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1.
Kirby JR Silvestri R Allingham BH Parrila R La Fave CB 《Journal of learning disabilities》2008,41(1):85-96
The present study describes the self-reported learning strategies and study approaches of college and university students with and without dyslexia and examines the relationship of those characteristics with reading ability. Students with (n = 36) and without (n = 66) dyslexia completed tests measuring reading rate, reading comprehension, reading history, learning strategies, and learning approaches. The results indicated that students without dyslexia obtained significantly higher scores than students with dyslexia in their reported use of selecting main ideas and test taking strategies. Students with dyslexia reported significantly greater use of study aids and time management strategies in comparison to students without dyslexia. Moreover, university students with dyslexia were significantly more likely to report a deep approach to learning in comparison to university students without dyslexia. Reading ability correlated positively with selecting main ideas and test taking strategies and negatively with use of study aids. The authors interpret the learning strategy results as consequences of and compensations for the difficulties that students with dyslexia have in word reading. 相似文献
2.
Lexical-decision studies with experienced English and French readers have shown that visual-word identification is not only
affected by pronunciation inconsistency of a word (i.e., multiple ways to pronounce a spelling body), but also by spelling
inconsistency (i.e., multiple ways to spell a pronunciation rime). The aim of this study was to compare the reading behavior
of young Dutch readers with dyslexia to the behavior of readers without dyslexia. All students participated in a lexical-decision
task in which we presented pronunciation-consistent words and pseudowords. Half of the pronunciation-consistent stimuli were
spelling consistent and the other half were spelling inconsistent. All three reader groups, that is, students with dyslexia,
age-match students, and reading-match students, read spelling-consistent words faster than spelling-inconsistent words. Overall
reading speed of students with dyslexia was similar to that of reading-match students, and was substantially slower than that
of age-match students. The results suggest that reading in students with or without dyslexia is similarly affected by spelling
inconsistency. Subtle qualitative differences emerged, however, with respect to pseudoword identification. The conclusion
was that the findings were best interpreted in terms of a recurrent-feedback model. 相似文献
3.
Students’ experiences of academic success with dyslexia: A call for alternative intervention 
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下载免费PDF全文 This article describes a small‐scale study exploring the perspectives of five undergraduate students with dyslexia. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted in two universities in the UK. The interviews explored participants’ perceptions of their dyslexia label and how it had affected their academic success. The aim of the research was to identify facilitating factors that supported participants with dyslexia during their education. The following themes were identified: age of dyslexia identification, family support, dyslexic identity, self‐advocacy skills and learning resources. The study makes a case for an intervention for children and young people (CYP) with dyslexia that, in addition to remedial literacy support, explores self‐advocacy, thinking and study skills and facilitates positive academic self‐concepts. Future research could evaluate such an intervention for its effectiveness on CYP's social emotional well‐being and literacy skills. 相似文献
4.
《Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties》2013,18(2):143-161
The purpose of this study was to examine Australian learning difficulties specialists’ knowledge about, and the use of, the term dyslexia. An online survey was constructed based on a current definition of, and evidence about, dyslexia and distributed to members of relevant professional associations. A total of 179 participants responded to the survey. Statistical tests were used to identify significant differences in questionnaire scores between a number of demographic subgroups which included special professional interest group, professional discipline, years of experience and engagement in reading-related university study. Results indicated that these Australian professionals all possess a similar and generally high level of accurate research-based knowledge about dyslexia and how to support individuals with significant reading issues. However, while affirming the relevancy of the term dyslexia in their professional work, most participants preferred another term and favoured a combination of words including reading, learning and the less pejorative term difficulty as opposed to disability. As the term dyslexia is commonly used by Australian educators, policy-makers, support organisation and parents to make decisions about the support individuals receive, an understanding of what is currently understood by this label is critical. 相似文献
5.
