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1.
 无论是从理论基础上还是具体步骤上,中值淘汰法与分支学家常用的方法都不相同。在构建分支图之前识别祖征与反向进化,直接衍征与环极向衍征有悖于分支学的基本原则;而在具体运算过程中仅以2个分类单元求取中值又会掩盖反向进化;新的中值必须全部包括分支图上下面的中值的原则事实上是不承认反向进化。中值淘汰法产生的分支图不及Farris方法产生的分支图简约。  相似文献   

2.
本文评述了分支系统分析中最简原理或简约性在系统发育推论中的应用和存在的问题。在系统   发育推论中使用简约性存在的主要问题在于,既无法获得最简约的系统树也不一定得到一个单一的解   决办法。基于此,本文作者接受了Hennig用衍生性状来判断生物之间相似性的同时,用近代大多数   生物系统学家接受的进化论各项原理代替Popper的简约性原理,以寻求单一的解决办法和获得确定   性的结果为目标,提出了一个新的分支系统分析方法——中值淘汰法,用以研究系统发育。这个方法除   了使用衍生性状来判断生物类群之间的亲缘关系外,还强调包括原始的也包括衍生性状在内的性状镶   嵌组合在决定分支和辨别分类群过程中的作用。  相似文献   

3.
文章简明介绍了现代分支系统学的分支格局原理和组份分析方法,并应用于李朝銮(1990,表2)的中国白粉藤属14种植物数据的分支分析。得出13个可能的最简约的二歧分支图,图长41步。这些分支图与李(1990)图2:13的比较表明,中值淘汰法不如组份分析方法有效,而且中值淘汰法有表相学和(或)进化系统学的疑问。  相似文献   

4.
 本文是“分支分类的一种计算方法—最大同步法”一文的姐妹篇。两种方法运算过程基本相同, 不同之处乃是最小平行进化法利用平行进化的概念,首先确立两个分支单位相结合时产生平行进化 的步数,即平行进化系数的计算公式,对所有待结合分支单位间计算平行进化系数。然后根据俭约性 原理,要获得最俭约演化树谱图,应该尽可能减少平行进化,也就是说在选择结合的分支单位时, 选择平行进化系数最小者优先结合。于是建立起一种新的分支分类运算方法。两种方法的思路完全不 同,从原理上讲对某些数据,最小平行进化法优于最大同步法,但后者运算量较大。如果将两种思路 兼顾,可以得出由这两种方法相结合而产生平行同步综合法.桔梗科6个种的数据作为例子进行运算说明。  相似文献   

5.
对乌头属 Aconitum L. 27个类群的nrDNA ITS序列进行了简约法与邻接法分析,两种方法得到的系统发育树基本一致。乌头亚属subgen. Aconitum 的蔓乌头系 ser. Volubilia 不是一个单系类群,显柱乌头系 ser. Stylosa 与兴安乌头系ser. Ambigua 各自作为单系类群也没有得到支持。特产于云南西北部横断山区的一些种之间存在非常近的系统发育关系,说明这些种可能是近期物种形成的产物。紫乌头 A. delavayi 复合体的不同类群在系统发育树上位  相似文献   

6.
金缕梅类科的系统发育分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
 本文运用分支分类的方法对金缕梅类进行了系统发育的分析。金缕梅类作为单元发生群包括下 列19科:昆栏树科、水青树科、连香树科、领春木科、杜仲科、金缕梅科、悬铃木科、交让木科、假槲树科、双颊果科、折扇叶科、黄杨科、西蒙得木科、木麻黄科、山毛榉科、桦木科、杨梅科、马尾树科和胡桃科。木兰科在分析中被选择作为外群类。在对大量性状进行评估之后,选择了32对性状作为建立数据矩阵的基本资料。性状极化主要以外类群比较、化石证据和通行的形态演化规律为依据。首次引入了不合谐数的概念来检测性状极化结果的正确程度,并对少数不合谐数较大的性状的极性进行了调整。采用最大同步法、最小平行进化法和综合分析法进行运算,按照最简约的原则,选出演化长度最短的谱系分支图,作为本文讨论的基础,并在此基础上,探讨了金缕梅类科的系统关系。  相似文献   

