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1.
“亚洲水塔”变化与影响   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文
以青藏高原为核心的"第三极"是除南极和北极以外冰雪储量最大的地区,被称为"亚洲水塔",包括面积约1×10~5 km~2的冰川、总面积约5×10~4 km~2的湖泊和长江、黄河、雅鲁藏布江、印度河、恒河、湄公河、阿姆河、塔里木河等10多条亚洲大江大河的源头。"亚洲水塔"变化关系着中国的水资源利用以及"一带一路"地区众多国家的水安全。在气候变暖背景下,"亚洲水塔"正在发生以失衡为特征的剧烈变化。冰川加速退缩、湖泊整体显著扩张、冰川径流增加等过程都和"亚洲水塔"失衡密切相关。"亚洲水塔"的失衡变化导致了青藏高原及周边地区水资源和水灾害风险增加,出现了冰崩等新型灾害。这些变化也可以通过大气圈和水圈产生广域效应,进而和南极、北极变化协同联动,影响全球气候变化和水循环。第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究聚焦于过去50年来"亚洲水塔"动态变化及其影响,与"泛第三极环境变化与绿色丝绸之路建设"专项实施一道,为我国资源环境重大战略需求和绿色"一带一路"发展,提出应对"亚洲水塔"变化与影响的科学对策和水资源规划管理及可持续发展的科学指导,以服务于全球生态环境保护、人类命运共同体建设。  相似文献   

2.
In the past three decades, China has built more than 87 000 dams with a storage capacity of ≈6560 km3 and the total surface area of inland water has increased by 6672 km2. Leaching of N from fertilized soils to rivers is the main source of N pollution in China, but the exposure of a growing inland water area to direct atmospheric N deposition and N leaching caused by N deposition on the terrestrial ecosystem, together with increased N deposition and decreased N flow, also tends to raise N concentrations in most inland waters. The contribution of this previously ignored source of  N deposition to freshwaters is estimated in this study, as well as mitigation strategies. The results show that the annual amounts of N depositions ranged from 4.9 to 16.6 kg · ha−1 · yr−1 in the 1990s to exceeding 20 kg · ha−1 · yr−1 in the 2010s over most of regions in China, so the total mass of ΔN (the net contribution of N deposition to the increase in N concentration) for lakes, rivers and reservoirs change from 122.26 Gg N · yr−1 in the 1990s to 237.75 Gg N · yr−1 in the 2010s. It is suggested that reducing the N deposition from various sources, shortening the water-retention time in dams and decreasing the degree of regulation for rivers are three main measures for preventing a continuous increase in the N-deposition pollution to inland water in China.  相似文献   

3.
青藏高原的湖泊面积超过我国湖泊总面积的50%以上,是"亚洲水塔"的重要组成部分。20世纪70年代—2018年,湖泊数量和面积均出现明显增长,但变化速率并不均一。1990年之前,低温抑制冰川融水导致湖泊水量出现负平衡。1990—2000年,温度升高使得冰川融水和湖泊水量增加。2000年以后,降水是导致湖泊水量增加的主要因素,但2005—2013年的连续气温上升,使得蒸发加强并削弱了湖泊水量增加的速率。在青藏高原中西部和西北部地区,2000—2013年的湖泊水量增加则更多是受冰川融水的主要影响。20世纪70年代—2013年,青藏高原湖泊水量变化的空间特征与西风和印度季风区降水变化趋势一致。气温上升和增加的长波辐射使得湖泊水温明显增加,并促进了食物链的传输效率。随着湖泊水量增加,湖泊盐度普遍下降,继而增加了生物多样性,使湖泊生态系统结构相对复杂。未来20年,青藏高原内陆封闭湖泊水量将继续增长,但速率将有所下降。对"亚洲水塔"而言,青藏高原的湖泊研究应聚焦宏观尺度的水量赋存与水量平衡、湖水主要理化性质与生态系统参数,以及湖泊变化在大尺度气候变化中的水循环作用过程。  相似文献   

