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1.
The effectiveness of university knowledge spillovers: Performance differences between university spinoffs and corporate spinoffs 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
While much prior research has focused upon how the Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) and other contextual characteristics shape the level of university spinoffs (USO), there is little research on entrepreneurial potential among individual academics, and to the best of our knowledge, no comparative studies with other types of spinoffs exist to date. In this paper we focus on an important but neglected aspect of knowledge transfer from academic research involving the indirect flow to entrepreneurship by individuals with a university education background who become involved in new venture creation by means of corporate spinoffs (CSO) after gaining industrial experience, rather than leaving university employment to found a new venture as an academic spinoff. We argue that the commercial knowledge gained by industry experience is potentially more valuable for entrepreneurial performance compared to the academic knowledge gained by additional research experience at a university. This leads us to posit that the average performance of CSOs will be higher than comparable USOs, but the gains from founder‘s prior experiences will be relatively higher among USOs whose founders lack the corporate context. We investigate these propositions in a comparative study tracking the complete population of USOs and CSOs among the Swedish knowledge-intensive sectors between 1994 and 2002. 相似文献
2.
Although sources and determinants of academic entrepreneurship have begun to command the attention of policy-makers and researchers, there remain many unanswered questions about how individual and social factors shape the decisions of academics to engage in entrepreneurial activities. Using a large-scale panel of academics from a variety of UK universities from 2001 to 2009, this paper examines how an academics’ level of entrepreneurial capacity in terms of opportunity recognition capacity, and their prior entrepreneurial experience shape the likelihood of them being involved in starting up a new venture. In addition, we explore what role university Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) play in stimulating venture creation. The results show that individual-level attributes and experience are the most important predictors of academic entrepreneurship. We also find that the social environment surrounding the academic also plays an influential role, but its role is much less pronounced than individual-level factors. Finally, we show that the activities of the TTO play only a marginal, indirect role, in driving academics to start new ventures. We explore the implications of this analysis for policy and organizational design for academic entrepreneurship. 相似文献
3.
In this paper, we analyze the extent to which University-Level Support Mechanisms (ULSMs) and Local-Context Support Mechanisms (LCSMs) complement or substitute for each other in fostering the creation of academic spin-offs. Using a sample of 404 companies spun off from the 64 Italian Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics universities (STEM universities) over the 2000–2007 period, we show that the ULSMs’ marginal effect on universities’ spin-off productivity may be positive or negative depending on the contribution offered by different LCSMs. Specifically, in any given region, ULSMs complement the legislative support offered to high-tech entrepreneurship whereas they have a substitution effect with regard to the amount of regional social capital, regional financial development, the presence of a regional business incubator, regional public R&D expenses as well as the level of innovative performance in the region. Results support the idea that regional settings’ idiosyncrasies should be considered for universities to develop effective spin-off support policies. This paper contributes to the debate on the evaluation of economic policies supporting entrepreneurship. 相似文献
4.
Entrepreneurship involves innovation and uncertainty. We outline a theory of entrepreneurship, which highlights the importance of social networks in promoting innovation and reducing uncertainty. Our findings suggest that this “social” aspect of entrepreneurship increases the probability of entrepreneurial success. The results also lend credence to theories of entrepreneurship that suggest that entrepreneurial opportunities are formed endogenously by the entrepreneurs who create them. We also consider the public policy implications of our findings. 相似文献
5.
Does inventor ownership encourage university research-derived entrepreneurship? A six university comparison 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper examines whether university ownership of inventions made by its personnel best serves the widely held social goals of encouraging technology commercialization and entrepreneurship. Using a hand-collected census of technology-based university spin-offs from six universities, one of which is the University of Waterloo and the only inventor ownership university in North America, we compare the number and type of spin-offs produced by these universities. We find suggestive evidence that inventor ownership universities can be more efficient in generating spin-offs on both per faculty and per R&D dollar expended perspective. We find that the field of computer sciences and electrical engineering generates a greater number of spin-offs than do our other two categories – the biomedical sciences, and the field of engineering and the physical sciences. In general, our results demonstrate that inventor ownership can be extremely productive of spin-offs. From these results, we suggest that governments seeking to encourage university invention commercialization and entrepreneurship should experiment with an inventor ownership system. 相似文献
6.