This paper consists of three studies. The first study aimed to identify sub-types of students with learning disabilities in reading. Based on the dual-route model of reading, words may be read using either a lexical (words are recognized as wholes) or a sub-lexical (words are recognized through grapheme-phoneme correspondence) procedure. Castles and Coltheart (1993) provided evidence for the existence of these two mechanisms in English reading. They suggested that deficits in one and/or the other mechanism would lead to different patterns of reading disability. Surface dyslexia results from an impairment of the lexical procedure with an intact phonological route to reading. Phonological dyslexia results from a deficit in the grapheme-phoneme transformation mechanism. A higher percentage of surface dyslexia was identified in the present study. The aim of the second study was to analyze reading errors to support the existence of surface and phonological dyslexic patterns in Chinese reading. The results showed that students with surface dyslexic pattern made more phonological errors, whereas students with phonological dyslexic pattern made more semantic errors. These two studies indicate that students with learning disabilities could have different strengths and weaknesses and could have different preferences for recognizing Chinese characters and different responses to instructional methods. The third study was designed to test the effects of different teaching methods and different kinds of Chinese characters on students with learning disabilities. In general, the analytic method was found more effective for students with surface dyslexic pattern and the whole-word method for those with the phonological dyslexic pattern. The findings of this study showed the importance of identifying the strengths of the different sub-types of readers and the need to choose appropriate instructional methods accordingly. 相似文献
6.
A single-subject alternating treatment design was used to investigate the extent to which a specialized dyslexia font, OpenDyslexic, impacted reading rate or accuracy compared to two commonly used fonts when used with elementary students identified as having dyslexia. OpenDyslexic was compared to Arial and Times New Roman in three reading tasks: (a) letter naming, (b) word reading, and (c) nonsense word reading. Data were analyzed through visual analysis and improvement rate difference, a nonparametric measure of nonoverlap for comparing treatments. Results from this alternating treatment experiment show no improvement in reading rate or accuracy for individual students with dyslexia, as well as the group as a whole. While some students commented that the font was “new” or “different”, none of the participants reported preferring to read material presented in that font. These results indicate there may be no benefit for translating print materials to this font. 相似文献
7.
In Ontario, Canada, there is a demand for psychometrically robust screening tools capable of efficiently identifying students with specific learning disabilities (SLD), such as dyslexia. The present study investigated the ability of the Dyslexia Adult Screening Test (DAST) to discriminate between 117 post‐secondary students with carefully diagnosed SLDs and 121 comparison students. Results indicated that the DAST correctly identified only 74% of the students with SLDs as ‘highly at risk’ for dyslexia. Although employing the cutoff for ‘mildly at risk’ correctly identified 85% of the students with SLDs, this also increased the percentage of students with no major history of learning problems identified as ‘at risk’ for dyslexia from 16% to 26%. These findings suggest that the DAST in its present form is limited in its ability to screen for SLDs. Implications for future research are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Many college students receiving accommodations for specific learning disability (SLD) do not meet objective criteria for the disorder. Furthermore, whether students meet criteria depends on the diagnostic decision model used by their clinician. The authors examined whether the relationship between diagnostic model and likelihood of meeting objective criteria is moderated by students' postsecondary institution. They administered a comprehensive psychoeducational battery to 98 undergraduates receiving accommodations for SLD at 2-year public colleges, 4-year public universities, and 4-year private colleges. Most 4-year public university students failed to meet objective criteria for SLD. In contrast, most 4-year private college students met objective criteria based on significant ability-achievement discrepancies, and most 2-year public college students met objective criteria based on normative deficits in achievement and cognitive processing. Students who met objective criteria also differed significantly in degree of academic impairment. The authors' findings indicate qualitative differences in SLD across postsecondary settings and have implications for the identification and mitigation of SLD in college students. 相似文献
9.
