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1.
Alvin Weinberg’s classic and much debated two articles in Minerva, “Criteria for Scientific Choice” (1963) and “Criteria for Scientific Choice II – The Two Cultures” (1964), represent two of the first and most important attempts to create a meta-discourse about priority setting in science policy, and many of the points advanced remain relevant. The goal of this paper is to elaborate on the relevance of some of Weinberg’s original arguments to priority setting today. We have singled out four issues for attention: The tension between scientific and institutional choice, the assumptions behind the triad of scientific, technological and social merit, the elusive ‘externality from size’ argument for funding promoted by Weinberg, and finally the problems involved in the idea of basic science as an ‘overhead cost’ for applied science, and applied science as an ‘overhead’ on a sectoral mission. These four issues will be elaborated from a policy perspective and connected to present day challenges for science and technology policy. 相似文献
2.
In this article we present an empirical analysis of the ‘patterns of cultural choice’ in the musical domain in Italy. The
main goal of the article is to verify whether musical tastes in Italy are diversified, with the presence of a group of ‘cultural
omnivores’. Our study is based on the theoretical model of the demand for cultural goods proposed by Lévy-Garboua and Montmarquette
(1996). In the empirical analysis we simultaneously evaluate the probability of choosing different musical genres. Through the
specification of the set of alternatives into three groupings of musical genres —“only classical music”, “only popular music”
and “all music”—we were able to detect the relative impact of several socio-economic characteristics on the probability of
having “univorous” or “omnivorous” musical likings. In addition, our approach allows us to verify the existence of different
patterns of music consumption by testing the significance of differences among the estimated coefficients of the probability
functions related to the three groupings of musical genres. We find that age, gender and education are important predictors
of an omnivorous taste.
相似文献
| Carlofilippo FrateschiEmail: |
3.
Rethinking Polanyi’s Concept of Tacit Knowledge: From Personal Knowing to Imagined Institutions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Half a century after Michael Polanyi conceptualised ‘the tacit component’ in personal knowing, management studies has reinvented
‘tacit knowledge’—albeit in ways that squander the advantages of Polanyi’s insights and ignore his faith in ‘spiritual reality’.
While tacit knowing challenged the absurdities of sheer objectivity, expressed in a ‘perfect language’, it fused rational knowing, based on personal experience, with mystical speculation about an un-experienced ‘external reality’. Faith alone saved Polanyi’s model from solipsism. But Ernst von Glasersfeld’s
radical constructivism provides scope to rethink personal tacit knowing with regard to ‘other people’ and the intersubjectively
viable construction of ‘experiential reality’. By separating tacit knowing from Polanyi’s metaphysical realism and drawing
on Benedict Anderson’s concept of ‘imagined communities’, it is possible to conceptualise ‘imagined institutions’ as the tacit
dimension of power that shapes human interaction. Whereas Douglass North claimed institutions could be reduced to rules, imagined
institutions are known in ways we cannot tell. 相似文献
4.
A network of think tanks—the ASEAN-Institutes of Strategic and International Studies and their researchers—have played a proactive
and sometimes influential role in regional debates on Asian economic integration and security cooperation through informal
diplomacy. This paper contributes to the literature on knowledge utilisation, specifically debates on the role of policy research
institutes in policy-making. Paying attention to the debates and research on economic and security cooperation which preceded
attempts at institutionalisation drives analytical attention to scholars, think tanks and others in the ‘interpretive community’
who were engaged in a long term learning activity to shape domestic and regional agendas and institutionalise discourses of
regional cooperation. 相似文献
5.
