共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Although Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs), also called knowledge-based tutors, are becoming more common and proving to be increasingly effective, each one must still be built from scratch at a significant cost. At the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, we have developed domain independent tools for authoring all aspects of a knowledge-based tutor: the domain model, the teaching strategies, the student model, and the learning environment. In this article, I describe these tools, discuss a number of design issues and design tradeoffs that are involved in building ITS authoring tools, and discuss knowledge acquisition and representation issues encountered in my work. I also describe how we plan to use these tools (collectively called Eon), including ontology objects, as a meta-authoring tool for designing special-purpose authoring tools tailored for specific domain types. 相似文献
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In this paper we assess the extent to which expert systems technology, and in particular the idea of knowledge-based modelling, has influenced the practice of schools in our geographical area. We find that although expert system shells have gained a foothold there are no signs of a major breakthrough. We relate this situation to the time which average learners expend to build models with the current generation of shells. We propose a set of expressiveness criteria for future knowledge modelling tools. Tools which meet our criteria should empower learners to build bigger and better models. We suggest how such tools might be designed. 相似文献
4.
《Educational Philosophy and Theory》2013,45(1):213-227
In modern, Western societies the purpose of schooling is to ensure that school‐goers acquire knowledge of pre‐existing practices, events, entities and so on. The knowledge that is learned is then tested to see if the learner has acquired a correct or adequate understanding of it. For this reason, it can be argued that schooling is organised around a representational epistemology: one which holds that knowledge is an accurate representation of something that is separate from knowledge itself. Since the object of knowledge is assumed to exist separately from the knowledge itself, this epistemology can also be considered ‘spatial.’ In this paper we show how ideas from complexity have challenged the ‘spatial epistemology’ of representation and we explore possibilities for an alternative ‘temporal’ understanding of knowledge in its relationship to reality. In addition to complexity, our alternative takes its inspiration from Deweyan ‘transactional realism’ and deconstruction. We suggest that ‘knowledge’ and ‘reality’ should not be understood as separate systems which somehow have to be brought into alignment with each other, but that they are part of the same emerging complex system which is never fully ‘present’ in any (discrete) moment in time. This not only introduces the notion of time into our understanding of the relationship between knowledge and reality, but also points to the importance of acknowledging the role of the ‘unrepresentable’ or ‘incalculable’. With this understanding knowledge reaches us not as something we receive but as a response, which brings forth new worlds because it necessarily adds something (which was not present anywhere before it appeared) to what came before. This understanding of knowledge suggests that the acquisition of curricular content should not be considered an end in itself. Rather, curricular content should be used to bring forth that which is incalculable from the perspective of the present. The epistemology of emergence therefore calls for a switch in focus for curricular thinking, away from questions about presentation and representation and towards questions about engagement and response. 相似文献
5.
David Jonassen Johannes Strobel Joshua Gottdenker 《Interactive Learning Environments》2013,21(1-2):15-37
Conceptual change is a popular, contemporary conception of meaningful learning. Conceptual change describes changes in conceptual frameworks (mental models or personal theories) that learners construct to comprehend phenomena. Different theories of conceptual change describe the reorganization of conceptual frameworks that results from different forms of activity. We argue that learners' conceptual frameworks (mental models or personal theories) resulting from conceptual change are most acutely affected by model-based reasoning. Model-based reasoning is engaged and fostered by learner construction of qualitative and quantitative models of the content or phenomena they are studying using technology-based modelling tools. Model building is a powerful strategy for engaging, supporting, and assessing conceptual change in learners because these models scaffold and externalize internal, mental models by providing multiple formalisms for representing conceptual understanding and change. We demonstrate the processes and products of building models of domain content, problems, systems, experiences, and thinking processes using different technology-based modelling tools. Each tool provides alternative representational formalisms that enable learners to qualitatively and quantitatively model their conceptual frameworks. 相似文献
6.
宋刚 《暨南大学华文学院学报》2010,(3):22-32
基于纵向追踪获得的自然习得语料,本文考察了普通话儿童输出的动词重叠形式及其外部输入的情况,揭示了儿童早期习得动词重叠形式的发展进程与习得机制。研究发现,儿童早期动词习得是基于规则的;同时,外部输入能为早期动词习得提供动词重叠方式等句法特征。 相似文献
7.
