共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Estimates of progression and variability of athletic performance in competitions are useful for researchers and practitioners interested in factors that affect performance. We used repeated-measures mixed modelling to analyse 676 official race times of 26 US and 25 Australian Olympic swimmers in the 12-month period leading up to the 2000 Olympic Games. Progression was expressed as percent changes in mean performance; variability was expressed as the coefficient of variation in performance of an individual swimmer between races. Within competitions, both nations showed similar improvements in mean time from heats through finals (overall 1.2%; 95% confidence limits 1.1 to 1.3%). Mean competition time also improved over 12 months by a similar amount in both nations (0.9%; 95% confidence limits 0.6 to 1.2%). The US swimmers showed a greater improvement between the finals (a difference of 0.5%; 95% confidence limits -0.2 to 1.1%), which paralleled changes in the medal haul of the two nations. The coefficient of variation in performance time for a swimmer between races was 0.60% (95% confidence limits 0.56 to 0.65%) within a competition and 0.80% (95% confidence limits 0.73 to 0.86%) between competitions. Our results show that: (a) to stay in contention for a medal, an Olympic swimmer should improve his or her performance by approximately 1% within a competition and by approximately 1% within the year leading up to the Olympics; (b) an additional enhancement of approximately 0.4% (one-half the between-competition variability) would substantially increase the swimmer's chances of a medal. 相似文献
2.
Coaches believe world-ranking lists are a reliable tool for predicting international swimming performance. To examine the relationship between world-ranking and Olympic performance, we modelled world-ranking time and best time from the 2000 Olympic Games for 407 top-50 world-ranked swimmers. Analysis of log-transformed times yielded within-athlete and between-athlete coefficients of variation (CV) and percent changes in performance from world-rankings to Olympics. Variations and performance progressions were compared across sex, stroke, distance, nation and medal status. The within-athlete coefficient of variation of performance for all swimmers was 0.8% (95% confidence limits: 0.7 to 0.9%). Females were slightly less consistent, although not substantially different to males (ratio of female/male within-athlete CV: 1.1; 95% confidence limits: 1.0 to 1.2) and had a wider range of talent (ratio of female/male between-athlete CV: 1.2; 95% confidence limits: 1.1 to 1.4). Swimmers from Australia (AUS) were more consistent than those from the United States (USA) and other nations (OTHER) (ratio of within-athlete CV, USA/AUS: 1.5; 95% confidence limits: 1.0 to 2.2; OTHER/ AUS: 1.6; 95% confidence limits: 1.2 to 2.1). Most Olympic medallists (87%) had a top-10 world-ranking. Overall performance time at the Olympics was slower than world-ranking time by 0.3% (95% confidence limits: 0.2 to 0.4%), medallists improved by 0.6% (95% confidence limits: 0.4 to 0.9%) and non-medallists swam 0.6% slower (95% confidence limits: 0.5 to 0.7%). We conclude that a top-10 ranked swimmer who can improve performance time by 0.6%, equivalent to 0.13 s in the men's 50-m freestyle, will substantially increase their chance of an Olympic medal (the difference between first and fourth place). 相似文献
3.