In recent years questions concerning the impact of public research funding have become the preeminent site at which struggles
over the meanings and value of science are played out. In this paper we explore the ‘politics of impact’ in contemporary UK
science and research policy and, in particular, detail the ways in which UK research councils have responded to and reframed
recent calls for the quantitative measurement of research impacts. Operating as ‘boundary organisations’ research councils
are embroiled in what might be characterised as the ‘politics of demarcation’ in which competing understandings of the cultural
values of science are traded, exchanged and contested. In this paper we focus on the way the UK’s ‘Engineering and Physical
Sciences Research Council’ (EPSRC) has responded to contemporary policy discourses concerning the impacts of public research
expenditure. We argue that, in response to the shifting terms of contemporary science policy, the EPSRC has adopted three
distinct strategies. Firstly, in collaboration with other research councils the EPSRC have emphasised the intellectual and
metrological challenge presented by attempts to quantify the economic impact of public research expenditure, emphasising instead
the cumulative impacts of a broad portfolio of ‘basic science’. Secondly, the EPSRC has sought to widen the discursive meaning
of research impacts – specifically to include societal and policy impacts in addition to economic ones. Thirdly, the EPSRC
has introduced a new framing into the ‘impact agenda’, preferring to talk about ‘pathways to impact’ rather than research
impacts per se. In responding to government priority setting, we argue that the EPSRC has sought to exploit both the technical fragility
of auditing techniques and the discursive ambiguity of notions of impact. 相似文献
6.
National research policies are today driven by the concept of the ‘knowledge society’, in which development is deemed to follow
the application of new ideas. Australia, like other countries, has encouraged partnerships between the universities and industry.
This essay examines how Australian scholars in the humanities have responded to the Australian Research Council’s Linkage Projects. Their experience underlines the importance of viewing collaboration as social practice, and the need to find a satisfactory
synthesis between academic and industry perspectives. 相似文献
7.
In the following pages we discuss three historical cases of moral economies in science: Drosophila genetics, late twentieth
century American astronomy, and collaborations between American drug companies and medical scientists in the interwar years.
An examination of the most striking differences and similarities between these examples, and the conflicts internal to them,
reveals constitutive features of moral economies, and the ways in which they are formed, negotiated, and altered. We critically
evaluate these three examples through the filters of rational choice, utility, and American pragmatism, using the latter to
support the conclusion that there is no single vision of moral economies in science and no single theory—moral, political,
social—that will explain them. These filters may not be the only means through which to evaluate the moral economies examined,
but aspects of each appear prominent in all three cases. In addition, explanations for decisions are often given in the language
of these theories, both at the macro (policy) level and at the local level of the moral economies we discuss. In light of
such factors, the use of these frameworks seems justified. We begin with an attempt to define the nature of moral economies,
then move to a consideration of scientific communities as moral communities operating within material and other constraints
which we relate to wider questions of political economy and societal accountabilities.
Dr Atkinson-Grosjean is a Senior Research Associate in the WM Young Centre for Applied Ethics at the University of British Columbia where she leads several research projects focused on large-scale science and the ways in which novel institutional and organizational arrangements affect the production and translation of scientific knowledge. Current work focuses on the factors that affect scientists’ participation (or lack thereof) in the translational mandates attached to funding. The goal is to contribute to a more nuanced understanding within policy guidelines of what constitutes ‘translational science’. Cory Fairley is a research assistant on Dr Atkinson-Grosjean’s translational science project and a PhD student in the Department of History at the University of British Columbia, where he also obtained a Masters degree in Philosophy. His current research focuses on the social history of technology, particularly upstream impacts of market forces on biotechnology in the historical context of twentieth century. 相似文献
| Cory FairleyEmail: |
Dr Atkinson-Grosjean is a Senior Research Associate in the WM Young Centre for Applied Ethics at the University of British Columbia where she leads several research projects focused on large-scale science and the ways in which novel institutional and organizational arrangements affect the production and translation of scientific knowledge. Current work focuses on the factors that affect scientists’ participation (or lack thereof) in the translational mandates attached to funding. The goal is to contribute to a more nuanced understanding within policy guidelines of what constitutes ‘translational science’. Cory Fairley is a research assistant on Dr Atkinson-Grosjean’s translational science project and a PhD student in the Department of History at the University of British Columbia, where he also obtained a Masters degree in Philosophy. His current research focuses on the social history of technology, particularly upstream impacts of market forces on biotechnology in the historical context of twentieth century. 相似文献
8.