A controversy whether developmental dyslexia is qualitatively different from other forms of reading disability has existed
among reading specialists for many years because poor readers, regardless of the labels attached to them, resemble each other
symptomatically (i.e., in reading achievement). For this reason, it is difficult to establish a priori criteria based on symptoms
to identify dyslexia and compare it with other forms of reading disability. One possible solution to this impasse is to see
if poor readers differ in the etiology of their reading disability and, if they do, then to see whether one group of poor
readers fits the traditional definition of dyslexia. This strategy was adopted in the present study. In this paper, it was
hypothesized that the etiology of dyslexia is different from that of other forms of reading disability because there is a
difference in the components that malfunction in dyslexia and other forms of reading disability. Studies have shown that the
two components that account for a large proportion of variance in reading are decoding and comprehension. Previous studies
also indicate that dyslexic children are deficient in decoding skills but not necessarily in comprehension. In this study,
reading-disabled children were divided into two groups on the basis of their listening comprehension. Children whose listening
comprehension was at or above grade level were placed in one group; poor readers with below-grade-level listening comprehension
were placed in the second group. Both groups, however, were matched for reading comprehension. The two groups and a control
group of normal readers were administered a number of tasks that were designed to assess the efficiency of the components
of reading. It was found that poor readers with normal listening comprehension were deficient in tasks that involved grapheme-phoneme
conversion (Component I, decoding). When tested on tasks that minimized decoding requirements, their reading comprehension
was comparable to that of normal readers. In contrast, the group with sub-average listening comprehension was poor in measures
of reading comprehension, even when decoding requirements were minimal. With the exception of very few children, this group
also had adequate decoding skills. Because poor readers with normal listening comprehension had average or above average IQ,
they conform to the traditional definition of dyslexia. Poor readers with below average listening comprehension had below
average IQ and could be considered as “general reading backward.” It was, therefore, concluded that the etiology of developmental
dyslexia is different from that of general reading backwardness.
In this paper, the termetiology refers to proximal causal factors such as decoding and comprehension and not to distal causal factors such as genetic and
neurological characteristics. 相似文献
10.
Virginia W. Berninger 《Annals of dyslexia》2001,51(1):21-48
The historical roots of the IQ-achievement discrepancy definition of learning disability are discussed as a reference point
for explaining why this definition came into being and why it is inadequate for dealing with the variety of learning and developmental
disabilities that present in school settings. A proposal is offered and justified for defining learning disabilities on the
basis of profiles for multiple developmental domains that affect learning. In this proposal, developmental dyslexia is differentiated
from other learning disabilities. Developmental dyslexia is defined as uneven development (dissociation) between word reading
and higher-level processes in the functional reading system. Dyslexics may struggle with word reading because of deficits
in phonological processes, orthographic-phonological connections, and/or fluency (rate, automaticity, or executive coordination).
The need for both national and international classification schemes for defining specific learning and developmental disabilities
for the purposes of educational services and research is emphasized.
Grant P50 33812-06 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development supported preparation of this article. 相似文献
11.
P. G. Aaron 《Annals of dyslexia》1987,37(1):109-125
A controversy whether developmental dyslexia is qualitatively different from other forms of reading disability has existed
among reading specialists for many years. In the present study, the hypothesis that the etiology of dyslexia is different
from that of other forms of reading disability because of differences in the components that malfunction was tested. A number
of studies have shown that the two components that contribute to a large proportion of variance in reading are decoding and
comprehension. It is, therefore, possible that a breakdown of different components could lead to different forms of disabilities.
College students who were poor readers were assigned to two groups on the basis of their IQ. Conforming to the traditional
criterion of dyslexia, those who had an IQ of 95 and above were considered as dyslexic. Those who had an IQ of 85 or below
were placed in the Nonspecific Reading-Disabled group. These two groups of poor readers and a group of normal readers were
administered a large number of reading-related tests. It was found that the two reading-disabled groups differed from each
other in six of the seven areas assessed. There was very little overlap of scores between the two groups in these areas. The
results were interpreted to suggest that poor decoding skill is the etiology of developmental dyslexia and that it differs
from other forms of reading disability which are caused by generalized cognitive deficits. 相似文献
12.
