based sensor technology, digital imaging emerged as one of the most attractive research areas for the noninvasive investigation of paintings and flat artworks. In particular, the commercial availability of high-performance digital cameras opened up new perspectives to transmitted imaging techniques, such as trans-illumination and trans-irradiation, which are based on the acquisition of the visible (Vis) and near infrared (NIR) radiation, respectively, transmitted through the object. Until recently, these techniques were indeed considered to be unsuitable for applications on artefacts, because of the risks of overheating and overexposure to the light of the object under analysis. Nowadays, with the new-generation digital cameras, transmitted imaging can be reconsidered as a possible tool for noninvasive diagnostics on paintings on canvas. These techniques have been proven to be effective for the examination of hidden details, such as underlying drawing, for a study of the pictorial style or the executive techniques, as well as for assessing the state of conservation of the supports. Both trans-illumination and trans-irradiation can be easily implemented by means of professional photographic digital cameras, and therefore offer a valuable alternative to the more expensive well-established methodologies, such as X-ray radiography. In some cases, they are found to be complementary to the conventional techniques in revealing details of the underlying paint layers. Potentials and limits of transmitted imaging techniques are discussed in this paper, starting from three case studies of oil-paintings on canvas that belong to the permanent collection of the Gallery of modern art at the Pitti Palace in Florence.  相似文献   

3.
Bab Agnaou is one of the most beautiful gates of the 12th century town walls of Marrakech (Morocco). It is faced with poorly preserved stone, which has recently been subjected to preliminary laboratory studies for the purpose of collecting data useful for its restoration. The results of such studies indicate the presence of two macroscopically similar grey stones, classified as slates, which were probably sourced from quarries situated not far from the city of Marrakech. The schistosity of such stones, namely their laminated fabric, has much influenced the morphology of deterioration. The causes and mechanisms of decay have been investigated and connected to the presence of soluble salts, mainly chlorides and sulphates deriving from the mortar used to fix the stone blocks to the wall, and to local air pollution. Their concentration in the bottom 3 m of the gate due to rising damp has produced strong exfoliation and flaking phenomena through rapidly repeating crystallization/dissolution cycles. A minor contribution to the overall deterioration is due to hydrolytic phenomena partly responsible for the formation of natural brown patinas on the stone surface. Another brown patina formed of Ca-oxalates and with residual proteinaceous matter was also detected and is probably due to partly mineralized protection-treatments made with natural products such as animal glue. General indications for the restoration of the gate, based on these results, are proposed.  相似文献   

4.
The requirements of historical environments that are related to social and economical changes sometimes necessitate the re-use of historical buildings that no longer serve their functions. Deciding how to re-use historical buildings is a difficult problem when the concerns of decision makers are not aligned. This paper proposes a methodology for the appropriate re-use of historical patterns that have lost their original functions and discusses the results of such re-use. Appropriate re-use can result in a sustainable preservation of both historical assets and the environment. Thus, the respectful conversion of structures for new uses based on economic and social needs ensures the authenticity of the structure and of the historical environment. In this study, the historical pattern of Diyarbak?r Hasan Pasha Khan was evaluated through the application of the proposed method. Adaptation of the structure required knowledge of traditional construction techniques. The results reveal that the proposed methodology can be effectively used for historical patterns to prioritise between various re-use criteria. This methodology can be applied in the context of re-use problems and provides solutions for such problems in historical buildings.  相似文献   

5.
Porous limestone and mortar are able to absorb large quantities of water. This phenomenon will accelerate the deterioration of the material. In such cases, the material might be treated with a hydrophobic product, which creates a superficial layer that hampers the penetration of water. In order to decide if such a treatment should be applied or not, the water absorbing behaviour of the material should be measured. With the same measuring technique the efficiency of the hydrophobic barrier can be evaluated. Moreover, it allows the monitoring of such barriers as a function of time. At the same time, the water absorption of porous stone material is an indication of the degree of deterioration and its sensitivity to future deterioration. Up to now, two different measuring techniques exist, but one can only be used in laboratory and the other, which can be operated in laboratory as well as in situ, is not always reliable for in situ analyses. This article proposes an alternative method: the contact sponge method. This recently developed method was tested on non-treated porous stone materials in a laboratory environment in order to evaluate its performance in comparison with the two existing methods.  相似文献   

