共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Frederick J. Brigham Thomas E. Scruggs Margo A. Mastropieri 《Learning disabilities research & practice》2011,26(4):223-232
Students with learning disabilities (LD) are increasingly expected to master content in the general education curriculum, making the need for effective instructional supports more important than ever before. Science is a part of the curriculum that can be particularly challenging to students with LD because of the diverse demands it places on cognitive performance. In this summary we review a number of strategies that have been validated for learners with LD. The strategies include supports for (a) verbal learning of declarative information, (b) processing information in texts, (c) activities‐based instruction/experiential learning, (d) scientific thinking and reasoning, and (e) differentiated instruction. We also summarize the research regarding the impact of teacher behavior on achievement for students with LD in science education. The strategies reviewed yield tangible and positive effect sizes that suggest that their application to the target domain will substantially improve outcomes for students with LD in science education. 相似文献
2.
Sharing similar cognitive structures among team members is one key element for the collective to solve problems and work more efficiently (DeChurch & Mesmer‐Magnus, 2010). Research has shown that team cognition is positively associated with team performance in both organizational and educational settings. Team shared cognition constructs are relatively new constructs and have been identified in the literature as team mental models, shared mental models, information sharing, transactive memory systems, cognitive congruence, and group learning. Cannon‐Bowers and Salas (2001) called for better measures of shared cognition to be developed, partially through the integration of shared cognition measures across disciplines. The purpose of this meta‐analysis is to look at these six team cognition constructs in an effort to help identify which measure, if any, results in predicting team performance best. Results indicated that information sharing was statistically significant compared to team mental memory and group learning, and marginally significant compared to transactive memory systems. Additionally, shared mental models and cognitive congruence showed higher associations with performance compared to team mental models, group learning, and transactive memory systems. 相似文献
3.
The notion of design thinking is becoming more concrete nowadays, as design researchers and practitioners study the thinking processes involved in design and employ the concept of design thinking to foster better solutions to complex and ill‐defined problems. The goal of the present research is to develop a cognitive activity‐based design methodology for novice visual communication designers, which will be achieved by mapping the findings from a comparative analysis of novice and expert visual communication designers' thinking processes onto the prospective methodology. Under the proposed methodology, activity modes take place in a chronological flow under specific guidelines involving various forms of design cognition. The guidelines correlate to design phases from problem structuring to detailed design and to the cognitive processes of divergent and convergent thinking. The methodology gives open‐ended instruction to novices endeavouring to proceed with the design process, solve complex design problems and make better design decisions. This research has value for its unique approach to methodology development. Furthermore, the proposed methodology provides guidance for more effective cognitive activities during the design process and holds potential for implementation in design education due to its focus on the needs of novice designers. 相似文献
4.
An integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
Literature on the contributions of social cognitive and emotion processes to children's social competence is reviewed and interpreted in the context of an integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing. Neurophysiological and functional evidence for the centrality of emotion processes in personal-social decision making is reviewed. Crick and Dodge's model is presented as a cognitive model of social decision making, and a revised model is proposed into which emotion processes are integrated. Hypotheses derived from the proposed model are described. 相似文献
5.
Self-efficacy and achievement behaviors 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
Dale H. Schunk 《Educational Psychology Review》1989,1(3):173-208
In this article self-efficacy research is reviewed in domains relevant to education. Research addressing cognitive skills, social skills, motor skills, and career choices has shown that self-efficacy is an important construct that helps to explain students' learning and performance of achievement-related behaviors. Research also has identified variables that are associated with educational contexts and that signal to students how well they are achieving or making progress in learning. These task-engagement variables include models/social comparative information, goal setting, attributional and performance feedback, strategy instruction, cognitive processing, and reward contingencies. A suggested future self-efficacy research agenda might include maintenance and generalization of changes in self-efficacy, the identification of additional task-engagement variables, instrument development and validation, integration of efficacy information from diverse sources, developmental influences on self-efficacy, and teachers' sense of efficacy. 相似文献
6.
滕秀芹 《山东教育学院学报》2011,26(3):70-74
学前儿童＂三阶梯＂数学教学法,指在数学教学过程中,教师根据学前儿童认知发展的三个阶段和思维发展的三级水平,有目的、有计划地引导其认知能力由低级向高级、由外部向内部、由感知运动阶段向形象表象阶段达至词语概念阶段的递进式发展的教学方法。此方法符合学前儿童认知发展的由易到难、循序渐进和螺旋式上升的规律,是发展学前儿童思维结构、促进其数学思维能力发展的有效策略。其理论依据主要是认知发展理论和信息加工理论。 相似文献
7.