Lisa M. Henderson Natassa Tsogka Margaret J. Snowling 《Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs》2013,13(1):57-65
Visual stress (the experience of visual distortions and discomfort during prolonged reading) is frequently identified and alleviated with coloured overlays or lenses. Previous studies have associated visual stress with dyslexia and as a consequence, coloured overlays are widely distributed to children and adults with reading difficulty. However, this practice remains controversial. We investigated whether overlays have advantageous and reliable benefits for reading in undergraduate students with and without dyslexia. Both groups read jumbled text faster with a coloured overlay than without. The dyslexic group did not show greater gains than controls, despite reporting significantly more symptoms of visual stress. However, coloured overlays did not improve reading rate or comprehension of connected text. The improvement in reading speed with an overlay was not reliable and was significantly reduced at retesting for dyslexic students. These results question the value of coloured overlays as a tool for identifying visual stress and as a form of remediation for the reading difficulties associated with dyslexia. 相似文献
13.
Specific learning disability (SLD) identification procedures vary across states (Maki et al., 2015, School Psychol Quart, 30, 457–469); however, the extent to which SLD identification methods are implemented at the district level is not well understood. Moreover, the high‐stakes nature of SLD identification necessitates extensive training, but research regarding graduate and postgraduate training in SLD is limited. This study examined school psychologists’ SLD training and practices through survey methodology. Results showed that a growing number of school psychologists use, prefer, and receive training in response to intervention and pattern of strengths and weaknesses to identify students with SLD while the use of and preference for ability–achievement discrepancy may be decreasing. However, nearly one‐third of school psychologists still reported the use of ability–achievement discrepancy. In addition, over half of school psychologists reported using state department of education guidance documents to inform their SLD identification practices. Implications for training and practice are discussed. 相似文献
14.
A study is presented in which three characteristics of dyslexia were examined: (a) speed limitations in word identification, (b) sensitivity to increasing task demands, and (c) orthographic compensation. Ten students with dyslexia (10 years old) were compared to 10 chronological-age controls and 20 reading-age controls on their performance in reading. Response latencies of the students with dyslexia were slower when familiar words, letter clusters, and nonwords had to be named. A larger word-frequency effect and a larger word-length effect in the these students indicates that they have difficulty with increasing task demands. In addition, a subword-frequency effect was found to be larger in the students with dyslexia. These differences among the three groups of students are interpreted in terms of automatization. Furthermore, it is suggested that students with dyslexia may have a preference for large orthographic units, which is used as a compensatory tool in reading. 相似文献
15.
Dyslexia is known as a Learning Disability (LD), a reading disability and a neurological disability; yet there is confusion about dyslexia and the associated support required in learning. Challenges are experienced by adult students with dyslexia in both social and organisational contexts. This study explored the life experiences of adult students with dyslexia, in Technical and Further Education (TAFE) Colleges in Australia. The shift from a prior negative self‐perception to a current positive social identity in adult students with dyslexia can be developed through key supporting relationships and interactions in educational institutions. 相似文献
16.
Anne Elisabeth Dahle Ann‐Mari Knivsberg Anne Brit Andreassen 《Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs》2011,11(3):162-170
A small group of children and young adolescent with dyslexia has severely impaired reading skills despite prolonged special education. These are the students in focus. In dyslexia, problem behaviour, internalised as well as externalised, has previously been reported, so also for the participants with dyslexia in this study. The aim of the present study was to obtain more in‐depth knowledge of the behaviour problems from various informants, representing different settings. This kind of information is imperative for identifying problem behaviour, and for planning and implementing remedial programmes. A clinical group of 70 students with severe dyslexia, due to phonological problems, and a control group of 70 without reading problems participated. The two groups were pair‐wise matched on age, gender, cognitive level and whether they lived in rural or urban areas. Mean age was 150 months, and mean IQ was approximately 100 in both groups. Parents, teachers and participants provided information on behaviour through the Achenbach questionnaires Child Behavior Checklist, Teacher's Report Form and Youth Self Report. Behaviour is, in these questionnaires, divided into eight syndrome areas called Withdrawn, Somatic Complaints, Anxious/Depressed, Social Problems, Thought Problems, Attention Problems, Delinquent Behavior and Aggressive Behavior. The three informant groups reported significantly more problems in the dyslexia group than in the controls in all the syndrome areas. Parents reported more children with dyslexia to be anxious and depressed, and have social problems and attention problems than teachers. They also reported suicidal ideations in nine participants with dyslexia. In addition, parents rated more internalising and total problems in the dyslexia group than teachers. 相似文献
17.