N. C. Boreham 《Instructional Science》1986,15(1):191-211
This paper describes a model of efficiency in diagnostic problem solving. It is based on the protocols of three management consultants, who were asked to diagnose a performance problem given to them in the form of a tab-item. They were specifically required to test the maximum number of hypotheses with the minimum number of questions. A bounded rationality model of their judgment was developed, incorporating features of earlier knowledge-based and rule-based approaches. The nature of the diagnostic process is represented as an alternation between knowledge-driven operations on a mental model of the situation, and sensory-driven operations on the problem givens. Insights gained in the former type of episode act as an executive program to direct the search carried out in the latter type of episode. Data generated in the latter type of episode are assimilated into the problem representation constructed in the former type of episode and, by activating existing knowledge structures, generate fresh insights. These in turn direct further search, and so on. Efficiency is achieved both through intuitive leaps which occur in the knowledge-driven episodes, and by a fixed sequence of logical operations in the sensory-driven episodes. The implications of this model for the education of diagnosticians are discussed. 相似文献
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ERNESTO VILLALBA 《European Journal of Education》2010,45(2):314-330
There is little doubt as to the importance of creativity for both economic and social progress and of the need for educational systems to enhance and nurture it. However, are educational systems promoting creativity? The general feeling is that it is, in fact, being ‘killed’ in schools. The educational systems were designed for a different type of economy that valued a different set of skills. They were not designed for the so-called knowledge-based society that requires highly creative individuals, ready to be lifelong learners and to apply their knowledge and skills in a variety of settings and forms. This article maintains that a first step for the promotion of creativity, in education in particular and in society in general, is to advance in its understanding and measurement. Within the context of the Open Method of Coordination and in order to develop knowledge-based policies in education and training, it is necessary to assess if educational systems are providing students with adequate tools, including the capacity to be creative. But can creativity be measured? This article presents an overview of the creativity field with special focus on measurement issues. In the last 50 years, the field of creativity has grown. It has become embedded in urban planning, management, economics and psychology amongst other fields. Such a variety of approaches has contributed to the enrichment of the phenomenon of creativity, but also to its vagueness. The article concludes with some implications of creativity measurement for human capital development. 相似文献
9.
A computer-mediated support system for project-based learning 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
James Laffey Thomas Tupper Dale Musser John Wedman 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1998,46(1):73-86
Project-based learning places demands on learners and instructors that challenge the traditional practices and support structures of schools. Learning from doing complex, challenging, and authentic projects requires resourcefulness and planning by the student, new forms of knowledge representation in school, expanded mechanisms for collaboration and communication, and support for reflection and authentic assessment. This article describes a computer-mediated learning-support system designed as a suite of integrated, internet-based client-server tools to provide (a) intelligent support both for the processes of doing a project and for learning from doing a project, and (b) a shared dynamic knowledge base for working and learning in a community supporting project-based education. The article describes the architecture of the system, its current state of development, and findings from an initial deployment. This articulation of the system components and findings can benefit several groups. It can help (a) educators envisioning the role of technology in augmenting authentic forms of learning, (b) developers of other support systems as they compare features and implications, and (c) researchers as they frame questions about human-computer interactions in learning systems. 相似文献
10.
Sølvi Mausethagen 《Journal of Educational Change》2013,14(4):423-444
This article discusses how teachers construct new representations about accountability and professionalism in the context of increased external control. Over the last decade in particular, concerns about the quality of schooling and the quality of teachers has been raised by both politicians and the public alike, while prominent policy responses have seen an increased emphasis on student performance and the external control of professional work. Based on a 1 year long fieldwork in a Norwegian municipality, the findings imply how forms of external accountability are accepted by many teachers as a necessary and desirable development, but also one that is resisted as the policies are seen to downplay the broader aims of education. In this tension of external and internal accountability, however, alternative discourses have developed. In particular, an emphasis on scientific knowledge and research-informed practice becomes an important representation for enhancing professional legitimacy and trust. By opening up the concept of accountability, it is possible to investigate how teachers’ representations of being accountable may take new forms when teacher professionalism is reconstructed in policy. 相似文献
11.