Louise Ackers 《Minerva》2008,46(4):411-435
This paper discusses the relationship between internationalisation, mobility, quality and equality in the context of recent
developments in research policy in the European Research Area (ERA). Although these developments are specifically concerned
with the growth of research capacity at European level, the issues raised have much broader relevance to those concerned with
research policy and highly skilled mobility. The paper draws on a wealth of recent research examining the relationship between
mobility and career progression with particular reference to a recently completed empirical study of doctoral mobility in
the social sciences (Ackers et al. Doctoral Mobility in the Social Sciences. Report to the NORFACE ERA-Network, 2007). The
paper is structured as follows. The first section introduces recent policy developments including the European Charter for
Researchers and Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers and the European Commission’s Green Paper on the ERA. The
discussion focuses on concerns around the definition of ‘mobility’ and the tendency (in both policy circles and academic research)
to conflate different forms of mobility and to equate these with notions of excellence or quality. Scientific mobility is
shaped as much by ‘push’ factors (limited opportunity) as it is by the ‘draw’ of excellence. Scientists are exercising a degree
of ‘choice’ within a specific and individualised framework of constraints. The following sections consider some of the ‘professional’
and ‘personal’ factors shaping scientific mobility and the influence that these have on the relationship between mobility,
internationalisation and excellence. The paper concludes that mobility is not an outcome in its own right and must not be
treated as such (as an implicit indicator of internationalisation). To do so contributes to differential opportunity in scientific
labour markets reducing both efficiency and equality.
相似文献
| Louise AckersEmail: |
9.
Dominique Pestre 《Minerva》2009,47(3):243-260
What I consider in this paper are various forms of government, various technologies and discursive regimes of government that
are in common use today. What interests me are the categories and tools, practical dispositifs and languages that developed over the last decades ‘to constitute, define, organize, and instrumentalize the strategies that
individuals, acting freely, may use to deal with one another’ (Foucault). The paper considers first the neo-liberal wish to
reassert the individual as alone in responsibility for his/her own life after the unfortunate digression into Welfare Statism and Keynesian economics,
source of all ills. It then focuses on some material and social technologies that encourage people to accept full and complete
‘self-sovereignty’. This section leads to a discussion on the new demands (and resistance) society imposed on this liberal
normative ideal. It notably considers the growing demands to ‘participate’ in decision processes and to be environmentally
friendly. In section “Les Mots et Les Choses: A New Discursive Regime”, it considers the discursive regime that progressively
took shape and which currently permeates international governance bodies of all stripes—from the World Bank to the Conference
of Parties for Climate Change. In the final section, it comes back to the initial question and considers what these changes
actually mean for the democratic order as constituted over the past 250 years. 相似文献
10.
Why has cultural economics ignored copyright? 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Ruth Towse 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2008,32(4):243-259
My stance is that copyright policy should be viewed as part of cultural policy; cultural economists have had a great deal
to say about subsidy and cultural policy but very little about copyright, though cultural economics is well placed to analyse
copyright as an incentive to creativity in the creative industries because of its understanding of cultural policy and of
artists’ labour markets. The article contrasts subsidy and copyright as policy tools and briefly discusses two current policy
problems in relation to copyright—regulating copyright collection societies and the so-called ‘copyright levy’—arguing that
these are the sort of issues cultural economists could (and should) be dealing with.
相似文献
| Ruth TowseEmail: |
11.
Irwin Feller 《Minerva》2009,47(3):323-344
Neoliberal precepts of the governance of academic science-deregulation; reification of markets; emphasis on competitive allocation
processes have been conflated with those of performance management—if you cannot measure it, you cannot manage it—into a single
analytical and consequent single programmatic worldview. As applied to the United States’ system of research universities,
this conflation leads to two major divergences from relationships hypothesized in the governance of science literature. (1)
The governance and financial structures supporting academic science in the United States’ system of higher education are sufficiently
different from those found in many other OECD countries where these policies have been adopted to produce political pressures
for an increase rather than a decrease in governmental control over university affairs. (2) The major impact upon academic
science of performance measurement systems has come not externally from new government requirements but internally from the
independent adoption of these techniques by universities, initially in the name of rational management and increasingly as
devices to foster reputational enhancement. The overall thrust of the two trends in the U.S. has been less a shift as experienced
elsewhere from bureaucratic to market modes of governance than the displacement of professional-collegial control by internal
bureaucratic control. 相似文献
12.