7.
风毛菊属Saussurea DC.是菊科物种分化十分剧烈和分类处理十分困难的一个属。该属的单系起源性质、属下分类系统以及一些独特形态物种的系统位置尚不清楚,有待进一步验证。本文测定了代表该属5个亚属37种植物43个样品和川木香属Dolomiaea DC.的1种样品的叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列,并调取菜蓟族Cardueae Cass.与风毛菊属具有一定亲缘关系的13属的该序列,一起进行了分支分析,重点验证该属的属下形态分类系统以及形态特殊、青藏高原地区特有的雪兔子亚属subgen. Eriocoryne  相似文献   

8.
测定了红豆杉科、三尖杉科、罗汉松科及松科共9属13种植物的matK基因序列,发现3′端的单碱基插入造成mat k基因在这些类群间有较大的长度变异(1488∽1548bp),其它插入或缺失的长度为3、6或9bp(白豆杉中有一个长为27bp的缺失),且绝大多数插入或缺失事件具有系统发育信息。matK基因中,密码子第1、2及3位的变异率较为相近,平均同义替代率约为平均非同义替代率的2倍。以松科2属3种植物为外类群,运用PAUP软件进行的系统发育分析仅得到一棵最简约树(步长为895,CI=0.850,RI=0.876),该简约树的各分支均得到bootstrap分析的极强支持。结果表明:红豆杉科与三尖杉科均为单系群,二者互为姐妹群;白豆杉属与穗花杉属为红豆杉科中两个很自然的属,白豆杉属为红豆杉属的姐妹群,穗花杉属为榧树属的姐妹群。竹柏属与罗汉松属聚为一支,二者间的亲缘关系得到boot-strap分析的100%支持,从分支分类学及遗传距离角度,作者不赞同将竹柏属提升为科。  相似文献   

9.
 中国竹亚科分类自70年代末以来取得了长足进展,但在高山竹类的属名、种类处理,青篱竹属在中国是否存在,以及丛生竹的属级界线等问题上,国内学者间,以及国内学者与国外学者间存在不同意见。读了林万涛关于中国牡竹属的两篇文章后,认为有必要就牡竹属的范畴作一讨论,其中也涉及国内竹亚科分类的若干方法论问题。根据分支系统学的原理,“广义牡竹属”是一个单系类群。参照Clayton对属级分类阶元提出的几条原则,特别是性状的选择,讨论了椅子竹属与碟环慈竹属的归属问题。笔者认为,数量分类学并不探讨类群的起源问题,研究系统发育则需要多学科的证据,因而单从营养体个别性状的相似性来推测系统发育是不可取的。最后本文归并了椅子竹属和碟环慈竹属。  相似文献   

10.
 本文讨论数量分支分类,提出一种构造演化树的实际计算方法,称为最大同步法。桔梗科6个种的数据作为例子进行说明,并对这种方法做简单的评论和比较。  相似文献   

11.
本文运用Wagner平面分异法(Wagner Groundplan Divergence Method),对中国东北 泥炭藓植物14个种和1变种进行了种系发生的探讨。根据所选出的21个泥炭藓不同部位的 形态学和解剖学的性状特征,将其同已知的姐妹群或其它邻近群的同源特征系列中的相应性 状做比较并遵从物种的个体发育顺序、类群趋向等标准,确定性状梯度极向,即找出祖征和衍 征,以期较系统地、定量地描述泥炭藓属种系发生过程。研究结果表明,在泥炭藓的14种和1变种中,Sphagnum magellanicum 最为原始,S. girgensohnii 和S.fimbriatum 最为进化。  相似文献   

