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新闻发布的法律依据 即使在日常信息传播中,来自政府的消息和声音从来都是新闻传媒中信息的主角,古今中外概莫能外.美国是世界上政府信息公开制度比较发达的国家,1966年以前,政府是否公开其文件完全取决于自由裁量权,没有直接规定政府公开制度的法律,但宪法第一修正案和版权法可以防止联邦政府机关封锁消息或借消息牟利. 相似文献
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即使在日常信息传播中，来自政府的消息和声音从来都是新闻传媒中信息的主角，古今中外概莫能外。美国是世界上政府信息公开制度比较发达的国家，1966年以前，政府是否公开其文件完全取决于自由裁量权，没有直接规定政府公开制度的法律，但宪法第一修正案和版权法可以防止联邦政府机关封锁消息或借消息牟利。1966年，美国制定了《信息自由法》，该法案建立了公众有权向联邦政府机关索取任何材料的制度，政府机关有义务对 相似文献
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明确界定信息公开的范围是政府信息公开立法要解决的重要问题之一,包括公开信息的主体范围和公开信息的内容范围两个方面。严格地讲,政府信息公开的范围是指政府公开的信息内容范围。本文拟就我国《政府信息公开条例》（以下简称《条例》）与美国《信息自由法》《阳光下的政府法》及《隐私权法》等法律中所规定的政府信息公开范围进行比较分析,并提出一孔之见。 相似文献
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美国《情报自由法》的立法历程 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
美国的《情报自由法》是关于联邦政府信息公开化的行政法规。它的主要内容是，联邦政府的记录和档案原则上向所有的人开放，但是有九类政府情报可免于公开。公民可向任何一级政府机构提出查阅、索取复印件的申请。政府机构则必须公布本部门的建制和本部门各级组织受理情报咨询、查找的程序、方法和项目，并提供信息分类索引。公民在查询情报的要求被拒绝后，可以向司法部门提起诉讼，并应得到法院的优先处理。这项法律还规定了行政、司法部门处理有关申请和诉讼的时效。美国的《情报自由法》是在社会政治、经济和科技事务日益复杂化，公众要求信息共享的呼声日益高涨的情况下，经过公众，特别是新闻界十多年的努力，于１９６４年通过的。其后，由于执行过程中发现漏洞，１９７４年又进行了修订。在实施的过程中，又得到了很多判例的补充，现在逐渐趋向完善。 相似文献
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论文以美国《数字千年版权法》和我国《信息网络传播权保护条例》为法律范本,就两者关于信息网络传播保护的相关重要规定,包括合理使用问题、技术保护措施、I S P免责条款以及权利管理信息等条款进行对比分析,比较中美两国对于网络环境下信息传播版权保护的相同点和不同点,从而揭示美国版权法对我国版权法制订的参考和借鉴意义。 相似文献
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从实践上看,短短几年时间现行文件开放服务在全国各地开展得如火如荼,成为政府信息公开的重要窗口之一.但从立法的角度来看,目前我国的<政府信息公开法>尚未颁布,使得现行文件开放服务缺乏统一的专门的法律规范和政策保障,所依据的只有<宪法>中规定的公民知情权等相关法律的若干条款以及一些地方性法规和行政规章等等. 相似文献
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美国信息公开制度的建立与发展动向 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
信息公开制度是政府信息资源开发利用领域中重要的法律保证。本文以美国《信息自由法》为基础,阐述美国建立信息公开制度的原因、过程和发展动向。 相似文献
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Elizabeth Shepherd Alice StevensonAuthor VitaeAndrew FlinnAuthor Vitae 《Government Information Quarterly》2010
In many democratic states political rhetoric gives weight to increasing public participation in and understanding of the political process; (re)-establishing public trust in government decision making; increasing transparency, openness, and accountability of public authorities; and, ultimately, improving government decision-making on behalf of citizens. Access to the public record and freedom of information (FOI) are mechanisms which help to facilitate the accountability of public authorities. Many jurisdictions have introduced legislation related to these mechanisms, and the UK government is no exception with its enactment of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in 2000. University College London (UCL) ran a research project over 12 months in 2008–2009, funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council. The research project examined what the impact of the UK FOIA had been on records management services in public authorities, especially local government. This article reports on some of the findings of the study. It considers how FOI compliance and records management functions are organized in local government and the role of information governance which is emerging as an umbrella for such functions. It draws some conclusions about the contributions that records management services make to the ability of local authorities to comply with the FOIA and identifies some ways in which user experience may be affected by the management of records. 相似文献
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《Government Information Quarterly》2020,37(1):101417
FOIA Libraries are the repositories for many documents released under the FOIA1 (Freedom of Information Act), i.e., “responsive documents,” by federal agencies and their sub agencies. Awareness of search terminology for FOIA Libraries or electronic reading rooms can assist the public and researchers to locate publicly available government information, including responsive documents. Responsive documents are the responses to FOIA requests that can be posted (in full or with redactions) by federal agencies. FOIA responses may not be easily findable by major web search engines. The goal of this article is to educate readers about government and non-government FOIA resources and declassified document repositories for discovery. It is important for researchers, journalists and citizens to use “FOIA Libraries,” “Electronic Reading Room,” or “FOIA tag” to search for documents concerning government activities and operations that are released under the FOIA on the web. In addition to aiding in the research process, access to responsive documents information furthers democratic goals of transparency and supports findability of government information by the public. 相似文献