4.
西风与印度季风两大环流是控制青藏高原气候与环境变化的决定性因素。研究显示两大环流的影响范围和程度具有明显的空间分异:基于降水稳定同位素实测与模型模拟发现青藏高原现代西风与印度季风的相互作用特征表现为3种模态,即印度季风模态、西风模态和过渡模态。基于湖泊沉积记录的分析,发现3种模态主控范围在历史时期不断发生变化。3种模态对现代青藏高原环境产生连锁式环境效应,使得该区的冰川、湖泊、生态系统变化具有明显的区域特征,具体表现为印度季风模态的冰川强烈退缩,湖泊趋于萎缩;西风模态的冰川趋于稳定甚至部分出现前进,湖泊趋于扩张;过渡模态的冰川退缩程度减弱,湖泊变化不明显。西风模态的植被返青期提前,印度季风模态的植被返青期推后,而过渡模态的植被过程比较复杂。  相似文献   

5.
Human genetic adaptation to high altitudes (>2500 m) has been extensively studied over the last few years, but few functional adaptive genetic variants have been identified, largely owing to the lack of deep-genome sequencing data available to previous studies. Here, we build a list of putative adaptive variants, including 63 missense, 7 loss-of-function, 1,298 evolutionarily conserved variants and 509 expression quantitative traits loci. Notably, the top signal of selection is located in TMEM247, a transmembrane protein-coding gene. The Tibetan version of TMEM247 harbors one high-frequency (76.3%) missense variant, rs116983452 (c.248C > T; p.Ala83Val), with the T allele derived from archaic ancestry and carried by >94% of Tibetans but absent or in low frequencies (<3%) in non-Tibetan populations. The rs116983452-T is strongly and positively correlated with altitude and significantly associated with reduced hemoglobin concentration (p = 5.78 × 10−5), red blood cell count (p = 5.72 × 10−7) and hematocrit (p = 2.57 × 10−6). In particular, TMEM247-rs116983452 shows greater effect size and better predicts the phenotypic outcome than any EPAS1 variants in association with adaptive traits in Tibetans. Modeling the interaction between TMEM247-rs116983452 and EPAS1 variants indicates weak but statistically significant epistatic effects. Our results support that multiple variants may jointly deliver the fitness of the Tibetans on the plateau, where a complex model is needed to elucidate the adaptive evolution mechanism.  相似文献   

6.
吕方  杜婷  杨俊  席建超  李雪铭 《资源科学》2014,36(4):848-855
湖泊水域的动态变化对湖泊水资源开发、湖泊生态环境保护以及洪涝灾害预报具有重要的指导意义。近年来南四湖自然水域面积变化剧烈,并引发了一系列生态环境问题。基于山东省南四湖多时序遥感与土地利用数据,运用遥感和GIS技术,采用GIS空间分析的方法,选取湖泊水域变化幅度、湖泊分形维数变化指数、湖泊变化强度指数和土地利用转移矩阵等因子,对南四湖30年的自然水域面积变化和形态变化特征进行分析,在此基础上探讨南四湖自然水域和其他土地利用类型的转移变化特点;最后对引起自然水域面积变化的机制进行了分析。研究结果表明:①南四湖自然水域30年间面积共减小529.02km2,减少了44.45%,年平均减小量为17.63km2;②研究时段内,景观分形维数呈先下降后上升的趋势;其中,1982-1992年自然水域景观分形维数呈下降趋势,而1992-2002年,2002-2012年景观分形维数呈上升趋势,说明在研究时段内1982-1992年人类活动对南四湖自然水域的影响相对于1992-2012年较大;③总体上,自然水域变化强度呈先增大后减小的趋势,其中河流在2002-2012年,1992-2002年两个时段变化强度数为整正数,水域减小趋势得到了一定程度的控制;④研究时段内南四湖自然水域主要转换为农用地,其次为建设用地,说明人类活动和城市经济的发展对自然水域的影响较大。  相似文献   

