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地球的大陆一直在以肉眼观察不到的速度缓慢移动，运动的动力来源就是地球内部的地幔对流。地幔在地下的缓慢移动，带动了地表处的岩石也一起运动，每年移动的速度只有几厘米，但是经过几百万年、几千万年的运动，就会使大陆漂移到数千千米远的地方。这就是板块运动学说所描述的板块运动过程。 相似文献
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《大科技．科学之谜》2006,(12):52-54
板块运动何时停止？
——山东省菜芜市菜钢有限公司 张婵
板块运动的动力求自于地球内部的热量推动下的地幔对流，地幔的对流带动了地表岩石的缓慢移动。只要地球内部还有放射性元索在产生能量，板块运动就不会停止。耳体请参见《大科技&;#183;科学之谜》2006年07期《假如地球板块运动停止》一文。
——编者 相似文献
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杨博 《大科技．科学之谜》2006,(7):24-25
关于地球海陆的变迁,德国气象学家魏格纳在1910年左右提出了大陆漂移学说;到了20世纪中叶,人们发现了越来越多支持大陆漂移的证据,并在魏格纳理论的基础上进行完善,提出了板块运动学说(或称板块构造学说):地球表面是由一些巨大的板块所组成,而这些板块则是由地壳和最上部的地幔所构成的,厚约70～125千米,称为岩石圈。在坚实的岩石圈之下,是一层具有塑性、厚约250千米的地幔——软流圈,这些板块可以在软流圈上缓慢移动,并且各自消长,使得地球表面变成一幅板块大拼图。板块运动学说被科学界所接受,一种重要的证据,就是科学家在海底发现了地磁… 相似文献
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吴波 《大科技．科学之谜》2006,(7):1-1
地球的大陆一直在以肉眼观察不到的速度缓慢移动,运动的动力来源就是地球内部的地幔对流。地幔在地下的缓慢移动,带动了地表处的岩石也一起运动,每年移动的速度只有几厘米,但是经过上亿年的运动,就会使大陆漂移到数千千米的远方。这就是板块运动学说所描述的板块运动过程。板块运动对地球的影响是深刻的,它改变了整个地球的地形,让一些地方高耸入云,让另一些地方深不见底。板块运动还导致了地球物质的循环。例如,植物消耗大气中的二氧化碳,利用光合作用产生氧气,动物以植物为食,动植物将气态的二氧化碳转化,最终,大气中所含的二氧化碳或者溶… 相似文献
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为什么海洋板块的最长寿命只有1.7亿年,而大陆板块却可巍然屹立五六十亿年?大陆地震分布和发生的物理机制是什么?大陆矿产资源分布遵循怎样的规律?组成地球的地壳、地幔、地核各个圈层是如何相互耦合,相互作用的?如何保护地球环境? 相似文献
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《大科技．科学之谜》2006,(12)
【问题与解答】板块运动何时停止?——山东省莱芜市莱钢有限公司张婵板块运动的动力来自于地球内部的热量推动下的地幔对流,地幔的对流带动了地表岩石的缓慢移动。只要地球内部还有放射性元素在产生能量,板块运动就不会停止。具体请参见《大科技·科学之谜》2006年07期《假如地 相似文献
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任晓龙 《大科技．科学之谜》2008,(10):23
海底并非死气沉沉的世界,很早以前,科学家就在海底发现了喷涌热液的海底“烟囱”,在这些烟囱的周围,形成了特殊的生态系统,有长管虫、蠕虫,以及像蛤类、贻贝类、蟹类、水母、藤壶等模样的动物。海底烟囱的形成要归因于地球的板块运动。由于海洋板块发生的扩张分离运动,在海底的某些位置,就会出现深入地幔的裂谷。海水渗入裂口后,在炽热的地幔处被加热,然后再涌出海底商,形成了所谓的烟囱。喷涌而出的热液携带了许多地下的化学物质,一些生物就以海底烟囱提供的热量和化学物质为生。 相似文献
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中国大陆广泛分布强烈的板内变形和造山作用，传统的板块构造理论常常将其解释为板块边缘汇聚力的远程效应。然而，中国大陆的板内造山作用与汇聚板块边界之间缺乏可预期的动力学联系，不能简单地解释为大陆碰撞或板块俯冲的远程效应。本文提出另一种可供选择的解释，认为板内变形主要取决于岩石圈不均一性。相邻的板块拼合在一起形成统一板块之后，区域地质演化进入板内阶段。板块碰撞导致的岩石圈不均一性和重力不稳定性可以触发强烈的板内变形甚至造山作用，其延迟时间的长短取决于岩石圈不稳定性的程度和地球深部的热扰动。与板缘造山带相比，板内造山作用缺少板块俯冲．碰撞过程，板内造山带的演化历史相对简单，通常是以岩石圈拆沉作用开始，以地壳的垂向增生为特征，最后以岩石圈拆沉作用结束或形成重力不稳定岩石圈。因此，板内造山作用一般沿着古造山带发育。古造山带岩石圈结构低成熟度的特点不仅是岩石圈不稳定性的主要原因之一，而且由于挥发分和含矿元素的富集在活化过程中具有很强的成矿潜力。板内造山带的成矿作用依赖于深埋在岩石圈-软流圈系统不同深度水平上含矿流体的突然释放，主要发生在造山作用初始阶段和造山后伸展阶段。 相似文献
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Qun-Ke Xia Jia Liu Istvn Kovcs Yan-Tao Hao Pei Li Xiao-Zhi Yang Huan Chen Ying-Ming Sheng 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2019,6(1):125
Understanding the concentration and distribution of water in the Earth''s mantle plays a substantial role in studying its chemical, physical and dynamic processes. After a decade of research, a comprehensive dataset of water content in upper-mantle samples has been built for eastern China, which is now the only place with water-content data from such diverse types of natural samples, and provides an integrated picture of the water content and its distribution in the upper mantle at a continental scale. The main findings include the following: (i) the temporal heterogeneity of the water content in the lithospheric mantle from early Cretaceous (∼120 Ma) to Cenozoic (<40 Ma) was tightly