6.
Recent research has suggested that one of the key ways in which economics and cognate calculative discourses and practices ‘perform’ the economy is through the drawing of conceptual boundaries between economic activities and entities of various sorts. One such boundary is the boundary between markets. This article shows that a critical contemporary arena for the differentiation of one product or service market from another is competition (or antitrust) law, which, through its work of market definition, seeks to identify the boundaries of competition: the location of the borders between meaningful economic spaces within which buyers and sellers encounter one another and establish prices. The article argues that in envisioning markets (‘the law's markets’), competition law simultaneously constitutes markets, and it demonstrates this through an empirical examination of the exercise of such law in three economic sectors: insurance, grocery retailing, and pay-television. It also shows, however, that competition law is perennially dogged by conflict – both over the placement of such conceptual boundaries, and over the very process of placement and the status of the market boundary itself – and that its application and effects can only be understood in this light.  相似文献   

7.
Hagendijk  R.P. 《Minerva》2004,42(1):41-59
This article discusses studies and politicalinitiatives concerned with enhancing publicinvolvement in major technological decisions.It argues that such decisions should include asignificant role for the mass media, andrespect for the diverse relations betweenscience and governance. The notion of`regulated worlds' is proposed as a startingpoint in a discourse that brings together themass media, science management, anddeliberative democracy.  相似文献   

8.
Following recent works that have underlined the increasing search for liquidity in economic exchange, this article studies how illiquid forms of money are converted into liquid forms by corporate finance actors. In the name of ‘shareholder value’, the various forms of value generated by companies (such as ‘trade credit’) tend to be increasingly transformed into liquid forms of money that are easily distributable to shareholders (‘cash flows’). Describing this phenomenon as an example of what anthropologists of money call ‘conversion’, this paper highlights how such a conversion process was necessary for the historical development of ‘shareholder value’ policies in corporate finance. Considering documentary sources and interviews with consultants, auditors, and private equity fund managers involved in ‘cash flow’ optimisation practices, this paper details this conversion phenomenon and shows how it has relied on the historical elaboration of specific metrological, technical, legal, and moral norms.  相似文献   

9.
Reflecting a wider trend in the social sciences, the field of organization studies has adopted an increasingly general and metaphysical vocabulary to guide and frame its analyses of life and dynamics in organizations. Where classic organizational analyses would describe organizations in terms of core objects such as ‘task’ and ‘coordination,’ contemporary organization studies emphasize, much like other social science disciplines, broader topics such as ‘network,’ ‘identity,’ and ‘change.’ The paper argues that this altered focus and vocabulary is accompanied by a diminished ability to specify and intervene into the practical reality of organizations. It further argues that a discipline's core objects are not anachronisms to be discarded with, but crucial for specifying reality in ways that have proven practically relevant and still are.  相似文献   

10.
Despite a substantial literature on the economics of the arts, there has been virtually no analysis of the role of criticism in the market for the arts. This paper discusses a number of problems which emerge in attempting such an analysis.  相似文献   

11.
For a nonprofit organization that provides individualized services to different customers a natural rule is at-cost pricing — to cover for labor, administrative and other expenses incurred in providing the service to each customer. This not only accomplishes zero profits (losses) but also zero cross-subsidization across customers. But if costs cannot be predicted before the completion of a service, and estimates are used in obtaining such service contracts, then what should be the pricing strategy? We study such a situation facing the Intermuseum Laboratory (Oberlin, OH), a nonprofit organization that restores works of art. Two alternative pricing strategies are proposed, with dual objectives of zero cost overuns and minimum cross-subsidization across customers, and present results from a simulation of this strategy using data from the Laboratory.  相似文献   