7.
近期亚洲中部高山地区湖泊变化的时空分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
李均力  方晖  包安明  杨辽 《资源科学》2011,33(10):1839-1846
亚洲中部高山地区湖泊是气候与环境变化的敏感指示器,湖泊面积与水位的变化客观地反映了该地区水资源的时空变化过程。充分认识高山地区湖泊变化的特征及驱动性因素,有利于正确评估气候变化和人类活动对湖泊变化的影响。本文针对高山地区缺乏观测资料的特点,利用遥感资料重建近期亚洲中部高山地区湖泊的水位及面积变化信息,并在此基础上分析了水位和面积对湖泊变化描述的敏感程度,分别从湖泊类型、区域分布和影响因素讨论了近期亚洲中部高山地区湖泊的时空特征。水位可以更好地描述高山湖泊变化的时空过程,10月份是中亚高山地区湖泊相对稳定的时期。对于封闭性湖泊而言,近期青藏高原北部地区的湖泊扩张明显,而天山中部的湖泊水位微弱上升或保持不变,而阿尔泰山地区的湖泊处于萎缩的状态,湖泊的变化与降水及冰川分布具有较好的相关性。吞吐型湖泊的变化按有无水坝呈两种变化趋势,出水口建有水坝的外流湖水位下降明显,而自然状态下的外流湖水位相对稳定,一定程度上反映了近年来过度向吞吐型湖泊引水与开发的趋势。  相似文献   

8.
Resolving regional carbon budgets is critical for informing land-based mitigation policy. For nine regions covering nearly the whole globe, we collected inventory estimates of carbon-stock changes complemented by satellite estimates of biomass changes where inventory data are missing. The net land–atmospheric carbon exchange (NEE) was calculated by taking the sum of the carbon-stock change and lateral carbon fluxes from crop and wood trade, and riverine-carbon export to the ocean. Summing up NEE from all regions, we obtained a global ‘bottom-up’ NEE for net land anthropogenic CO2 uptake of –2.2 ± 0.6 PgC yr−1 consistent with the independent top-down NEE from the global atmospheric carbon budget during 2000–2009. This estimate is so far the most comprehensive global bottom-up carbon budget accounting, which set up an important milestone for global carbon-cycle studies. By decomposing NEE into component fluxes, we found that global soil heterotrophic respiration amounts to a source of CO2 of 39 PgC yr−1 with an interquartile of 33–46 PgC yr−1—a much smaller portion of net primary productivity than previously reported.  相似文献   