connected with the stability of the North China Craton (from its destruction to its consolidation); (ii) the heterogeneous water content in the Cenozoic lithospheric mantle beneath different blocks of eastern China was not only inherited from tectonic settings from which they came, but was also affected later by geological processes they experienced; (iii) the distinct water content between the lowermost crust and lithospheric mantle of eastern China and its induced rheological contrast at the base of the crust indicate that the continental crust–mantle boundary could behave either in a coupled or decoupled manner beneath different areas and/or at different stages; (iv) the alkali basalts of eastern China demonstrate a heterogeneous distribution of water content in the mantle; local and regional comparisons of the water content between the lithospheric mantle and basalts'' source indicate that the Cenozoic alkali basalts in eastern China were not sourced from the lithospheric mantle. Instead, the inferred high water contents in the mantle sources suggest that the Cenozoic eastern China basalts were likely sourced from the mantle transition zone (MTZ); and (v) both oceanic and continental crusts may carry a certain amount of water back into the deep mantle of eastern China by plate subduction. Such recycled crustal materials have not only created a local water-rich zone, but have also introduced crustal geochemical signatures into the mantle, both accounting for crustal geochemical imprints in the intra-plate magmatic rocks of eastern China. 相似文献
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中国大陆热流分布特征及热-构造分区 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
根据中国大陆822个实测热流数据,研究了中国大陆主要构造单元的深部地热特征,包括40km深度的地温值、热岩石圈厚度、岩石圈累积强度和有效弹性层厚度(EET)等.结果显示,中国大陆热流的空间分布以及岩石圈热状态和流变学特征均表现出明显的横向非均匀性.这源于太平洋板块俯冲和印度-亚洲碰撞导致的新生代构造热活动.根据热流值和深部地热参数,中国大陆可以划分为东部、中部和西部三个大尺度热-构造区. 相似文献
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玄武岩作为地球上分布最为广泛的火成岩之一,是地质学研究的重要对象。对前人研究工作的系统总结,不同玄武岩形成的控制因素主要有地幔类型、源区特征、部分熔融程度、岩浆起源深度、结晶分异、地壳与地幔及岩石圈和软流圈之间的圈层作用。本文主要从部分熔融程度、岩浆起源深度、源区特征及各圈层间的相互作用等方面对玄武岩的成因进行了较详细的概括。虽然赣南-粤北地区早白垩世晚期玄武岩的地质时代归属、岩石学特征、岩石系列的划分有了一定程度的认识,但仍存在一些问题有待深入研究。 相似文献
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Xiaolei Wang Ming Tang Jeff Moyen Di Wang Alfred Krner Chris Hawkesworth Xiaoping Xia Hangqiang Xie Carl Anhaeusser Axel Hofmann Junyong Li Linsen Li 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2022,9(3)
The recycling of supracrustal materials, and in particular hydrated rocks, has a profound impact on mantle composition and thus on the formation of continental crust, because water modifies the physical properties of lithological systems and the mechanisms of partial melting and fractional fractionation. On the modern Earth, plate tectonics offers an efficient mechanism for mass transport from the Earth''s surface to its interior, but how far this mechanism dates back in the Earth''s history is still uncertain. Here, we use zircon oxygen (O) isotopes to track recycling of supracrustal materials into the magma sources of early Archean igneous suites from the Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. The mean δ18O values of zircon from TTG (tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite) rocks