Angela Anning 《The International Journal of Art & Design Education》1999,18(2):163-172
Young children enter formal schooling with a repertoire of modes of representation with which they try to make sense of the world – drawing, modelling, role play, storying, emergent literacy and numeracy. In drawing they use mark making for kinesthetic pleasure and later learn to repeat patterns and shapes intentionally. From these repeated marks they begin to explore the potential of drawings to represent what they know. A parallel set of drawing strategies with an explicit communicative function develop through social relationships at home or in pre-school/care settings. Children observe and mimic modes of representation and absorb the semiotics modelled by adults or older children in the community/culture[s] in which they are reared. On entering formal school, the messages children receive from the culture of classrooms is that the modes of representation that are valued are the formal symbolic modes of literacy and numeracy whereas teachers perceive drawing as useful for occupational or recreational purposes. Ironically, as children are cultured into ‘academic’ achievements, they lose out on opportunities to engage in alternative modes of representation/symbolic systems, which may offer opportunities for cognitive challenge at higher levels. Thus, whilst pushing children to perform ‘academically’ in the early stages of schooling, we underestimate them ‘intellectually’. At elementary school level children’s mark-making is shaped into a ‘catch-all’, narrative/representational style of drawing across all subjects. Children often elect to explore their own personal, culturally specific ways of drawing outside school as ‘home art’. In school their capabilities in using alternative modes of representation as tools for learning wither away. 相似文献
12.
Knowledge engineering techniques for developing expert systems may also be useful for instructional development. A review
of knowledge engineering focusing on knowledge representation and knowledge acquisition suggests ways in which these methods
could be adapted to developing instructional systems. As further work is done on intelligent computer-assisted instructional
systems and other complex instructional development projects, knowledge engineering skills may become more important for the
instructional developer. 相似文献
13.
基于设计的研究:教育研究范式的创新 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于设计的研究是为了应对知识经济社会对教育研究的挑战而发展出的一种新范式。它充分尊重教育的特殊性,认为教育是一种基于真实情境而客观存在的复杂活动;它高度关注基于实践情境的知识建构,主张知识通过建构而生成,但必须经受不同情境的检验才具有客观性和可信性;它混合定量研究与定性研究,强调通过迭代循环的限定推理来揭示学习的发生机制和变化轨迹。 相似文献
14.
P.K. Misra 《Educational Media International》2013,50(2):109-122
The changing landscape of learning is helping Asian countries to emerge as technology-driven knowledge-based societies. The success of these societies depends on promoting the acquisition of key competences and broadening opportunities for innovative and more flexible forms of learning for every citizen. Considering that in Asia almost everyone has a mobile phone or will have a mobile phone soon, the author argues that Asian countries can establish and use mobile networks for lifelong learning. The researcher proposes each-one-teach-one mobile networks as an innovative knowledge-access strategy, particularly for Asian countries and in general for all the countries across the globe. The proposed mobile networks will work on the principle that those who want to teach and those who want to learn must have a free and open service to get connected for knowledge sharing. 相似文献
15.
Niva Wengrowicz Yehudit Judy Dori Dov Dori 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2017,42(4):607-624
Project-based learning (PBL) facilitates significant learning, but it poses a major assessment challenge for assessing individual content knowledge. We developed and implemented an assessment approach and tool for a mandatory undergraduate systems engineering PBL-based course. We call this type of assessment student-oriented meta-assessment. Research participants included 131 undergraduate engineering students who carried out team projects requiring conceptual modelling of complex systems. Next, individual students assessed their peer team projects. Finally, the course staff assessed students individually, based on the content knowledge that was reflected in students’ comments to their peers, by using the new meta-assessment tool. The research findings validated the meta-assessment tool which can serve for assessing various PBL courses. Our contribution is twofold: a new approach for assessing project-based undergraduate engineering courses, and classification of meta-assessment methods into three types, where a student-oriented meta-assessment as one of the three meta-assessment methods is our newly introduced and validated method. 相似文献
16.