9.
Hollow nanoparticles with large specific surface area and high atom utilization are promising catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We describe herein the design and synthesis of a series of ultra-small hollow ternary alloy nanostructures using a simple one-pot strategy. The same technique was demonstrated for hollow PtNiCu nanoparticles, hollow PtCoCu nanoparticles and hollow CuNiCo nanoparticles. During synthesis, the displacement reaction and oxidative etching played important roles in the formation of hollow structures. Moreover, our hollow PtNiCu and PtCoCu nanoparticles were single crystalline, with an average diameter of 5 nm. Impressively, ultra-small hollow PtNiCu nanoparticles, containing only 10% Pt, exhibited greater electrocatalytic HER activity and stability than a commercial Pt/C catalyst. The overpotential of hollow PtNiCu nanoparticles at 10 mA cm−2 was 28 mV versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The mass activity was 4.54 A mgPt−1 at −70 mV versus RHE, which is 5.62-fold greater than that of a commercial Pt/C system (0.81 A mgPt−1). Through analyses of bonding and antibonding orbital filling, density functional theory calculations demonstrated that the bonding strength of different metals to the hydrogen intermediate (H*) was in the order of Pt > Co > Ni > Cu. The excellent HER performance of our hollow PtNiCu nanoparticles derives from moderately synergistic interactions between the three metals and H*. This work demonstrates a new strategy for the design of low-cost and high-activity HER catalysts.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
Applying metal organic frameworks (MOFs) in electrochemical systems is a currently emerging field owing to the rich metal nodes and highly specific surface area of MOFs. However, the problems for MOFs that need to be solved urgently are poor electrical conductivity and low ion transport. Here we present a facile in situ growth method for the rational synthesis of MOFs@hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (HMCS) yolk–shell-structured hybrid material for the first time. The size of the encapsulated Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 (ZIF-67) is well controlled to 100 nm due to the spatial confinement effect of HMCS, and the electrical conductivity of ZIF-67 is also increased significantly. The ZIF@HMCS-25% hybrid material obtained exhibits a highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction activity with 0.823 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) half-wave potential and an even higher kinetic current density (JK = 13.8 mA cm−2) than commercial Pt/C. ZIF@HMCS-25% also displays excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance and the overpotential of ZIF@HMCS-25% at 10 mA cm−2 is 407 mV. In addition, ZIF@HMCS-25% is further employed as an air electrode for a rechargeable Zn–air battery, exhibiting a high power density (120.2 mW cm−2 at 171.4 mA cm−2) and long-term charge/discharge stability (80 h at 5 mA cm−2). This MOFs@HMCS yolk–shell design provides a versatile method for the application of MOFs as electrocatalysts directly.  相似文献   

12.
Hydrothermal fluid is essential for transporting metals in the crust and mantle. To explore the potential of Cu isotopes as a tracer of hydrothermal-fluid activity, Cu-isotope fractionation factors between Cl-bearing aqueous fluids and silicate magmas (andesite, dacite, rhyolite dacite, rhyolite and haplogranite) were experimentally calibrated. Fluids containing 1.75–14 wt.% Cl were mixed together with rock powders in Au95Cu5 alloy capsules, which were equilibrated in cold-seal pressure vessels for 5–13 days at 800–850°C and 2 kbar. The elemental and Cu-isotopic compositions of the recovered aqueous fluid and solid phases were analyzed by (LA-) ICP–MS and multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. Our experimental results show that the fluid phases are consistently enriched in heavy Cu isotope (65Cu) relative to the coexisting silicates. The Cu-isotope fractionation factor (Δ65CuFLUID-MELT) ranges from 0.08 ± 0.01‰ to 0.69 ± 0.02‰. The experimental results show that the Cu-isotopic fractionation factors between aqueous fluids and silicates strongly depend on the Cu speciation in the fluids (e.g. CuCl(H2O), CuCl2– and CuCl32−) and silicate melts (CuO1/2), suggesting that the exsolved fluids may have higher δ65Cu than the residual magmas. Our results suggest the elevated δ65Cu values in Cu-enriched rocks could be produced by addition of aqueous fluids exsolved from magmas. Together with previous studies on Cu isotopes in the brine and vapor phases of porphyry deposits, our results are helpful for better understanding Cu-mineralization processes.  相似文献   

13.
The plasmonic response of gold clusters with atom number (N) = 100–70 000 was investigated using scanning transmission electron microscopy-electron energy loss spectroscopy. For decreasing N, the bulk plasmon remains unchanged above N = 887 but then disappears, while the surface plasmon firstly redshifts from 2.4 to 2.3 eV above N = 887 before blueshifting towards 2.6 eV down to N = 300, and finally splitting into three fine features. The surface plasmon''s excitation ratio is found to follow N0.669, which is essentially R2. An atomically precise evolution picture of plasmon physics is thus demonstrated according to three regimes: classical plasmon (N = 887–70 000), quantum confinement corrected plasmon (N = 300–887) and molecule related plasmon (N < 300).  相似文献   

