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This paper is based upon work carried out on behalf of British Library Research and Development Department into the information practices and behaviour of manufacturing firms. Interviews with manufacturing firms (59), public librarians (7) and other information suppliers were carried out during the period May–October 1985 in Greater Manchester, Cleveland and Lincolnshire. Use of various sources of external information and types of information demanded are investigated. The significance of information acquisition failure and the influence of distance upon use of information sources are explored. Internal organizational practices are described. 相似文献
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Prior art patent citations have become a popular measure of patent quality and knowledge flow between firms. Interpreting these measurements is complicated, in some cases, because prior art citations are added by patent examiners as well as by patent applicants. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) adopted new reporting procedures in 2001, making it possible to measure examiner and applicant citations separately for the first time. We analyzed prior art citations listed in all U.S. patents granted in 2001-2003, and found that examiners played a significant role in identifying prior art, adding 63% of citations on the average patent, and all citations on 40% of patents granted. An analysis of variance found that firm-specific variables explain most of the variation in examiner-citation shares. Using multivariate regression, we found that foreign applicants to the USPTO had the highest proportion of citations added by examiners. High-volume patent applicants had a greater proportion of examiner citations, and a substantial number of firms won patents without listing a single applicant citation. In terms of technology, we found higher examiner shares among patents in electronics, communications, and computer-related fields. Taken together, our findings suggest that firm-level patenting practices, particularly among high-volume applicants, have a strong influence on citation data and merit additional research. 相似文献
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