Sacha K. Fulton David B. Pyne Will G. Hopkins Brendan Burkett 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(5):535-539
Abstract Analysis of variability and progression in performance of top athletes between competitions provides information about performance targets that is useful for athletes, practitioners, and researchers. In this study, 724 official finals times were analysed for 120 male and 122 female Paralympic swimmers in the 100-m freestyle event at 15 national and international competitions between 2004 and 2006. Separate analyses were performed for males and females in each of four Paralympic subgroups: S2–S4, S5–S7, S8–S10 (most through least physically impaired), and S11–S13 (most through least visually impaired). Mixed modelling of log-transformed times, with adjustment for mean competition times, was used to estimate variability and progression. Within-swimmer race-to-race variability, expressed as a coefficient of variation, ranged from 1.2% (male S5–S7) to 3.7% (male S2–S4). Swimming performance progressed by approximately 0.5% per year for males and females. Typical variation in mean performance time between competitions was ～1% after adjustment for the ability of the athletes in each competition, and the Paralympic Games was the fastest competition. Thus, taking into account variability, progression, and level of competition, Paralympic swimmers who want to increase substantially their medal prospects should aim for an annual improvement of at least 1–2%. 相似文献
4.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(7):643-651
AbstractThe age-related progression of elite athletes to their career-best performances can provide benchmarks for talent development. The purpose of this study was to model career performance trajectories of Olympic swimmers to develop these benchmarks. We searched the Web for annual best times of swimmers who were top 16 in pool events at the 2008 or 2012 Olympics, from each swimmer's earliest available competitive performance through to 2012. There were 6959 times in the 13 events for each sex, for 683 swimmers, with 10 ± 3 performances per swimmer (mean ± s). Progression to peak performance was tracked with individual quadratic trajectories derived using a mixed linear model that included adjustments for better performance in Olympic years and for the use of full-body polyurethane swimsuits in 2009. Analysis of residuals revealed appropriate fit of quadratic trends to the data. The trajectories provided estimates of age of peak performance and the duration of the age window of trivial improvement and decline around the peak. Men achieved peak performance later than women (24.2 ± 2.1 vs. 22.5 ± 2.4 years), while peak performance occurred at later ages for the shorter distances for both sexes (～1.5–2.0 years between sprint and distance-event groups). Men and women had a similar duration in the peak-performance window (2.6 ± 1.5 years) and similar progressions to peak performance over four years (2.4 ± 1.2%) and eight years (9.5 ± 4.8%). These data provide performance targets for swimmers aiming to achieve elite-level performance. 相似文献
5.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):145-154
Abstract The purpose of this study was to characterize changes and variability in test performance of swimmers within and between seasons over their elite competitive career. Forty elite swimmers (24 male, 16 female) performed a 7×200-m incremental swimming step test several times each 6-month season (10±5 tests, spanning 0.5–6.0?y). Mixed linear modeling provided estimates of percent change in the mean and individual responses (within-athlete variation as a coefficient of variation) for measures based on submaximal performance (fixed 4-mM lactate), maximal performance (the seventh step) and lean mass (from skinfolds and body mass). Submaximal and maximal swim speed increased within each season from pre to taper phase by ～2.2% for females and ～1.5% for males (95% confidence limits ±1.0%), with variable contributions from stroke rate and stroke length. Most of the gains in speed were lost in the off-season, leaving a net average annual improvement of ～1.0% for females and ～0.6% for males (±1.0%). For submaximal and maximal speed, individual variation between phases was ±2.2% and the typical measurement error was ±0.80%. Step test and anthropometric measures can be used to confidently monitor progressions in swimmers in an elite training program within and between seasons. 相似文献
6.
第29届奥运会游泳比赛评析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对第29届北京奥运会游泳比赛赛沉进行分析，以丰富的数据告剖析当今世界泳坛格局的变化以及我国竞技游泳水平的现状，结果表明：美澳两国实力强劲，共夺得18枚金牌，超过总金牌数32枚中的一半；奖牌榜上的国家数量在增加。竞争愈演愈烈；游泳项目共创28项奥运会纪录，其中21项创世界纪录；中国游泳队以1金3银2铜，6枚奖牌的成绩位列奖牌榜第3名，还有3人1队玻3项世界纪录，全队实际参赛的39人中，有25人提高了最好成绩，实现了近年来中国游泳队在国际大赛上取得的最佳成绩。 相似文献
7.
全年训练计划以周期划分理论和训练原则为基础,按照运动员竞技状态发展的规律来制定和控制,全年训练周期的划分同样依照竞技状态发展的阶段性规律,围绕年度最重大比赛划分为与之相应的三个训练期:准备、比赛和过渡期。通过对训练过程的控制,保证运动员在比赛中出现最佳竞技状态,创造优异成绩。文中以世界优秀短距离运动员庄泳为例,探讨优秀短距离运动员全年训练计划制定与控制的基本特点。 相似文献
8.
