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1.
We studied transposition in pigeons by training them to select the smaller (or the larger) of a pair of circles. In training, different groups of pigeons were given one pair, two pairs, or three pairs of circles along the size dimension. Testing included two stimulus pairs for which, according to theoretical postdiscrimination generalization gradients, transposition should decrease from one-pair to two-pair to three-pair training. On the basis of the results of our earlier study (Lazareva, Wasserman, & Young, 2005) and contrary to these predictions, we expected that transposition should increase from one-pair to two-pair to three-pair training. We found that multiple-pair discrimination training enhanced transposition, which, on average, rose from 47% (one-pair training) to 52% (two-pair training) to 64% (three-pair training). In addition, we found that the overall similarity of the testing pair to the training pair(s) modulated the strength of relational responding. These results demonstrate that encountering multiple instances of a rule leads to stronger relational learning, even when reinforcement history predicts the opposite trend. These results also provide strong evidence against stimulus generalization as the sole determinant of relational responding in transposition. 相似文献
2.
Sequence learning in pigeons was studied in asimultaneous chaining paradigm: all stimuli and the opportunity to respond to each stimulus were available simultaneously. In contrast to the traditionalsuccessive chaining paradigm, a simultaneous chaining paradigm provides no differential feedback following each response (except the last). Subjects were first trained to perform on sequences of two (AB), then three (ABC), and then four colors (ABCD). Performance greatly exceeded that predicted by models of random choice. Generalization to novel arrays of three and four colors was complete. After training with a four-color sequence, the subjects were tested with subsequences consisting of all possible combinations of two and three of the four training colors (e.g., BD, AD, BC, ACD, BCD, etc.). The successful completion of these subsequences showed that the organization of the original sequence did not entail overt pecks to successive elements of that sequence. That subjects can respond accurately on nonadjacent subsets is not readily explained by a chaining theory, or by any theory that assumes that responding to element n provides a cue for responding to element n+1. 相似文献
3.
赵建茹 《湖南师范大学教育科学学报》2011,10(2):123-125
在现代教育思想、教学理论和学习理论指导下,经过近10年的深入实践与探索,笔者构建出了开放教育工商管理本科专业课程教学模式的基本框架。其基本特征包括:问题导向,启发学习;模块化指导学习,帮助学员知识建构;叠进式实践教学,提升学员实践能力;控制、评价性教学,修正、深化、重建学员的知识结构和多维互动教学,全面支助学员的自主学习。 相似文献
4.
Six capuchin monkeys were trained on a series of indirect, delayed response problems with delay intervals ranging from 0 to 60 sec. Data were analyzed by sequential state theory in order to quantify random and nonrandom components of the subjects’ response sequences. A tendency of the subjects to repeat responses to the position chosen on the previous trial was a significant source of proactive interference even when effective orienting responses were elicited by the predelay cue. Changes in random and nonrandom response components with increasing delays suggested a two-phase process: the first for delays up to 7 sec characterized by increases in random and nonrandom error-producing responses, and the second for delays greater than 7 sec characterized by increases in random responding only. 相似文献
5.
In an experiment with rats, an appetitive conditioning method was used to investigate the generality of the hypothesis that
extinction should arouse attention to contextual cues, resulting in all learning in that context becoming context specific.
Rats received appetitive conditioning with a tone either while extinction of a flasher occurred (Group With Extinction) or
while it did not (Group No Extinction). Half of each group was subsequently tested in extinction in the context in which training
had taken place or in a different context. The results revealed a three-way interaction of extinction and context with trials,
in a direction opposite to the one the hypothesis would suggest. When rats were tested in a different context, there was generally
better responding in Group With Extinction than in Group No Extinction. In the same context, there was generally lower responding
in Group With Extinction than in Group No Extinction. Subsequent testing showed an ABA recovery effect. Results are discussed
in terms of the challenges they pose for the revised retrieval theory presented by Callejas-Aguilera and Rosas (2011). 相似文献
6.
Rescorla RA 《Learning & behavior》2007,35(4):191-200
Six experiments used magazine approach in rat subjects to explore changes with time in responding for stimuli brought to a
common moderate level of performance through acquisition or extinction. They found no evidence for increases with time in
behavior during stimuli given simple acquisition. However, stimuli brought to that same level by reversal learning, repeated
reversal, or partial reinforcement all showed increases in responding with time. These results suggest that the decremental
process established by nonreinforcement endures through subsequent reinforcement and is especially sensitive to the passage
of time. 相似文献
7.