12.
A group of 51 shards of medieval polychrome glazed pottery, coming from Canosa castle archaeological site (Bari, Italy), has been investigated through surface analytical techniques, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and elemental ones, such as Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP–OES) and Absorption Atomic Spectroscopy (AAS) by flame and electro-thermal atomisation. The investigation was aimed at defining the elemental composition of pottery findings, identifying pigments and clarifying glaze types. The results of the analytical characterization allowed the identification of materials and technological expedients used for pottery manufacturing, highlighting original features in the production of the investigated pottery.The quantitative analysis performed on ceramic paste, glaze and painted decorations provided a significant number of results, thus enabling their effective exploitation for multivariate statistical techniques, in order to find out possible groups of pottery items with defined similarity within the samples.  相似文献   

13.
The artistic labor market is marked by several adversities, such as low wages, above-average unemployment, and constrained underemployment. Nevertheless, it attracts many young people. The number of students exceeds the available jobs by far. A potential explanation for this puzzle is that artistic work might result in exceptionally high job satisfaction, a conjecture that has been mentioned at various times in the literature. We conduct the first direct empirical investigation into artists’ job satisfaction. The analysis is based on panel data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Survey. Artists on average are found to be considerably more satisfied with their work than non-artists, a finding that corroborates the conjectures in the literature. Differences in income, working hours, and personality cannot account for the observed difference in job satisfaction. Partially, but not fully, the higher job satisfaction can be attributed to the higher self-employment rate among artists. Suggestive evidence is found that superior “procedural” characteristics of artistic work, such as increased variety and on-the-job learning, contribute to the difference in job satisfaction.  相似文献   

14.
Learning cultural heritage by serious games   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Immersive technologies such as virtual environments and augmented reality have a clear potential to support the experiencing of cultural heritage by the large public, complementing the current tools and practices based on tangible goods such as museums, exhibitions, books and visual content. Serious games – videogames designed for educational objectives – appear as a new tool to learn cultural content in an engaging way. In this paper, we will provide an extensive portrait of the current proposition of serious games in the cultural sector, highlighting the educational objectives of games in this domain and analysing the complex relations between genre, context of use, technological solutions and learning effectiveness. We finally identify and discuss the most significant challenges in the design and adoption of educational games in cultural heritage.  相似文献   

15.
Branding is an economic and cultural process. Branding endows goods and services with value which corporations protect as their intellectual property, enabling brands to support share prices and be traded as assets in takeovers and mergers, at the same time as they serve to differentiate products competitively in the marketplace. Yet this ‘brand value’ depends on cultural perceptions of the meaning and worth of a brand. More than the unique image or positioning of a brand being maintained relative to others of its kind, such perceptions may involve the expressive and emotional attachment of consumers, and this may be very widely shared. This paper argues that, with certain brands, such shared attachment can occur on a national basis, so that they become symbols of national belonging. Whereas consumers attribute a putative foreign national origin to some global brands – for example, Harley-Davidson is unequivocally ‘American’ – they relate to other brands as expressive of their own national origin. This identification often persists even when national brands are taken over by global corporations, since the brand's association with the nation is a major dimension of its value, or the ‘brand equity’ which the new global owner has paid for, and intends to capitalise upon. The paper examines instances in which this has happened in Australia, such as the traditional brand Vegemite, long ago acquired by Kraft, and also cases where the Australian associations of a brand have been exploited in establishing its global identity, notably Foster's Lager.  相似文献   