This paper explores the neglected area of categories of individual difference in human cerebral function. During thinking and decision making, it is hypothesised that different people process the same information in different ways, using different areas of the brain. Recent work suggests that individuals can be categorised into a small number of consistent groups of thinking, or cognitive, style. The different ways of processing reflect two basic dimensions of cognitive style. A simple computer‐presented method of determining cognitive style has been developed.
It is probable that these styles have an underlying cerebral basis. The styles are likely to be related to cerebral orientation. The specialisation of one cerebral hemisphere for verbal function and the other for visuo‐spatial has been long established. Hemispheric specialisation has been associated with the right hemisphere being the location of the visuo‐spatial and the left the verbal function, although evidence for this has been sometimes conflicting. This is not surprising when attention has not been paid to individual differences in cognitive style, as subjects of different styles will use different processes when doing the same cognitive task. Individual differences in orientation have not been clearly linked to differences in cognitive style.
It is proposed that studies could usefully explore the cerebral basis of individual differences in cognitive style, by measuring EEG asymmetries of individuals of specific cognitive styles, during the performance of a range of cognitive tasks. It is proposed that this would identify the location of certain brain functions associated with the different processing underlying the styles. A subsidiary intention is to assess the effectiveness of digital EEG monitoring as a research tool in this context. 相似文献
8.
《Teaching and Teacher Education》1995,11(1):1-21
This debate contrasts interpretive and cognitive approaches to explaining teachers' thoughts and actions, exploring epistemological and ontological assumptions that broadly underlie research on teaching. Fundamental to the discussion is whether cognition should be construed as individual mental processing of privately held information structures or as a social event in which thinking is situated, shared, intersubjective, and practical. Also addressed is whether an effective explanation of teaching can rest mainly on an account of a teacher's cognition or whether it must attend equally to an examination of the place in which the teaching occurs and, if the latter, how place exerts its influence. 相似文献
9.
学生认知结构的组建和优化应做到以下几点：注意揭示和反映数学的发生发展过，在此基础上重建一个更为完善的知识结构，改革传统教学模式，调动学生参与思维的积极性，促使由知识结构向认知结构的转化；加强策略化知识的教学，实现学生认知结构的优化。 相似文献
10.
Jacquelyn Bessell Patricia Riddell 《Changing English: An International Journal of English Teaching》2016,23(4):326-334
ABSTRACTEvidence suggests that some cognitive processes are based on sensorimotor systems in the brain (embodied cognition). The premise of this is that ‘Biological brains are first and foremost the control systems for biological bodies’. It has therefore been suggested that both online cognition (processing as we move through the world) and offline cognition (processing through reflection) might be body-based. We tested whether acting out or thinking movements relevant to a poem would therefore improve memory for the poem. Here, we discuss the results of this study in relation to embodied cognition. 相似文献
11.
Regulatory aspects of development can best be understood by research that conceptualizes relations between cognition and emotion. The neural mechanisms associated with regulatory processes may be the same as those associated with higher order cognitive processes. Thus, from a developmental cognitive neuroscience perspective, emotion and cognition are dynamically linked and work together to process information and execute action. This article highlights the authors' recent efforts at integrating emotion regulation and cognitive processing during the first year of life by focusing on the methodological criteria outlined by Cole, Martin, and Dennis (this issue), and it discusses the idea that emotion and cognition are an intricately bound developmental process. 相似文献
12.
Yam San Chee 《Instructional Science》1995,23(1-3):133-161
With the rise of the situated cognition paradigm in cognitive science, cognitive apprenticeship has become increasingly prominent as a model of instruction. This paper critically reviews traditional approaches to learning and education to motivate the need for fresh ways of thinking about these topics. Cognitive apprenticeship as an approach to improving learning and education is described. We present an overview ofSmallTALKER, a learning environment for Smalltalk programming, and illustrate how the instructional methods of cognitive apprenticeship have been applied in developing that system. The paper concludes with a discussion of issues related to system development effort, evaluation, perceived limitations, and plans for related work. 相似文献
13.
Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is a relatively common (1/500 to 1/1,000) genetic syndrome caused by an extra X chromosome in males, leading to an XXY karyotype. In most cases, the physical and neurobehavioral characteristics of KS are relatively mild, and KS is not usually associated with moderate or severe mental retardation. However, KS is often associated with significant language‐based learning disabilities and executive dysfunction, making it a plausible genetic model for understanding the neurobiology of these areas of cognition that are so fundamental to learning in a classroom. Additionally, the psychosocial aspects of KS, which can have a significant impact on school performance and learning, have been explored only on an anecdotal level. We have conducted pilot studies in a small group of KS adolescents and adults to begin to identify the social, emotional, and adaptive behavior issues facing KS subjects and have identified several areas for further research. This includes characterization of mild maladaptive behaviors, as well as significant strengths in other areas. Further work is needed to determine how the social‐emotional and cognitive features of the disorder interact or change over the lifetime of subjects and how the learning disabilities respond to hormonal or cognitive‐based therapy. 相似文献
14.