The Bayh-Dole Act and scientist entrepreneurship 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Much of the literature examining the impact of the Bayh-Dole Act has been based on the impact on patenting and licensing activities emanating from offices of technology transfer. Studies based on data generated by offices of technology transfer, suggest a paucity of entrepreneurial activity from university scientists in the form on new startups. There are, however, compelling reasons to suspect that the TTO generated data may not measure all, or even most of scientist entrepreneurship. Rather than relying on measures of scientist entrepreneurship reported by the TTO and compiled by AUTM, this study instead develops alternative measures based on the commercialization activities reported by scientists. In particular, the purpose of this paper is to provide a measure of scientist entrepreneurship and identify which factors are conducive to scientist entrepreneurship and which factors inhibit scientist entrepreneurship. This enables us to compare how scientist entrepreneurship differs from that which has been established in the literature for the more general population. We do this by developing a new database measuring the propensity of scientists funded by grants from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to commercialize their research as well as the mode of commercialization. We then subject this new university scientist-based data set to empirical scrutiny to ascertain which factors influence both the propensity for scientists to become an entrepreneur. The results suggest that scientist entrepreneurship may be considerably more robust than has generally been indicated in studies based on TTO data. 相似文献
7.
选取1990-2014年间国内外有关学术创业的102篇重要文献进行扎根分析,提炼出298个编码、8个概念和4个主范畴,将学术创业的边界扩展至社会创业,在此基础上,重新审视学术创业绩效并澄清研究争议,归纳出学术创业的研究逻辑,并提出未来研究的5个新的研究命题. 相似文献
8.
我国匮乏既擅长技术研发又懂经营管理的学术型企业家,不仅制约了我国科技成果转化,而且制约了我国新兴产业的发展。本研究基于“认知-目的”论,从内生需求和外部刺激角度,揭示了我国科研人员学术创业的驱动机制;进而借助自我决定理论,探究了我国科研人员学术创业行为的类型与特征,包括内摄传统型、认同转换型和整合创业型。在此基础上,构建了基于人力资本积累的两阶段职业生涯选择的数理模型;进而结合实证分析,解析了我国缺少学术型企业家的制约因素。研究结果表明:（1）尽管学术创业具有较高的预期效益,但是学术创业的风险和转换成本较高;因此需要营造有利于学术创业的氛围,降低学术创业的成本和风险,改善学术创业的社会环境。（2）当科研人员学术创业的社会效益较高,并且学术创业的转换成本较低时,科研人员可能会转型为学术企业家。（3）当科研人员的非科研技能获取成本较高时,并且社会的创业环境不够完善时,科研人员会选择风险规避策略,即放弃学术创业,转而从事学术研究。最后,本文提出了促进我国科研人员学术创业的政策建议,旨在推动我国学术型企业家的涌现,推进我国创业型经济的建设。 相似文献
9.
以1980至2020年发表的相关文献为基础,对学术创业的研究内容进行梳理,内容如下：（1）总结了已有研究中常用的学术创业概念和分类;（2）围绕学术创业主体,重点阐述了个体层面学术创业活动的研究成果;（3）对学术创业领域常用的理论及其适用问题进行了诠释;（4）从社会经济和基础科学两个方面介绍了学术创业的影响;（5）提出学术创业的研究展望,即关注数智经济阶段学术创业类型的变化、拓展学术创业研究的理论视角、扩充学术创业的研究主题以及在进一步完善国内学术创业研究体系的同时,深化中国制度背景下学术创业问题的探索,如儒家文化环境中的学术创业动机,不同地区/省份的学术创业差异等。通过对已有研究的梳理,为中国学术创业的研究和发展提供了参考。 相似文献
10.