14.
As a non-invasive therapeutic method without penetration-depth limitation, magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) under alternating magnetic field (AMF) is a clinically promising thermal therapy. However, the poor heating conversion efficiency and lack of stimulus–response obstruct the clinical application of magnetofluid-mediated MHT. Here, we develop a ferrimagnetic polyethylene glycol-poly(2-hexoxy-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane) (mPEG-b-PHEP) copolymer micelle loaded with hydrophobic iron oxide nanocubes and emodin (denoted as EMM). Besides an enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) contrast ability (r2 = 271 mM−1 s−1) due to the high magnetization, the specific absorption rate (2518 W/g at 35 kA/m) and intrinsic loss power (6.5 nHm2/kg) of EMM are dozens of times higher than the clinically available iron oxide nanoagents (Feridex and Resovist), indicating the high heating conversion efficiency. Furthermore, this composite micelle with a flowable core exhibits a rapid response to magnetic hyperthermia, leading to an AMF-activated supersensitive drug release. With the high magnetic response, thermal sensitivity and magnetic targeting, this supersensitive ferrimagnetic nanocomposite realizes an above 70% tumor cell killing effect at an extremely low dosage (10 μg Fe/mL), and the tumors on mice are completely eliminated after the combined MHT–chemotherapy.  相似文献   

15.
张镱锂  吴雪  祁威  李士成  摆万奇 《资源科学》2015,37(7):1455-1464
建立自然保护区是保护典型生态系统和生物多样性及珍稀濒危物种资源的基本途径。具有敏感生态系统和丰富生物多样性的青藏高原,其自然保护区建设及其成效一直以来是各界关注的重点问题。本文以最新的《全国自然保护区名录》和已发表NPP与保护成效数据为基础,分析了青藏高原保护区的组成、分布格局与保护成效。结果表明:11963年至今,青藏高原地区建成了各类保护区155个,面积达82.24万km2,占全高原面积的32.35%;2保护区类型主要以野生动物与荒漠生态系统、野生动物及其生态系统、野生动物3个类型为主,各占高原内保护区总面积的36.84%、33.35%和6.80%;3形成了以超大型保护区为主、中部和东南部分布为主、保护类型多样为特点的青藏高原自然保护区体系;4经过50余年的生态建设,保护区保护成效显著,主要表现为:珍稀濒危物种数量显著增加、濒危物种西藏马鹿被重新发现、野生动物的栖息地得到了恢复和改善及典型保护区内草地植被的生态功能增强。本研究结果可为青藏高原生物多样性保护研究和区域可持续发展提供科学参考。  相似文献   

16.
Most metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) hardly maintain their physical and chemical properties after exposure to alkaline aqueous solutions, thus precluding their use as potential electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. Here, we present the design and synthesis of a highly alkaline-stable metal oxide@MOF composite, Co3O4 nanocube@Co-MOF (Co3O4@Co-MOF), via a controllable and facile one-pot hydrothermal method under highly alkaline conditions. The obtained composite possesses exceptional alkaline stability, retaining its original structure in 3.0 M KOH for at least 15 days. Benefitting from the exceptional alkaline stability, unique structure, and larger surface area, the Co3O4@Co-MOF composite shows a specific capacitance as high as 1020 F g−1 at 0.5 A  g−1 and a high cycling stability with only 3.3% decay after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1. The as-constructed solid-state flexible device exhibits a maximum energy density of 21.6 mWh cm−3.  相似文献   

17.
The uplift history of south-eastern Tibet is crucial to understanding processes driving the tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas. Underpinning existing palaeoaltimetric studies has been regional mapping based in large part on biostratigraphy that assumes a Neogene modernization of the highly diverse, but threatened, Asian biota. Here, with new radiometric dating and newly collected plant-fossil archives, we quantify the surface height of part of the south-eastern margin of Tibet in the latest Eocene (∼34 Ma) to be ∼3 km and rising, possibly attaining its present elevation (3.9 km) in the early Oligocene. We also find that the Eocene–Oligocene transition in south-eastern Tibet witnessed leaf-size diminution and a floral composition change from sub-tropical/warm temperate to cool temperate, likely reflective of both uplift and secular climate change, and that, by the latest Eocene, floral modernization on Tibet had already taken place, implying modernization was deeply rooted in the Palaeogene.  相似文献   