Hellard P Dekerle J Avalos M Caudal N Knopp M Hausswirth C 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(1):35-46
The aim of this study was to assess stroke rate variability in elite female swimmers (200-m events, all four techniques) by comparing the semi-finalists at the Athens 2004 Olympic Games (n = 64) and semi-finalists at the French National 2004 Championship (n = 64). Since swimming speed (V) is the product of stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL), these three variables and the coefficient of variation of stroke rate (CV(SR)) of the first and second 100 m were determined (V1, V2; SR1, SR2; SL1, SL2; CV(SR)1, CV(SR)2) and differences between the two parts of the events were calculated (DeltaV; DeltaSR; DeltaSL; DeltaCV(SR)). When the results for the four 200-m events were analysed together, SR1, SR2, SL1, and SL2 were higher (alpha = 0.05, P< 0.001) and DeltaV, DeltaSR, and DeltaCV(SR) were lower (P< 0.01) in the Olympic group than in the National group. The Olympic-standard swimmers exhibited faster backstrokes and longer freestyle strokes (P < 0.05). Both CV(SR)1 and CV(SR)2 were lower for freestyle and backstroke races in the Olympic group than in the National group (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that stroke rate variability is dependent on an interaction between the biomechanical requisites of the task (techniques) and the standard of the swimmer. 相似文献
9.
Effect of induced alkalosis on swimming time trials. 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Previous studies have shown that sodium bicarbonate ingestion prior to exercise may improve performance during repeated (interval) bouts. To examine the practical implications of such findings, seven collegiate swimmers participated in simulated swim competitions of multiple events following sodium bicarbonate (B) ingestion, placebo (P) ingestion and control (C--no ingestion) treatments. Each swimmer reported to the laboratory 1 h prior to the simulated competitions (72 h apart) and was randomly assigned to one of the three experimental treatments. Competition consisted of one relay (100 yards; 91.4 m) and two individual (200 yards; 182.8 m) swimming events with 20 min rest between events. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures revealed no significant differences in performance times as a result of the three treatments (P greater than 0.05). The results suggest that sodium bicarbonate ingestion prior to swim competition consisting of significant rest intervals between events is not an ergogenic procedure. 相似文献
10.
采用文献资料等方法 ,对 1984年至 2 0 0 0年我国参加 5届奥运会获得奖牌的情况进行了比率统计分析。结果表明 :我国获得奖牌具有较大优势性项目的男、女分获比率序位不同 ,女子的优势明显大于男子 ,我国女子在奥运新增项目和相对冷门项目上具有很强的奖牌竞争实力 ,女子大球运动也是我国在奥运会中极具奖牌竞争实力的项目 ,男子非我国传统奥运项目的奖牌竞争实力急待提高等 相似文献
11.
通过对我国九运会女子 10 0m自由泳前 3名运动员和第 2 7届奥运会同项目前 3名运动员技术比较的数理统计分析发现 ,我国女子前 3名运动员 15m出发段的速度略低于外国优秀运动员 ;途中游的划水频率不如国外运动员 ,划水幅度与 2 7届前 3名运动员持平 ,5 0m绝对速度与国外运动员相比差距较大 ;转身段的表现也不如国外运动员 ;中国优秀运动员冲刺到边段表现出色 ,略优于国外运动员 ,展示出良好的速度耐力和顽强的意志品质。 相似文献
12.
Joseph B. Taylor Giampaolo Santi Stephen D. Mellalieu 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(20):1913-1920
Freestyle race pacing strategies (400 m) were compared between elite able-bodied swimmers and those with minimal physical (International Paralympic Committee S10 classification) and visual disabilities (International Paralympic Committee S13 classification). Data comprised 50-m lap splits and overall race times from 1176 400-m freestyle swims from World Championships, European Championships and Olympic/Paralympic Games between 2006 and 2012. Five pacing strategies were identified across groups (even, fast start, negative, parabolic and parabolic fast start), with negative and even strategies the most commonly adopted. The negative pacing strategy produced the fastest race times for all groups except for female S13 swimmers where an even strategy was most effective. Able-bodied groups swam faster than their S10 and S13 counterparts, with no differences between S10 and S13 groups. The results suggest adoption of multiple pacing strategies across groups, and even where impairments are considered minimal they are still associated with performance detriments in comparison to their able-bodied counterparts. The findings have implications for the planning and implementation of training related to pacing strategies to ensure optimal swimmer preparation for competition. Analogous performance levels in S10 and S13 swimmers also suggest a case for integrated competition of these classifications in 400-m freestyle swimming. 相似文献
13.