Jeffrey Nordine David Fortus Yaron Lehavi Knut Neumann Joe Krajcik 《Studies in Science Education》2013,49(2):177-206
ABSTRACTSchool instruction is critical for helping students use energy as a lens for making sense of phenomena, however, students often struggle to see the usefulness of energy analysis for interpreting the world around them. One reason for this may be an over-reliance on the idea of energy forms in introductory energy instruction, which may unintentionally suppress, rather than prompt, insights into how and why phenomena occur. We argue that an approach to energy instruction that emphasizes energy transfers between systems, and does not require the idea of energy forms, provides students with a more consistent and useful set of tools for interpreting phenomena. Such a perspective requires connecting the energy concept to the notion that fields, which mediate interaction-at-a-distance, are a real physical system that can transfer energy – an idea that is rarely presented in middle school science. We outline an instructional approach in which middle school students learn to interpret phenomena by modelling energy transfers between systems of interacting objects and fields. We argue that this approach presents a more physically accurate picture of energy, helps align energy instruction across disciplines, and supports students in seeing the value of energy as a lens for making sense of phenomena. 相似文献
17.
Michael B. Medland 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2007,16(2):119-153
Change and complexity are creating a need for increasing levels of literacy in science and technology. Presently, we are beginning
to provide students with clear contexts in which to learn, including clearly written text, visual displays and maps, and more
effective instruction. We are also beginning to give students tools that promote their own literacy by helping them to interact
with the learning context. These tools include peer-group skills as well as strategies to analyze text and to indicate comprehension
by way of text summaries and concept maps. Even with these tools, more appears to be needed. Disparate backgrounds and languages
interfere with the comprehension and the sharing of knowledge. To meet this need, two new tools are proposed. The first tool
fractures language ontologically, giving all learners who use it a language to talk about what has, and what has not, been
uttered in text or talk about the world. The second fractures language epistemologically, giving those involved in working
with text or on the world around them a way to talk about what they have done and what remains to be done. Together, these
tools operate as a two- tiered knowledge representation of knowledge. This representation promotes both an individual meta-cognitive
and a social meta-cognitive approach to what is known and to what is not known, both ontologically and epistemologically.
Two hypotheses guide the presentation: If the tools are taught during early childhood, children will be prepared to master
science and technology content. If the tools are used by both students and those who design and deliver instruction, the learning
of such content will be accelerated. 相似文献
18.
在教育技术领域,知识可视化指视觉表征形式,与此相对应的是承载知识的图解手段。知识可视化的视觉表征并非孤立的单位,而是符号的系统。根据视觉形式分为表层形式和深层形式,可以分别阐释知识可视化视觉表征的形式特征。知识可视化视觉表征的表层形式为色彩、线条和大小等材料因素,深层形式为线性结构、循环结构、圆形结构和网状结构和隐喻形式等空间关系。知识可视化视觉表征的形式设计中,需要构建视觉表征的结构关系,展现内容性元素;应用线条、色彩和大小等材料因素,发挥修饰性作用;文字符号与视觉形式结合,明晰所指代的内容。 相似文献
19.
试论信息时代下的高校图书馆与大学生信息素质教育工程 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李桂香 《青海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2011,33(1):148-150
高校图书馆具有传递情报和读者教育等功能。利用图书馆对大学生进行信息素质教育,是课堂教育的重要补充形式,它具有其它教育形式无法替代的优势。随着知识经济时代的到来,信息的获取和利用已成为个体生活中不可缺少的精神食粮,而当今的大学生一旦缺乏信息获取和利用的能力,则难以立足于现代社会,甚至难以成就事业。 相似文献
20.
John M. Carroll 《Performance Improvement Quarterly》1994,7(3):64-75
Designed artifacts unavoidably restructure human activity. In this sense, the design of tools and environments for people to use in their work, as well as of the training and information that support this use, can be seen as the design of human activity. This conception of what it is to design things motivates alternative representations, processes. and tools for design work. This paper describes an approach to the design of computer systems and applications in which scenarios of human-system interaction are a central working design representation. This approach is illustrated by examples from the design of a multimedia information system. 相似文献