As university involvement in technology transfer and entrepreneurship has increased, concerns over the patenting and licensing of scientific discoveries have grown. This paper examines the effect that the licensing of academic patents has on journal citations to academic publications covering the same scientific research. We analyze data on invention disclosures, patents, and licenses from the University of California, a leading U.S. academic patenter and licensor, between 1997 and 2007. We also develop a novel “inventor-based” maximum-likelihood matching technique to automate and generalize Murray's (2002) “patent-paper pairs” methodology. We use this methodology to identify the scientific publications associated with University of California patents and licenses.Based on a “difference-in-differences” analysis, we find that within our sample of patented academic discoveries, citations to licensed patent-linked publications are higher in the three years after the license, although this difference is not statistically significant. We then disaggregate our sample into (a) patented discoveries that are likely to be used as “research tools” by other researchers (based on the presence of material transfer agreements (MTAs) that cover them) and (b) patented discoveries not covered by MTAs. Citations to publications linked to licensed patents in the latter subset (not covered by MTAs) are higher for publications linked to licensed patents, and this difference is statistically significant. In contrast, licensing of patented discoveries that are also research tools is associated with a reduction in citations to papers linked to these research advances, raising the possibility that licensing may restrict the flow of inputs to “follow-on” scientific research. 相似文献
11.
学术创业团队中持续合作意愿的构建机制———基于过程与结果双重视角 《科学学研究》2022,40(12):2228-2237
学术创业是科研人员转化创新成果的重要方式，其创业特质与创新政策受到学者们的广泛关注，却忽视了学术创业团队的可持续发展机制。基于组织生态理论与锦标赛激励理论，本文以高校学术创业团队为研究对象，分析了合作关系对持续合作意愿的“双刃剑”效应，从过程与结果视角分别探讨了任务关系与合作质量在团队可持续发展机制中的作用效果。研究表明：学术创业团队中，合作关系对合作质量和持续合作意愿均具有倒U型影响，合作时间过长或过短都会削弱合作质量、降低合作意愿；从结果视角来看，合作质量在合作关系对持续合作意愿的影响中起完全中介作用，并且中介效应随着合作关系的增强而减弱；从过程视角来看，任务独立负向调节合作关系对过程质量的影响，任务依赖则正向调节合作关系对结果质量的影响效果。研究结论解构了学术创业团队的运行机制，为创新驱动战略下高校科技体制改革提供了参考依据。 相似文献
12.
学术创业的技术学习系统研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(11):2027-2034
学术创业的涌现是大学基础研究向工业技术领域扩张的必然结果，现已成为发达国家构建核心竞争力的重要路径。然而，现有研究普遍将学术创业实验室端的技术学习视为技术学习的全部，未能绘制学术创业技术学习的内在机制和总廓。文章通过对学术创业的技术学习过程进行分析，发现学术创业的技术学习系统由实验室端的“干中学”学习子系统和用户端的“用中学”学习子系统构成，两个子系统各不相同、互为补充且互不替代，共同构成循环反馈的创新迭代机制；并且，学术创业团队主导并管控“用中学”子系统将有效提高创新迭代效率，政府有目标、有组织的供给新技术场景有力推进学术创业团队打通自主创新链路。 相似文献
13.
This article develops a general framework to describe the changes in university IPR regulations in Europe and their effects on the patenting activities of universities and on knowledge transfer processes. Understanding the effects of changes in IPR regulations on academic patenting is a complex issue, and parallels with the US case can be misleading. First, despite the general trend towards institutional ownership, university IPR regulations in Europe remain extremely differentiated and there is no one-to-one mapping to the US system. Second, it is difficult to disentangle the quantitative and qualitative effects of changes in IPR ownership regulations on academic patenting activities from the effects of concurrent transformations in the institutional, cultural and organizational landscape surrounding academic knowledge transfer. The article proposes a review and typological classification of national university IPR ownership systems on the basis of their development since 2000, and uses it to analyze the aggregate dynamics of academic patent ownership in several European countries. The analysis of patterns of ownership of academic patents shows that there has been a general increase in university patenting since 1990, with a significant slowdown (and even reduction in some countries) after early 2000s accompanied by a switch in academic patents ownership in favor of university ownership though preserving the European specificity of high company ownership of academic invented patents. 相似文献
14.