通过文献资料法和数理统计法,以1988—2016年中国乒乓球奥运会夺金运动员的年龄结构为出发点,对我国38名奥运会夺金运动员的年龄结构、训练年限及参赛年龄进行深度分析,旨在探索影响我国奥运会夺金乒乓球运动员年龄结构的因素,为我国乒乓球运动的发展提供参考。研究表明:乒乓球奥运会夺金运动员的年龄结构呈递增关系,男子运动员增长的幅度大于女子运动员;激烈的内部竞争机制促使奥运参赛年龄结构的成熟化;竞赛规则的改变对夺金运动员的年龄结构增长具有显著影响;科学化训练和体育价值的体现与奥运参赛夺金运动员年龄结构呈正相关。 相似文献
14.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):201-206
Abstract The effects of environmental and other venue-related factors need to be taken into account when tracking an individual athlete's competitive performance. We report the effects of such factors on the performances of elite male track athletes. Performance times throughout the athletic careers of male track athletes placed in the top 16 of their event in at least one Olympic Games or World Championship between 2000 and 2009 were downloaded from the athletics results database at tilastopaja.org. In the 10 running events (100 m through 10,000 m, including hurdles and steeplechase), there were 619 athletes with 43,999 performances, all with enviromental and venue-related information. Times for a given event were log-transformed to estimate percent effects in a mixed linear model with fixed effects for the environmental and venue-related factors and random effects for within-athlete race-to-race variability and individual athlete performance progression. After adjustment for quadratic trends for year of competition and each athlete's age, the model provided estimates of effects of standard of competition (Olympics and World Championships vs other competitions), altitude (sea level vs ≥ 1000 m), timing method (electronic vs stopwatch), wind speed (greater than vs less than 2 m · s–1), and venue (outdoors vs indoors). Uncertainty in estimates of environmental effects expressed as 99% confidence limits was sufficiently small (at most ±0.9%) for almost all outcomes to be clear when interpreted in relation to smallest important changes (0.3–0.5%). Olympics and World Championships produced substantially faster times for events up to 400 m (0.7–0.8%) but slower times for the 1500 m, 5000 m, and 10,000 m events (0.6%, 1.2%, and 0.2% respectively), presumably reflecting differences in preparation or pacing. Altitude produced substantially faster times in some 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, and hurdle events (0.1–0.5%) but substantially slower times in longer races (1.1–2.4%), reflecting opposing effects of altitude on air resistance and aerobic power. Stopwatch times were faster for sprints (0.3–0.5%) but slower for 1500 m and longer events (0.6–2.1%), possibly because of bias in reaction time and confounding by standard of competition. A typical trailing wind of 2 m · s–1 conferred small benefits (0.5–0.8%) on the three sprint events where wind speed was recorded. Indoor events were consistently slower (1.6–2.3%), a likely consequence of tight bends. In conclusion, use of these environmental and venue-related effects to adjust performances of male track athletes will make comparative assessment of all their performances more meaningful. 相似文献
15.
2006年世界女排锦标赛的霸主正是2004年雅典奥运会与我们争夺冠军的俄罗斯女排，昔日的霸主中国队在本次比赛中只获得第五的成绩；如此大的落差问题出在哪里？对中俄两国女排在两次大赛交锋技术统计加以比较，分析中国队与俄罗斯队的差距所在，以便有针对性地备战2008年奥运会。 相似文献
16.