Throughout the various states of the USA, the appropriate identification of dyslexia and the timely provision of interventions are characterized by variability and inconsistency. Several states have recognized the existence of this disorder and the well-established need for services. These states have taken proactive steps to implement laws and regulations for both identification and treatment, and the provision of equal access to students who are diagnosed with dyslexia. The majority of states, however, have not developed such laws and guidelines. The purposes of this article are to review the present status and content of these dyslexia laws, highlight some differences among the laws and regulations across states, and suggest strategies for initiating such laws. 相似文献
18.
ABSTRACTDyslexia is a common specific learning difficulty. In higher education two models of disability are prevalent, ‘disorder’ and ‘difference’, which each differentially conceptualise dyslexia and the nature of supports required. A lack of research has been undertaken in Ireland regarding students’ experience of dyslexia, and the move from second to third level education. A greater understanding of the challenges encountered is necessary to inform provision of resources to help students with dyslexia excel in higher education. Semi-structured interviews were completed with four undergraduate students and one postgraduate student with a diagnosis of dyslexia to explore their experiences of transitioning into university. Thematic analysis revealed four common themes: dyslexic identity, self-advocacy, transition experiences, and future advice. Various difficulties were identified regarding lack of appropriate academic resources, inconsistencies between supports provided in secondary and third level education, and low self-confidence which serves as a barrier to success. However, strengths including self-directed learning techniques and communication and self-advocacy skills were also evidenced, supporting a ‘difference’ view of dyslexia. The findings highlight the need to re-evaluate the current academic service provisions, in alignment with a model of dyslexia that allows individualisation and enables students, as opposed to disabling them. 相似文献
19.
Sian E. Thomas Corinna F. Grindle Vaso Totsika 《British Journal of Special Education》2023,50(1):150-171
Many students with learning disabilities find it difficult to acquire basic reading skills. This is even more of a challenge for students who are non-vocal. The purpose of the present study was to pilot the use of Headsprout Early Reading© (HER©), an online reading programme, with four non-vocal students with a severe learning disability (SLD), over the course of a nine-week period. Additional table-top activities were designed and implemented to augment the online instruction. None of the students completed the programme. Three students improved their early reading skills over the course of the intervention. Staff members indicated positive experiences of using HER©, especially mentioning how motivated the students were to engage with the programme. HER© for students with SLD requires one-to-one support and a longer implementation period to achieve completion; these have implications for resourcing in special schools. However, HER© shows promise with non-vocal students with learning disabilities and evidence supports the need for larger-scale evaluation research. 相似文献
20.
The relationship between dyslexia and visual stress (sometimes known as Meares‐Irlen syndrome) is uncertain. While some theorists have hypothesised an aetiological link between the two conditions, mediated by the magnocellular visual system, at the present time the predominant theories of dyslexia and visual stress see them as distinct, unrelated conditions, a view that has received some support from studies with children. Studies of visual stress in adults are rare, yet recent reports of a high incidence of this phenomenon amongst university students with diagnosed dyslexia call for further investigation of the issue. This study sought to clarify the relationship between visual stress and dyslexia by comparing the reading performance of dyslexic and non‐dyslexic adults with, and without, colour. Degree of susceptibility to visual stress was determined by means of a symptom rating scale. Optimal colour was determined using an Intuitive Colorimeter, which was also employed to assess reading speed under the two experimental conditions. Only the dyslexic students with high visual stress showed significant gains in reading speed when using optimal colour. The use of response to treatment (rather than symptomatology) as a diagnostic criterion for visual stress is questioned, especially when applied to adults, as this may give misleading findings. On the basis of reported symptomatology, students who experience high levels of visual stress are more likely to show improvements in reading rate with optimal colour if they also have dyslexia than if they do not have dyslexia. Although not establishing an aetiological link, these findings imply an interaction between the two conditions with major implications for theory, diagnosis and treatment. 相似文献