In two experiments, food-deprived rat subjects leverpressed for food in three successive training phases. In the first phase of both experiments, rats were exposed to a multiple schedule, one component of which produced a high rate of response, and the other of which produced a lower rate of response (multiple random ratio [RR], random interval [RI] in Experiment 1, and multiple differential reinforcement of high rate, differential reinforcement of low rate in Experiment 2). Rats were then transferred to a multiple fixed interval (FI; 60-sec, 60-sec) schedule, until the effects of the first phase on response rate were no longer apparent and their response rates did not differ from those of rats responding on a multiple FI 60-sec, FI 60-sec schedule without previously experiencing a multiple RR, RI schedule. During the third stage oftraining, all rats were placed into extinction. During extinction, rates of responding were higher in the component previously associated with the high rate of responding in Phase 1, and they were lower in the component previously associated with low rates of responding in Phase 1. These results suggest that resurgence effects, like other history effects, are controlled by previous rates of responding. 相似文献
8.
Paulo Maurício Bianor Valente Isabel Chagas 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2017,15(3):527-543
The concepts and instruments required for the teaching and learning of geometric optics are introduced in the didactic process without a proper didactic transposition. This claim is secured by the ample evidence of both wide- and deep-rooted alternative concepts on the topic. Didactic transposition is a theory that comes from a reflection on the teaching and learning process in mathematics but has been used in other disciplinary fields. It will be used in this work in order to clear up the main obstacles in the teaching-learning process of geometric optics. We proceed to argue that since Newton’s approach to optics, in his Book I of Opticks, is independent of the corpuscular or undulatory nature of light, it is the most suitable for a constructivist learning environment. However, Newton’s theory must be subject to a proper didactic transposition to help overcome the referred alternative concepts. Then is described our didactic transposition in order to create knowledge to be taught using a dialogical process between students’ previous knowledge, history of optics and the desired outcomes on geometrical optics in an elementary pre-service teacher training course. Finally, we use the scheme-facet structure of knowledge both to analyse and discuss our results as well as to illuminate shortcomings that must be addressed in our next stage of the inquiry. 相似文献
9.
Pigeons were trained to discriminate between four keys. One provided food in the mornings, another provided food in the afternoons, and two never provided food. Three experiments were performed to determine whether pigeons could track food availability over a 24-h period. All the subjects appeared to demonstrate time-place associative learning. A fourth experiment was designed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the timing behavior. Lights-on time was shifted back by 6 h, and no decrease in performance was found during the first session following the phase shift. This suggests that a circadian type of timing mechanism with a self-sustaining oscillator mediates time-place learning over a period of 24 h. Further support for this notion was found in a fifth experiment, in which the subjects were tested in constant dim light. In that experiment, the subjects’ continued correct responding provides additional support for a self-sustaining circadian timer. 相似文献
10.
《The Journal of educational research》2012,105(5):195-197
AbstractThis study examined the influence of achievement motivation and mental ability upon complex discovery learning and incidental learning under two different incentive conditions: an achievement incentive, where the explicit incentive was the successful accomplishment of the learning task and involved only knowledge of results; and an extrinsic-incentive represented by a monetary reward for good performance. One hundred ninety-five subjects were classified as either high or low (median split) on the basis of their scores on each of two measures, one for intelligence and one for achievement motivation. Subsequently, subjects were assigned at random to one of two incentive groups and the learning task administered. Data provided by the learning measures, and time scores, as determined by the amount of time the subjects expended on the task, were analyzed by means of a three factorial analysis of variance. The results both support and contradict past research evidence. 相似文献
11.
David Boud 《高等教育研究与发展》1993,12(1):33-44
This paper starts with the experience of the author and presents a perspective on teaching and learning in higher education which regards the experience of the learner as primary. The experience which is to be taken into account includes both that prior to the current learning event and that which is prompted by it. Emphasis is given to learning of all kinds in the cognitive, affective and conative realms. In the paper some propositions about learning from experience are outlined, a model of learning from experience is discussed and implications are drawn for the design of courses and subjects. Major areas for development are identified as those of recognising and responding to prior learning, developing reflective practice and self‐assessment skills, and using problem‐based, holistic and contextualised learning approaches. 相似文献
12.