12.
 This paper is an attempt to discuss the relationship and phylogeny within the genus Lindera, based upon on analysis of shortened brachlets, on which the inflorescences are inserted, and other morphological characters. The shortened branchlets are metamorphic shoots which are often at the transitional stage between branchles and inflorescences. The advanced shortened branchlets usually with an undeveloped terminal bud, posses scale-like leaves, and the inflore- scences so formed are sessile and aggregate.  In primitive taxa, such as Lindera nacusua (Don) Merr., L. gracilipes H. W. Li and L. tanchuanensis Feng et H. S. Kung, the branchlet is usually not shortened, with well-developed terminal bud, forming a single axillary pseudo-umbel, while its peducle is usually very slender and stamens of pistillate flower sometimes more or less deve- loped.  The leaves on the upper part of branchlet are normal and the lower part of branchlet becoming bracteal,  In the genus the development of shortened branchlets (Fig. 1.) from the ones in the primitive taxa to the ones in the advanced taxa may be found.        Other important morphological characters are the length of peducles.   The peduncle is usually slender in the primitive taxa, short or even sessile in the adanced taxa.        There are two types of venation in the genus: the pinnate and trinerved.  As the primitive group trib. Perseeae Mez shows pinnate veins, pinnate ventation in Lindera is more primitive than trinerved one.        It might be possible that a transition occure in the genus from evergereen habit to deciduous one as shown in Lindera glauca B1., L. angustifolia Cheng and L. praecox B1., whose leaves tar- dily wither but persistent over winter.        The relationships within Lindera are shown in a hypothetical genealogical tree (Fig. 4), which includes the system of Litsea, developed parallelly with Lindera.        From the study of morphological characters, the author infers that both Lindera and Litsea have originated from a common ancestory related to the tribe Cinnamomeae Baill. which has a single axillary inflorescence, with hermaphrodite flowers, 4-locular anthers and penninerved to trinerved leaves.  相似文献   

13.
本文对肋柱花属的属下分类、系统发育和地理分布等方面进行了深入研究。文用分支系统学的方法和原理,用计算机PAUP程序处理,获得了几个最简约的支序图。  肋柱花属属于龙胆亚族辐状花冠群,在这群中,论亲缘关系它与辐花属最近,与獐牙菜属次之,而与黄秦艽属关系较远。  獐牙菜属在进化程度上较肋柱花属低,因此它被选为肋柱花属的外类群。 经过支序分析,肋柱花属的18个种根据Hennig的“共近裔性原则”可组合为三个组,其中肉质根茎组为较原始的组,肋柱花组为中级进化水平的组,合萼组是进化程度最高的组。 肋柱花属是北温带分布型的属,分布于亚洲、欧洲及北美洲,直达北极。从种的地理分布型分析,表明秦岭一横断山区是本属的起源与分化中心。 随文报道了一个新组、一个新种和一个新变种。  研究了全部种类的命名模式。  相似文献   

14.
本文测定了广义榆科 Ulmaceae s.l.及其近缘类群的trn K基因5′端内含子区序列。在尝试利用该内含子区进行榆科系统发育研究的同时,探讨了其在植物系统学研究中的应用前景。利用PAUP软件进行的系统发育分析仅得到1棵最简约树。该简约树的树长为665步,其一致性指数(CI)和保持性指数(RI)分别为0.7714和0.7965。分析结果表明:广义榆科为多系群;狭义榆科Ulmaceae s.str.为荨麻目rticales其他类群的姊妹群;大麻科Cannabacea嵌在朴科Celtidacea中,即朴科为一并系群;系统位置有争议的2个属——白颜树属Gironniera和糙叶树属 Aphananthe与朴科类群聚为一支。本研究还表明trnK基因5′端内含子区序列分析在植物较低分类等级(如近缘属间,属下种间)的系统发育研究中具有很好的应用前景。  相似文献   

15.
将平面连杆机构的二副杆、三副杆、机架等构件定义为机构二叉树的结点集合,通过定义构件的联接规则,将机构表示为二叉树数据结构,其中树的节点和左、右孩子包含了连接副和构件几何参数等信息。通过对二叉树的后序遍历算法建立了平面连杆机构运动分析方法,采用面向对象技术开发了平面连杆机构运动仿真软件,实现了平面连杆机构的运动分析与仿真,仿真算例表明了该方法的有效性。  相似文献   