abruptly increase at the Paleo-Mesoarchean boundary (ca. 3230 million years ago; Ma), from mantle zircon values of 5‰–6‰ to approaching 7.1‰, and this increase occurs in ≤3230 Ma rocks with elevated Dy/Yb ratios. The 18O enrichment is a unique signature of low-temperature water–rock interaction on the Earth''s surface. Because the later phase was emplaced into the same crustal level as the older one and TTG magmas would derive from melting processes in the garnet stability field (>40 km depth), we suggest that this evident shift in TTG zircon O isotopic compositions records the onset of recycling of the mafic oceanic crust that underwent seawater hydrothermal alteration at low temperature. The onset of the enhanced recycling of supracrustal materials may also have developed elsewhere in other Archean cratons and reflects a significant change in the tectonic realm during craton formation and stabilization, which may be important processes for the operation of plate tectonics on early Earth. 相似文献
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Ross Gunn 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1944,237(2):139-154
The principle of isobaric equilibrium is quantitatively applied to a strong lithosphere near a continental boundary. Following methods outlined in earlier papers, the deformation of the lithosphere near Cape Henry is determined from the magnitude and distribution of the sedimentary and fluid load superimposed on the original crystalline basement. From the calculated figure and the equivalent load, the resulting distribution of vertical stress and gravity defect are estimated. Except for the prediction of appreciable positive gravity defects at the continental shelf the calculated and observed gravity distributions are quite similar. The fibre stress due to the deformation is evaluated and it is shown that the position of the calculated maximum stress in tension on the landward side coincides with the observed position of lithospheric failure or the Fall Line. The strength in tension of the upper lithosphere here is shown to be less than 8.5 X 108 dynes/cm2. The simultaneous prediction of the approximate magnitudes of the gravity anomalies, their distribution and the location of the Fall line appears to show that a strong elastic lithosphere characterized by the constant b = 8.4 ± 2 × 10?8 cm?1 has a real and important geological existence.The investigation shows that due to the finite strength of the lithosphere, long linear areas parallel to continental coast lines are usually regions of disturbed gravity. 相似文献
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Chi-Yue Huang Pinxian Wang Mengming Yu Chen-Feng You Char-Shine Liu Xixi Zhao Lei Shao Guangfa Zhong Graciano P Yumul Jr 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2019,6(5):891