Carlos A. Ulibarri 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2009,33(2):135-149
This paper applies a perpetual option-pricing model in examining historical returns on paintings. A key development of the
paper is formalizing a structural relationship between rational investment decisions and historical returns to art ownership.
In this regard the options’ framework yields choice-theoretic implications on the relationship among risk, convenience yields
from art ownership, and investor ‘hurdle prices’—prices triggering the purchase and sale of artworks at auction. The methodology
offers testable implications concerning the adjustment dynamics in the relationship between historical art returns and risk-free
yields. The implications are examined in a case study of paintings of major art schools using error correction methodology.
We find evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between painting types and risk-free bond yields, and some indication
of buyers and sellers preferring exchange environments not prone to “speculative resales.”
相似文献
| Carlos A. UlibarriEmail: |
13.
Douglas J. Hodgson 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2011,35(4):287-308
We conduct an empirical analysis of the effect on the auction price of a Canadian painting of the age of the painter at the
time of creation of the painting. We consider over two hundred artists, active over the entire history of Canadian art, who
are pooled in the estimation of a hedonic regression in which a polynomial function in age enters as a regressor along with
several other control variables. We consider the possibility that the age–price relationship has changed over time by: (a)
estimating separate age–price functions for three generational groups of artists—those born before 1880, between 1880 and
1920, and after 1920 and thus coming of age in the world of post-war ‘contemporary art’ and (b) estimating a parameterization
where the shape of the age–price profile is permitted to change continuously depending on the year of birth of the artist.
Our principal result is that artists born more recently tend to ‘peak’ earlier in their careers than those of previous generations. 相似文献
14.
This essay considers recent implications of ‘new public management’ (NPM) strategies for the universities of Germany. It argues
that NPM poses a threat to the traditional values of the academic profession, and asks what the universities should do to
restore public trust in their methods and management. 相似文献
15.
The Triple Helix is a global model originating in developed economies but less developed countries have also made attempts to implement it into their national contexts. Meanwhile, the national context can be characterised by means-ends decoupling at the state level which implies that policies and practices of the state are disconnected from its core goal of creating public welfare. It refers to the oligarchic economies in which the state is captured by exploitative, rent-seeking oligarchies in business and politics. Ukraine is an example of such a country. Thus, the research question is: how did means-ends decoupling at the state level affect the implementation of the Triple Helix model in Ukraine? To answer this question, we employed both rational choice institutionalism and sociological institutionalism. The data emanate from interviews with the senior managers of four universities and science parks established within them. The findings reveal that means-ends decoupling at the state level, caused by the rent-seeking behaviour of business and political oligarchies, led to the implementation of the Triple Helix model in Ukraine also reflecting a case of means-ends decoupling. The greater the institutional complexity experienced by the science park and the more the senior managers of the university and the science park maintain a logic of confidence in practices that deviate from the Triple Helix model, the greater rent-seeking and means-ends decoupling at the organisational level. Both rent-seeking and means-ends decoupling were found to not only hinder economic growth but also result in a diversion of human intellectual capital.
相似文献16.