18.
从青藏高原到第三极和泛第三极   总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21       下载免费PDF全文
青藏高原对我国、亚洲甚至北半球的人类生存环境和可持续发展起着重要的环境和生态屏障作用。以青藏高原为核心的第三极以及受其影响的东亚、南亚、中亚、西亚、中东欧等泛第三极地区,面积约2 000多万平方公里,涵盖20多个国家的30多亿人口,是"一带一路"的核心地带和全球人口分布最密集区。随着"一带一路"重大倡议的推进,泛第三极环境变化的重要性受到全球关注。泛第三极地区已经出现重大资源环境问题,如何保护这一地区资源环境的可持续性是"一带一路"建设实施面临的重大挑战。实施"泛第三极环境变化与绿色丝绸之路建设"专项,将从区域甚至全球尺度深入研究这一地区的资源环境科学问题,前瞻、科学地提出区域可持续发展协同应对战略,为"守护好世界上最后一方净土"和"一带一路"建设服务。  相似文献   

19.
Retrieving historical fine particulate matter (PM2.5) data is key for evaluating the long-term impacts of PM2.5 on the environment, human health and climate change. Satellite-based aerosol optical depth has been used to estimate PM2.5, but estimations have largely been undermined by massive missing values, low sampling frequency and weak predictive capability. Here, using a novel feature engineering approach to incorporate spatial effects from meteorological data, we developed a robust LightGBM model that predicts PM2.5 at an unprecedented predictive capacity on hourly (R2 = 0.75), daily (R2 = 0.84), monthly (R2 = 0.88) and annual (R2 = 0.87) timescales. By taking advantage of spatial features, our model can also construct hourly gridded networks of PM2.5. This capability would be further enhanced if meteorological observations from regional stations were incorporated. Our results show that this model has great potential in reconstructing historical PM2.5 datasets and real-time gridded networks at high spatial-temporal resolutions. The resulting datasets can be assimilated into models to produce long-term re-analysis that incorporates interactions between aerosols and physical processes.  相似文献   

20.
Prostate carcinoma is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of death as a result of cancer in men in the US and other parts of the world. There are conflicting reports on the serum levels of testosterone and 17β-estradiol (E2) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. This study was designed to evaluate the serum concentrations of these hormones in patients with these disorders. Serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), total testosterone and estradiol were determined in 228 subjects comprising of 116 subjects with BPH, 62 subjects with prostate cancer (CaP) and 50 age-matched apparently healthy controls, using ELISA methods. PSA levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in BPH subjects than controls, while there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in testosterone and estradiol levels of these subjects. PSA and estradiol levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in CaP subjects than in controls, while there was no observed significant difference (p > 0.05) in testosterone levels. CaP subjects had significantly raised PSA, testosterone, and estradiol levels than BPH subjects. The mean molar ratio of testosterone: E2 was lowest among CaP patients (134:1) and highest among controls (166:1). Significant positive correlation between PSA and 17β-estradiol was observed in prostate disorders (BPH and CaP patients: r = 0.347; p = 0.000). Significant negative correlations between testosterone and PSA were also observed among BPH patients (r = −0.221, p = 0.049) and control subjects (r = −0.490, p = 0.000). No significant correlation existed between testosterone and PSA in CaP patients (r = 0.051, p = 0.693). Correlations between age and estradiol in both BPH and CaP were not significant (p > 0.05). This study has shown that, there was a significant increase in serum estradiol in CaP subjects, while the testosterone levels in both BPH and CaP subjects were not different from those of controls.  相似文献   

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