Radiometric dates of key rock units indicate that a remnant Late Mesozoic ocean of the Huatung Basin is still preserved today east of the South China Sea (SCS). We integrate regional geology with a Cretaceous oceanic basement in the vicinity of the Huatung Basin to reconstruct the Huatung Plate east of the Eurasian continent. Results of geophysical investigations, four expeditions of deep-sea drilling and a renaissance of regional geology allow us to propose a hypothesis that the mechanism responsible for the SCS opening was raised from strike-slip fault on the east. The hypothesis suggests that the SCS opening could highly relate to the strike-slip faults inherited from Late Mesozoic structures onshore–offshore the SE Cathaysia Block to develop rhombic-shaped extensional basins en echelon on the thinned Eurasian continental crust in the Early Cenozoic. It was followed by sinistral strike-slip movements along the boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Huatung Plate driven by oblique subduction of the Huatung Plate to the northwest coupled with slab-pull force by southward subduction of the Proto-SCS to open up the triangle-shaped oceanic East Sub-basin in the Early Oligocene (33/34 Ma). The spreading ridge then propagated southwestward in the step-over segment between the Zhongnan-Lile and the Red River strike-slip fault systems to open the triangle-shaped oceanic Southwest Sub-basin by 23 Ma. The plate boundary fault was subsequently converted into the Manila Trench when the Eocene Sierra Madre arc of the Huatung Plate had moved from the south to its present latitude by the Middle Miocene. 相似文献
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Eiji Ohtani 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(1):224
Geophysical observations suggest that the transition zone is wet locally. Continental and oceanic sediment components together with the basaltic and peridotitic components might be transported and accumulated in the transition zone. Low-velocity anomalies at the upper mantle–transition zone boundary might be caused by the existence of dense hydrous magmas. Water can be carried farther into the lower mantle by the slabs. The anomalous Q and shear wave regions locating at the uppermost part of the lower mantle could be caused by the existence of fluid or wet magmas in this region because of the water-solubility contrast between the minerals in the transition zone and those in the lower mantle. δ-H solid solution AlO2H–MgSiO4H2 carries water into the lower mantle. Hydrogen-bond symmetrization exists in high-pressure hydrous phases and thus they are stable at the high pressures of the lower mantle. Thus, the δ-H solid solution in subducting slabs carries water farther into the bottom of the lower mantle. Pyrite FeO2Hx is formed due to a reaction between the core and hydrated slabs. This phase could be a candidate for the anomalous regions at the core–mantle boundary. 相似文献
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南海中央海盆热结构及其地球动力学意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
依据南海中央海盆大地热流观测值及地壳结构资料 ,利用地热学方法计算了海盆及周缘壳内温度和热流分布 ,并得出壳幔热结构配分比例 .计算结果表明 ,中央海盆洋壳层内垂向热流变化不大 ,但垂向温度变化较大 ,这是地幔上涌所致 .海盆内成片分布的地热区 ,则是局部地区地幔上涌 ,导致多期次、多方向海底扩张的反映 .海盆区地幔热流在地表实测大地热流中所占比例高于 80 %,地壳下部热流在地壳总热流中所占比例小于 2 0 %.由此推测 ,中央海盆洋壳层 3厚度过薄 ,可能是后期热事件减缓了上地幔的冷却过程 ,而初始地壳熔融程度较低 ,2种因素综合所致 相似文献
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全球板块运动对板块边界带应力场的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
将全球板块边界带分别按照不同的宽度加以界定 ,计算了全球板块边界应力场的长、短波分量 ,讨论了应力场短波分量对观测应力场的相对贡献 ,分析了其与板块边界相互运动类型的相关性 .在收敛型边界带 ,俯冲板片推 (拉 )力是驱动板块运动的主要力源 ,仅仅洋脊推力不能主导板块的应力场形态 ;同时 ,大陆板块之间的碰撞力对板块运动具有重要意义 .计算结果还显示板块边界带参考半宽度以不大于 2 0 0km较为合适 . 相似文献