15.
Wolfgang Lenhard Herbert Baier Darius Endlich Wolfgang Schneider Joachim Hoffmann 《Journal of Research in Reading》2013,36(2):223-240
There are many established reading strategy training programmes, which explicitly teach strategic and meta‐cognitive knowledge to improve reading comprehension. Although instruction in strategy knowledge leads to improvements in meta‐cognitive skills, the effects do not always transfer to reading comprehension. Therefore, to investigate preconditions for knowledge transfer, two different strategy training programmes were implemented in nine classes of Grade 6 students (N = 148) over the course of one school year. One programme involved teacher‐directed instruction of declarative meta‐cognitive knowledge (Reading Detectives; Rühl & Souvignier, 2006). The other aimed at improving executive meta‐cognition by guided practice: students worked with a computer program based on latent semantic analysis (LSA) (conText) and received immediate feedback on written summaries. Although both groups improved their strategy knowledge to the same extent, the conText group showed a greater improvement in reading comprehension. These fndings suggest that guided practice, which is characterised by intensive practice and individualised corrective feedback, is superior to explicitly teaching strategy knowledge. 相似文献
16.
基于CTCL研究范式,从"学习之前的认知状况"的角度,对信息技术学科学习心理进行研究。以"汉字的处理"及"计算机病毒"学习内容为例,采用非概率随意抽样的方法选取了即将初中毕业的70名学生,对其认知状况进行了开放式问卷调查。研究表明:高中信息技术学习之前的认知可以分为术语模糊替换、认知结构不当、认知零星分散、认知黑箱四种类型。对于学生在日常生活中不太熟悉的学习内容,学习之前认知类型以认知结构不当、认知零星分散及认知黑箱居多;对于学生在日常生活中较为熟悉的学习内容,学习之前认知类型集中在认知结构不当及认知黑箱两种类型中。最后,尝试对高中信息技术基于学生认知的教学设计提出一些建议。 相似文献
17.
The Inventory of Learning Processes is a unique measure of learning style in that it was developed within the context of cognitive psychology, and derived from laboratory research concerned with information processing and memory. The present paper describes some of the early research examining the validity of the original Inventory of Learning Processes, and then presents a revised version of the inventory along with reliability and validity data. More than 15 years of research with the same assessment instrument have lead to the development of a model of student learning. The two major routes to academic achievement are reflective processing and agentic processing. Reflective processing is somewhat free‐associative and ultimately dialectical, deriving personal meaning by contrasting opposing perspectives on one's experience. Reflective processing includes deep and elaborative processing, and a determination to express one's self. The other approach to achievement, agentic processing, is highly directed, purposive and responsive to external contingencies. Agentic processing includes conventional serial processing and fact retention. Ultimately, the smooth flow of cognition (and thus integration and versatility with regard to functions) is limited by one's self‐concept. It appears that one's concept of self‐as‐student includes intrinsic motivation, self‐efficacy, a reluctance to blindly memorise the words of authority figures and self‐esteem. Difficulties on any of these dimensions tend to short‐circuit the total involvement of self and limit the extent to which cognitive activity can flow smoothly during academic studying. 相似文献
18.
基于全信息理论的认知模型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
浦江 《彭城职业大学学报》2012,(4):49-54
依据全信息理论,在吸收认知及脑科学研究成果的基础上,提出了认知的层次模型,即信息认知模型和知识认知模型．信息认知模型满足于人类的基本需求,知识认知模型适用于高层次需求．该认知模型为研究人类的认知过程和思维方式提供了一条新的路径． 相似文献
19.
20.
王铁梅 《连云港教育学院学报》2013,(4):63-66
本研究对泰州学院中外合作背景下58名ESL（English as Second Language）学习者的二语写作过程进行了问卷调查;并对调查结果中的认知思维做了相关分析.结果显示：（1）ESL学习者在写作中大量借助母语思维;（2）学习者在文本创作过程中借鉴了语码转换、重复、边写边说、头脑风暴等认知思维技巧;（3）头脑风暴等认知策略能够帮助学习者进行文本内容、结构的构思,有助于提高学习者的二语写作水平. 相似文献