16.
罂粟科白屈菜族的化学分类及资源利用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The tribe Chelidonieae of Papaveraceae, consists of 8 genera and 23 species in the world.  Most species belonging to this taxon contain dominantly biologically active substances and are widely used as medicinal plants.      A chemotaxonomic study in this tribe reveals that Chelidonieae is linked to the other tribes in the presence of protopine-type alkaloids, and the ubiquitous occurrence of dehydrogenated benzophenanthridine-type alkaloids (ex. chelerythrine and sanguinarine) can be served as a chemical character of Chelidonieae.  Furthermore, our results indicate that Chelidonieae can obviously be divided into two groups:the first group, including genera Sanguinaria, Eomecon, Macleaya and Bocconia, is characterized by the absence of TLC detected aporphine-, tetrahydroberberine- and reduced benzophenanthridi netype alkaloids, and their undulatedly or palmately incised leaves, as well as short capsules.  The second group, comprising Stylophorum, Hylomecon, Dicranostigma and Chelidonium, yields predominately tetrahydroberberine- and reduced benzophenanthridinetype alkaloids, with usually deeply pinnatifid leaves, and long and slender capsules.       As regards the medical importance and the resource utilization of Chelidonieae much attention should be paid to the following alkaloids and the taxa: chelidonine (Chelidonium majus ) , isocorydine ( Dicranostigma ) , tetrahydrocoptisine ( Stylophorum ) , chelerythrine (whole tribe particularly the genus Macleaya) and sanguinarine (whole tribe, particularly Macleaya).  相似文献   

17.
 The present paper, mainly dealing with phytogeographical, Cytological and Palynolo gical studies on Chinese Stachyuraceae, is the first part of a series of contributions to systematics of this family. As we know, Stachyuraceae, a monogeneric family, is  endemic to East Asia, with a strong differentiation in China. Systematic position of the family is still uncertain. Undoubtedly, multidisciplinary studies on it wisl give a better understanding of plant differentiation in East-Asiatic floristic region and systematic position of the family.      The distribution of all the 9 Chinese species of Stachyurus have been studied on the basis of morphogeographical method. The status of some taxa has been changed as follows: Stachyurus chinensis Franch. ssp. latus (Li) Y. C. Tang et Y. L. Cao, stat. nov. S. chinen-sis Franch. Ssp. cuspidatus (Li) Y. C. Tang et Y. L. Cao, stat. nov. S. chinensis Franch. ssp. brachystachyus (C. Y. Wu et S. K. Chen) Y. C. Tang et Y. L. Cao, stat. nov. S. salicifolius Franch. ssp. lancifolius (C. Y. Wu) Y. C. Tang et Y. L. Cao, stat. nov., S. yunnanensis Franch. var. pedicellatus Rehd. and S. oblongifolius Wang et Tang being reduced as synonyms of S. yunnanensis Franch. From morphological point of view, we would consider that sect. Callosurus is more primitive and its present area might be the preservation center of the family.      In this paper the chromosome numbers of 5 taxa, i.e. Stachyurus yunnanensis, S. chinensis ssp. chinensis, S. chinensis ssp. cuspidatus, S. salicifolius ssp. salicifolius, S. retusus, are reported for the first time. Along with the chromosome countings of S. himalaicus and S. sigeyosii by S. kurosawa, we come to the conclusion that all the species so far studied have 24 small somatic chromosomes (2n=24).      The pollen grains of 6 taxa, i.e. Stachyurus yunnanensis, S. obovatus, S. himalaicus, S. chinensis ssp. chinensis, S. salicifolius ssp. salicifolius, S. retusus were also examined. Together with the observations of G. Erdman and Huang Tsengchien on  S. himalaicus, it seems that the pollen grains of the genus Stachyurus are rather uniform in  morphology. The pollen grains of sect. Callosurus are tricolporoidate, while those of sect. Stachyurusare tricolporate. Two pollen types, representeb by the two sections, though not strongly distinct, may be considered as further evidence of the validity of the two taxa as section.       Sexuality of flowers is also disscussed in the paper. According to our observationon six species, i.e. Stachyurus yunnanensis, S. obovatus, S. himalaicus, S. chinensis, S. salicifolius, S. retusus, the plants are dioecious, which supports T. Makino's observation on S. praecox and H. Hara's on S. himalaicus. Female flowers have relatively large pistils and short stamens with empty anthers, while male flowers have smaller sterile pistils and longer stamens with well developed anthers.  相似文献   

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