Szu-Yin Chu 《International Journal of Early Years Education》2016,24(1):80-96
Current educational policy promotes the use of evidence-based practices to maximize children's learning outcomes. With the goal of enhancing a child's ability to learn functional language, the purpose of this study was to focus on involving families through the utilization of evidence-based intervention based upon the Applied Behaviour Analysis Verbal Behaviour (ABA VB) Approach. A multiple-probe design was implemented to evaluate the effects of ABA VB training with regard to four verbal operants (i.e. echoic, mand, tact, and intraverbal) for three young children with disabilities. Three measurements of learning outcomes were also gathered to monitor the progress of targeted skills (e.g. receptive and expressive vocabulary). The results revealed that the three children exhibited immediate and significant gains upon implementation of the ABA VB intervention and that those gains were maintained after the cessation of intervention. Further evidence of the efficacy of this intervention was found in the parents' ratings of satisfaction regarding the ABA VB approach. 相似文献
13.
E. J. Capaldi 《Learning & behavior》1979,7(1):63-68
In this investigation, which employed rats in a runway, discriminative responding consisted of faster running on the reinforced than on the nonreinforced trials of either the 4NR or R4N schedule, both schedules containing fixed, repeated sequences of nonreinforced and reinforced trials. Under the 4NR schedule, four nonreinforced trials preceded a reinforced trial each day, and under the R4N schedule, a reinforced trial was followed by four nonreinforced trials each day. The major finding obtained was that under the 4NR schedule, discriminative responding was improved very substantially by a shift to extinction. Rats maintained on the 4NR schedule did not show improved discriminative responding, nor did discriminative responding improve in extinction following training under either the R4N schedule or a schedule of consistent reinforcement. Latent discrimination learning was defined as discriminative responding which fails to reflect adequately the amount of discrimination learning accomplished. The present findings demonstrate latent discrimination learning for regular schedules of partial reinforcement, something already demonstrated for brightness differential conditioning and possibly DRL schedules, as well. 相似文献
14.
Little responding develops to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that is placed in a random relation to an unconditioned stimulus (US). However, if the USs not preceded by that CS are themselves signaled by another stimulus, then the CS does come to elicit responding. This result has been attributed (e.g., by Durlach, 1983) to the signal’s blocking of conditioning to background cues that otherwise would prevent conditioning of the CS. However, Goddard and Jenkins (1987) have suggested the alternative that signaling the USs promotes responding due to the adventitious creation of periods of signaled nonreinforcement. Two experiments were conducted to assess this alternative, involving an autoshaping preparation in pigeons. In Experiment 1, little responding to a keylight CS presented in a random relation to a food US occurred, despite the explicit presentation of a discrete noise signaling periods of no food in the intertrial interval (ITI). Experiment 2 was designed to replicate the procedure of Goddard and Jenkins, in which an auditory stimulus extended throughout the ITI of a random schedule, terminating only prior to extra USs and during the CS. Contrary to their findings, little responding developed to the target CS. However, responding did develop when the sound-free period occurred only prior to the extra USs. These results offer little support for the hypothesis that signaled periods of nonreinforcement promote responding on random schedules. However, they are consistent with the view that signaling of ITI USs acts by preventing conditioning of potentially competitive background cues. 相似文献
15.
通过科学知识图谱分析方法,对Scopus数据库中近二十年8660篇的国际人工智能教育研究文献进行深入分析,主要聚焦于国际人工智能教育研究的发展态势和知识结构。结果显示:驱动人工智能研究的主要是政策、经济投入与国际合作;而人工智能教育研究的知识结构间的关系主要涉及机器学习/教育、智能导学系统和人类学习/教育,它们在根本上体现了智能主体(人与机器)间的关系,并凸显数字化学徒制的特征。进而启发人工智能教育专业人才培养:一是要重视政策、经济投入和国际合作等外部动因;二是要紧扣智能主体视域下人机关系及其四种主客体结构的核心内容;三是要加强技术伦理教育。此外,还要应对可能的风险。 相似文献
16.