关于当代世界男子单杠成套动作发展特征的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以第41届世界体操锦标赛和北京奥运周期3次体操大赛单杠决赛运动员为研究对象,对当代世界男子单杠成套动作的发展特征做了全面分析.结果显示,单杠成套动作的难度与比赛成绩成正相关,平均D分接近7.0分,仍有一定的提升空间,最高D分达到7.5分,是单杠(乃至男子各个项目)成套动作难度的世界纪录;继续提高动作难度的主要途径:一是增加G、F组高难飞行动作,二是增加飞行动作的连接,二者有逐渐结合的趋势,并向连接难度价值更高的空翻越杠类动作发展;下法动作开始呈现多样化特征,其落地稳定性不再是获得最好成绩的关键因素,而是在增加(或既定)成套动作难度的前提上,努力提高完成动作的成功率,特别是动作部位的准确性和身体姿势的正确性,将成为获得优异成绩的关键. 相似文献
17.
吕玉萍 《武汉体育学院学报》2012,46(4):65-70,96
以参加伦敦奥运周期的3届世锦赛决赛的运动员为研究对象,对伦敦奥运会女子竞技体操比赛前景进行研究.结果表明:动作难度是获胜的基础,现场发挥是获胜的关键.团体决赛将呈俄美中“三足鼎立”之势,俄美稍具优势;个人全能的竞争主要在俄罗斯的穆斯塔菲娜与以美国威伯为领军的团队之间进行;俄罗斯队在高低杠、美国队在跳马、中国队在平衡木项目上稍占上风,欧洲、美国、中国和澳大利亚等国,都有自由体操高手,冠军归属将取决于临场的状态和发挥水平.中国队当前最紧迫的任务是努力提高跳马的难度,改进高低杠的编排,力争在伦敦奥运会上再创佳绩. 相似文献
18.
Performance outcomes at the 2013 World Swimming Championship were previously shown to be biased depending on the swimmer’s lane assignment. The purpose of this study was to determine if this kind of bias was unique, and if not, if the bias was related to the temporary or permanent nature of the pool. The effect of lane on the average odd-length split minus the preceding even-length split in the 800- and 1500-m freestyle events, and on the relative change from qualifying to preliminary performance in the 50-m events, was determined for 16 other elite-level competitions. Depending on the swimmers’ direction, split times were on average 0.16 s slower or faster in at least one lane at each of the 16 competitions, and in 49% of all lanes analysed. In 5 competitions, swimmers were shown to be faster in a majority of lanes in one direction as compared to the other. Analysis of the 50-m events at these 5 competitions indicate that preliminary performances were between 0.5 and 0.9% slower or faster than qualifying times, which is consistent with the direction effect observed in the distance freestyle events. Further, lane biases occur more often in temporary pools (70% of lanes) than in permanent pools (35% of lanes), with water currents as the most plausible cause. The prevalence of lane bias at elite-level swimming competition highlights the need for the implementation of policies and procedures to prevent such bias from occurring again in the future. 相似文献
19.
对近4届世界游泳锦标赛上高水平(决赛和半决赛)自由泳运动员的运动成绩进行分析,其中男、女各224人共历时7年.通过各分段时间与最终成绩的相关分析,以及历届不同水平、性别的优秀运动员在各个项目上的分段时间进行研究.结果发现,在任何项目上,不论水平高低,自由泳运动员都呈现较为类似的时间分配模式,其中在短距离项目上,水平越高的运动员前后半程的分段时间差越小并趋于均衡;在中距离项目上,男子运动员后半程保持速度的能力优于女子,历届世锦赛的获胜者在每个分段上处于领先位置,尤其在途中的游速上;同时长距离项目上水平较高的运动员在途中的分段时间有明显的下降趋势(加速)且变化较小,而水平稍差的运动员有明显的上升趋势(减速).建议教练员和运动员在保持总分段时间分配特征的前提下,通过技术优化和力量训练来提高分段成绩,进一步提高比赛成绩. 相似文献
20.
第24-26届奥运会的竞争格局及发展态势研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
曹景伟 《西安体育学院学报》2000,17(3):50-53
通过对第 2 4 2 6届奥运会各国获取奖牌的统计 ,采用赋值评估的方法定位了当代竞技体坛竞争格局中的不同等级集团 ,揭示了 80年代末期以来的历届夏季奥运会竞争格局的动态演变过程 ,并以横向比较的方法对中国竞技体育的实力现状及发展前景进行了重点剖析 ,旨在为我国竞技体育发展战略的充实和完善提供参考和依据。 相似文献