16.
Public values failure occurs when the market and the public sector fail to provide goods and services required to achieve the core values of society such as equity (Bozeman 2007). That public policy for emerging health technologies should address intrinsic societal values such as equity is not a novel concept. However, the ways that the public values discourse of stakeholders is structured is less clear and rarely studied through the lens of public interests. This is especially true in the health sciences discourse. Using the public value mapping (PVM) model I present a case study of the intrinsic value of equity in nanomedicine for cancer and the imperatives for translational research, an instrumental value to achieve equity. After reviewing and coding nearly 700 value statements from several hundred public documents, I find that that the discourse on values varies between documents that address basic research and documents that address the application of the knowledge produced in basic research, with some especially notable disconnections. This paper demonstrates the importance of further refinement of methods for testing the PVM framework if the societal goal is to improve consistency of the public value discussion by those involved in developing and applying new technologies. The paper also demonstrates the value of a PVM approach for complex science policy analysis, especially for emerging technologies like nanomedicine.  相似文献   

17.
李佳 《中国名城》2020,(3):69-73
分析介绍生态敏感性评价技术在山岳型风景名胜区分区规划当中遇到的问题。从风景美学角度与风景区利用角度,将基于纯自然要素的生态敏感性分析结果与景源价值、土地利用、居民社会、道路交通分布等非自然要素相叠加,重新构建评价模型体系。并通过其在河南林虑山风景区规划的实际应用,对保育分区进行二次校核,同时将生态敏感性评估结果与地块建设控制进行对接,为游览设施规划、基础工程规划、居民社会调控规划等开发建设的实际决策提供更多依据。  相似文献   

18.
Computer graphics, and in particular high-fidelity rendering, make it possible to recreate cultural heritage on a computer, including a precise lighting simulation. Achieving maximum accuracy is of the highest importance when investigating how a site might have appeared in the past. Failure to use such high fidelity means there is a very real danger of misrepresenting the past. Although we can accurately simulate the propagation of light in the environment, little work has been undertaken into the effect that light scattering due to participating media (such as dust in the atmosphere) has on the perception of the site. In this paper we present the high-fidelity rendering pipeline including participating media. We also investigate how the appearance of an archaeological reconstruction is affected when dust is included in the simulation. The chosen site for our study is the ancient Egyptian temple of Kalabsha.  相似文献   

19.
John Downer 《Minerva》2017,55(2):229-248
Publics and policymakers increasingly have to contend with the risks of complex, safety-critical technologies, such as airframes and reactors. As such, ‘technological risk’ has become an important object of modern governance, with state regulators as core agents, and ‘reliability assessment’ as the most essential metric. The Science and Technology Studies (STS) literature casts doubt on whether or not we should place our faith in these assessments because predictively calculating the ultra-high reliability required of such systems poses seemingly insurmountable epistemological problems. This paper argues that these misgivings are warranted in the nuclear sphere, despite evidence from the aviation sphere suggesting that such calculations can be accurate. It explains why regulatory calculations that predict the reliability of new airframes cannot work in principle, and then it explains why those calculations work in practice. It then builds on this explanation to argue that the means by which engineers manage reliability in aviation is highly domain-specific, and to suggest how a more nuanced understanding of jetliners could inform debates about nuclear energy.  相似文献   

20.
The ceramic artefacts, excavated from ancient shipwrecks, are generally saturated with soluble salts, mainly NaCl, within the porous structure of ceramics. The salinity contents typically exhibit ionic and osmotic pressures to the ceramic microstructures, thus causing significant damages to the integrity of ceramic artefacts. While the utilisation of aqueous soaking methods is commonly accepted for effective desalination processes of ceramics, the relationships between the structural characteristics of ceramics and the desalination efficiency have not been demonstrated. In this study, we examined the desalination processes of various ceramics excavated from the Taean shipwrecks in South Korea to identify major controlling factors for the desalination processes. Our results indicated that the physical properties of ceramics including the water absorption and the pore size distribution greatly influence on the desalination process time and efficiency. It is also found that the surface condition of ceramic samples such as microstructural cracks on the glaze layer is a crucial component of the desalination characteristics. Nevertheless, the small residue of salts such as NaCl crystals were found in the microstructures of some ceramics after prolonged desalination periods. Therefore, it is important to control the humidity and temperature in the conservation environment for desalinated ceramic artefacts even after desalination.  相似文献   

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