The present research investigated the effects of physical context change and perceptual learning on generalization. In a video game, participants learned to suppress their mouse-clicking behavior in the presence of one stimulus (AX). Generalization was observed between the AX stimulus and another stimulus (BX) that was designed to be similar. When testing was conducted in a context different from that in which AX was used in training, responding to AX was attenuated, and responding to BX was enhanced. That is, the generalization gradient flattened. The latter effect was only evident in groups for which generalization had been reduced through a preexposure manipulation believed to produce perceptual learning. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the increase in generalization observed in the first experiment was due to the context change between the preexposure and test rather than to a change between the conditioning and test contexts. Implications for flattening generalization gradients and mechanisms of perceptual learning are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Alessandra S. Souza Thaissa Neves R. Pontes Josele Abreu-Rodrigues 《Learning & behavior》2012,40(4):367-379
The goal of the present study was to evaluate the role of verbal stimuli in the production of response variability in humans. College students were distributed into three groups and asked to type three-digit sequences. Participants in the systematic group were instructed to produce sequences according to a rule of their choice; those in the random group were instructed to produce sequences according to chance; and those in the control group were not instructed about how to produce sequences. The experiment employed an ABA design. During the A phases, low-frequent sequences were reinforced (variability contingency), whereas during the B phase, reinforcement was withdrawn (extinction). The results indicated the following: (1) The instructions were efficient at producing systematic and random-like patterns for the systematic and random groups, respectively; in the absence of instructions, a mix of both patterns was observed. (2) Behavior was sensitive to extinction independently of the instructions provided. (3) Systematic patterns favored a more equiprobable distribution of sequences across trials. (4) Reaction times were longer for responding in a systematic than in a random-like fashion. The present findings suggest that individual differences in meeting variability contingencies may be due, at least partially, to instructional control. 相似文献
18.
In three experiments, we examined the effect on the patterns of responding noted on fixed interval (FI) schedules of prior
exposure to a range of interval and ratio schedules. Rats leverpressed for food reinforcement on random ratio (RR), random
interval (RI), or variable interval (VI) schedules prior to transfer to FI schedules. In Experiment 1, prior exposure to an
RR schedule retarded the development of typical FI patterns of responding. Exposure to a yoked RI schedule produced even greater
retardation of typical FI performance. This effect was replicated in Experiment 2, using a within-subjects design. Rats responded
on a multiple RR-RI schedule prior to a multiple FI-FI schedule. Typical FI performance emerged more slowly in the component
previously associated with the RI than with that associated with the RR. In Experiment 3, exposure to an RR schedule retarded
the development of FI performance to a greater extent than did exposure to a VR schedule. The latter schedule was programmed
to allow the possibility that inhibitory control would develop after reinforcement. These results confirm that ratio schedules
independently result in the disruption of FI responding. This effect was not long lasting and cannot be used plausibly to
explain species differences in responding to FI schedules. However, it does suggest that temporal control—as manifested by
the transfer of inhibitory control from one schedule to another—could facilitate movement between interval schedules. 相似文献
19.
Marvin Z. Deluty 《Learning & behavior》1976,4(4):436-440
Rats’ responding was maintained on a random-interval 1-min food schedule. In addition, non-contingent pellets were delivered, independently of the animals’ behavior, at either fixed intervals (Experiment 1) or at random intervals (Experiment 2). As the rate of delivery of the periodic and aperiodic free reinforcers increased, the rate of responding decreased. But these free reinforcers, in addition to having this inhibitory effect, had also a local excitatory effect upon responding: lever-pressing increased to a level above its mean rate following the delivery of a free food pellet. The time course of this behavioral aftereffect of free reinforcers, for both fixed and random intervals, was dependent upon the proportion of the interval between successive free food deliveries. The relation of these results to those obtained with response-contingent reinforcement, free punishment, and in schedule-induced phenomena is discussed. 相似文献
20.
Natasha Kersh 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2015,61(6):835-851
This paper focuses on the notion of the learning space at work and discusses the extent to which its different configurations allow employees to exercise personal agency within a range of learning spaces. Although the learning space at work is already the subject of extensive research, the continuous development of the learning society and the development of new types of working spaces calls for further research to advance our knowledge and understanding of the ways that individuals exercise agency and learn in the workplace. Research findings suggest that the current perception of workplace learning is strongly related to the notion of the learning space, in which individuals and teams work, learn and develop their skills. The perception of the workplace as a site only for work-specific training is gradually changing, as workplaces are now acknowledged as sites for learning in various configurations, and as contributing to the personal development and social engagement of employees. This paper argues that personal agency is constructed in the workplace, and this process involves active interrelations between agency and three dimensions of the workplace (individual, spatial and organisational), identified through both empirical and theoretical research. The discussion is supported by data from two research projects on workplace learning in the United Kingdom. This paper thus considers how different configurations of the learning space and the boundaries between a range of work-related spaces facilitate the achievement of personal agency. 相似文献