We examine three hypotheses regarding the effects of the Bayh-Dole Act on research effort of faculty. The first hypothesis we call the status quo hypothesis and it asserts that there has been no effect on research profiles. The second hypothesis, which we call the negative hypothesis, asserts that faculty have been diverted from their traditional role in basic research toward research with more commercial potential. Our final hypothesis is derived from prior theoretical work that suggests that both basic and applied research is greater when faculty can benefit from commercialization of their research effort; we refer to this as the positive hypothesis. The data we examine are the research and invention disclosure of faculty at 8 US universities over the period 1983–1999. Using a citation based measure of basic research publications we relate basic research effort to invention disclosures. Our findings are clear in that they do not show any support for the negative hypothesis and they show substantially greater support for the positive hypothesis than for the status quo hypothesis. 相似文献
15.
依托五大外文检索系统,对23年间（1988—2010）国外制度创业研究的学术论文进行了检索,并结合社会科学引文索引（SSCI）的期刊评价标准,运用文献计量学方法,对论文数量的年度分布、期刊分布、研究情境、研究对象、研究内容及研究文献的被引用量等内容进行了统计分析。总结了当前国外制度创业理论的研究现状,并对未来的发展方向和值得研究的问题进行了讨论。 相似文献
16.
运用可视化分析方法,以1998—2018年CSSCI学术期刊中的文献为数据来源绘制我国创新创业教育主题演进图谱,研究发现,首先,创新创业教育、大学生、高校等代表该领域主要的研究热点以及主要的学术扩散点和连接点。其次,我国创新创业教育研究主题大致经过理念探索与初步聚焦(1998—2007年)和聚焦发展与深入推进(2008—2018年)两个阶段。基于创新创业教育的发展历程,探讨发展民族地区创新创业教育的3个可能路径:第一,将创新创业教育融入到民族教育之中;第二,打造少数民族创新创业服务平台;第三,创新创业教育助力民族地区精准扶贫。 相似文献
17.
李华晶 《科学学与科学技术管理》2009,30(2)
作为一个广义外延的概念体系,学术创业是指在创业型环境制度背景下,学者和学术组织突破资源束缚、识别利用机会以实现个体和组织成长的过程,这不仅限于学术组织内部的创业活动,还包括与其他外部机构之间的作用关系.基于学者、学术组织以及环境三个要素的整合,学术创业研究呈现多层面、多视角的态势. 相似文献
18.
基于知识溢出视角的学术创业问题探究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
科学的扩散功能为知识溢出效应提供了条件,推动学术主体履行创业使命,从而引出了"学术创业"这一崭新命题.学术创业不仅包括由学者或学术组织所参与的商业化创业活动,还包括学者对学术生涯的创业型管理.根据创业导向的不同,学术创业可分为内向型、外向型和中间型三种类型,通过衍生企业和技术许可两种主要实践途径,学术创业为科学知识转化为创业资源并促进经济发展发挥着重要作用. 相似文献
19.
We run an Event History Analysis on a sample of Italian researchers in the field of Materials Science, aiming at understanding how the characteristics of the research trajectories followed by scientists in academia affect their opportunities to do development of industrial applications. Results of our estimates suggest that all measures of academic performances have a dual effect, although different in magnitude. Scientists that are moving along applied research trajectories find it easier to produce industrial applications than their colleagues engaged in the quest for very fundamental understanding. We interpret our results by suggesting that, for the former, more academic research results in more exploitable results, hence in more chances to patent; for the latter, more academic research makes it just more unlikely that they will find the time to produce industrial applications. Similar results apply for the low versus high research impact. 相似文献
20.
Academics or entrepreneurs? Investigating role identity modification of university scientists involved in commercialization activity 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Establishing the microfoundations of academic entrepreneurship requires closer scrutiny of a key actor contributing to this phenomenon—the university scientist. We investigate the sense-making that scientists engage in as part of their participation in technology transfer and postulate that this process involves a potential modification in their role identity. We analyzed more than 70 h of interview data at a premier U.S. public research university. We observe that scientists invoke rationales for involvement that are congruent with their academic role identity. They typically adopt a hybrid role identity that comprises a focal academic self and a secondary commercial persona. We delineate two mechanisms – delegating and buffering – that these individuals deploy to facilitate such salience in their hybrid role identity. Overall, these patterns suggest that university scientists take active steps to preserve their academic role identity even as they participate in technology transfer. Our findings clarify the social psychological processes underlying scientist involvement in commercialization activity, and offer fresh insights to the academic entrepreneurship, science policy and role identity literatures. 相似文献