Ivan L. Pitt 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2010,34(3):219-236
This paper examines the economic accomplishments of individual members in a Performing Rights Organization (PRO), sometimes
referred to as a Performing Rights Society. Today, there is the growing importance of intellectual property and copyright
protection for authors and creators of literary, dramatic, musical, artistic and other intellectual works. The digital age
has placed added pressure on songwriters, lyricists and composers in their ability to derive economic benefits from their
intellectual creativity in the form of a copyright. Copyright laws protect and enable the creation of music by allowing authors and composers to license the control and use
of their creations, and receive compensation in the form of royalty payments for their work. The PROs license, collect and
distribute royalty payments for non-dramatic public performances of copyrighted musical works created and owned by its members or affiliates. In this paper, skewness and heavy tail of returns
in the form of member royalty payments are estimated using the skew-normal and skew-t distributions in a parametric approach. We found strong evidence of the so-called ‘superstar effect’ in which the average
royalty payment made by a PRO is still dominated by extreme outcomes, and relatively few members earned a substantial share
of royalty payments from blockbuster hits that have endured over time. There is little evidence of smaller niche members dominating
or replacing the ‘superstars.’ Economists and others will benefit from this empirical study which emphasizes a new understanding
of the music industry from a PRO, member royalty payment and performance copyright perspective. 相似文献
17.
Richard Swedberg 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2006,30(4):243-261
In this paper on the creative industries and cultural entrepreneurship I take my point of departure in Richard Caves’ Creative Industries [Caves, R. (2000). Creative industries: Contacts between art and commerce. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.]. While Caves draws heavily on economic analysis and contemporary sociology in his excellent analysis of these two topics, he does not use the sociological classics at all. The main purpose of the paper is an attempt to remedy this, by drawing attention to the possible contribution that the works of Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, and Georg Simmel can make to our understanding of the creative industries and cultural entrepreneurship. Since this paper was prepared as a keynote address for the 2006 conference of the Association for Cultural Economics International in Vienna, I also discuss Schumpeter’s ideas on art and entrepreneurship, ideas which grew out of Viennese culture.
相似文献
| Richard SwedbergEmail: |
18.
Using data on the ‘career’ paths of one thousand ‘leading scientists’ from 1450 to 1900, what is conventionally called the
‘rise of modern science’ is mapped as a changing geography of scientific practice in urban networks. Four distinctive networks
of scientific practice are identified. A primate network centred on Padua and central and northern Italy in the sixteenth
century expands across the Alps to become a polycentric network in the seventeenth century, which in turn dissipates into
a weak polycentric network in the eighteenth century. The nineteenth century marks a huge change of scale as a primate network
centred on Berlin and dominated by German-speaking universities. These geographies are interpreted as core-producing processes
in Wallerstein’s modern world-system; the rise of modern scientific practice is central to the development of structures of
knowledge that relate to, but do not mirror, material changes in the system.
相似文献
| David M. EvansEmail: |
19.
Joe Cox 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2008,32(3):201-214
A shared activity or pursuit can have the effect of bringing about cultural convergence in the form of patterns of behaviour
and consumption. This idea is supported by the Axelrod (1997) thesis, which suggests that cultures are more likely to interact and subsequently converge if they have shared traits: one
of these being the use of technology. This paper seeks to apply such a cultural perspective to the body of published literature
on deviations from the law of one price. Adopting a similar methodology to the popular ‘Big Mac’ index, disparity between
official market exchange rate and the real rate of exchange between two currencies is measured using local prices of video
game consoles. The results of the study suggest that, while a degree of pricing and cultural convergence across broad geographic
areas is observed, many major global currencies are trading at levels that are quite significantly different to that which
is suggested by purchasing power parity (PPP) theory.
相似文献
| Joe CoxEmail: |
20.
This paper investigates market segments for theatre demand using a latent class model. The model is applied using data from
a stated preference survey implemented in a regional theatre in England. Results allow three classes of theatregoers to be
identified. The largest and ‘main class’ comprises mainly affluent people who show a strong preference for main theatre venues,
consider reviews of the productions, whether the author is known, and like all types of shows. The second is a ‘popular class’,
exhibiting the smallest willingness to pay and manifesting a strong preference for comedies, paying little attention to venues
and disliking more sophisticated shows. The third is an ‘intellectual class’ of theatre goers, who exhibit the maximum willingness
to pay, and show a strong interest for drama and adaptation of productions, and more independent aesthetic judgement. The
study shows the usefulness of latent class models in identifying market segments, a procedure that is relevant to policy makers
and theatre managers in setting prices, identifying different kinds of consumers to increase people’s engagement with theatre,
and undertaking social analysis of performing arts. 相似文献