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The UK Parliament passed the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in November 2000 after 3 years of government White Papers, consultation papers, and various Bills. The author served as special adviser to the House of Commons Select Committee on Public Administration which oversaw the Government proposals for legislation and the progress of the Bill into the House of Commons. The FOIA introduced pro-active publication of information via Publication Schemes, which were introduced on a staggered basis across the public sector and on January 1, 2005, rights of individual access were granted to individuals. The Act covers well over 100,000 public authorities in the UK and includes both Houses of Parliament. There is a power to add private bodies to the Act's coverage. The Act covers UK, English, Welsh, and Northern Irish public authorities. Scotland has its own FOIA which was enacted by the Scottish Parliament in 2002. The paper will examine the operation of the UK legislation and the role of the Information Commissioner and the Information Tribunal which deal with complaints of refusal and appeals respectively. The jurisprudence has been voluminous and now the English courts are beginning to hear appeals from the tribunal. The article will examine the major trends of the legislation and the problems presented by the legislation. The Government has already issued vetoes under the Act overriding the Commissioner's decision to grant access to the Cabinet papers relating to the Cabinet discussion on entering into war with Iraq and then on devolution of power to Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. The decisions to open up the files on MPs expenses have caused one of the major constitutional crises in the UK in the last 75 years. As well as examining the way the Act has been interpreted, the author will essay some preliminary analyses of the impact of the Act on the realization of government objectives in passing the Act. The FOIA does sit alongside other legislation allowing access to personal files and access to environmental information and the whole information debate is set in the context of heightened sensitivity and secrecy in time of the war on terror and the state's increasing capacity to demand, store, and share information. The UK experience of the information debate will be examined. 相似文献
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Lotte E. Feinberg 《Government Information Quarterly》2004,21(4):439-460
Access to government records is increasingly shifting to a nether world-governed neither by the FOIA and the Privacy Act, nor by an executive order on classification. Instead, new categories of records, labeled “sensitive but unclassified,” “for official use only,” or “critical infrastructure information,” are being created in a variety of agencies, and are governed by agency regulations. Statutory authority is found in a number of separate laws, such as the Homeland Security Act and the Aviation and Transportation Security Act. These categories can be assigned by agency officials, contractors, or those in the private sector who originated the records; many records categorized this way are not subject to appeal or review by agencies or the courts, or to any automatic “declassification” process that has applied to documents withheld under the FOIA or subject to classification. Trends toward increased secrecy at all levels of government have become sufficiently alarming that individuals across the political spectrum have begun to speak out, and members of the access community (e.g., newspaper editors and public interest groups) have formed coalitions to focus debate on the need to rethink the balance of access with privacy and records protection, and to lobby actively for reinstatement of principles of access that have governed records policy for the past 35 years. 相似文献
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The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) has facilitated the release of large amounts of government information that has been of great value to researchers, journalists, and other interested parties. The fraction of this information released in electronic format has been growing as has its volume. While offering great potential for research, large amounts of data disgorged from government information systems can pose challenges to human interpretation and knowledge extraction. Using the Office of the Secretary of Defense/Joint Staff Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Logs for 2007–2009, this research identifies (1) a process for finding relationships between the FOIA requests through keywords extracted from Wikipedia and (2) a technique for visualizing these relationships in order to provide context and improve understanding when working with born-digital government data. 相似文献
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我国政府数据开放共享政策体系构建 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
[目的/意义] 政府数据开放共享已纳入国家大数据战略。本文旨在针对国家大数据战略,提出我国政府数据开放共享的政策体系。[方法/过程] 采用循证政策研究方法,构建我国政府数据开放共享的政策体系。[结果/结论] 我国政府数据开放共享的政策体系分为基础设施层、数据管理层和政府治理层三个层次。基础设施层包括数据及其元数据政策、IT技术政策（包括社交媒体政策）、数据中心政策、数据平台标准指南、具备互操作性的系统政策、数据存储仓库规范等;数据管理层有数据创建与汇集政策、数据处理政策、数据归档与保存政策、数据开放和共享政策、数据获取与利用政策;政府治理层由数据安全政策、数据权益政策、公众参与政策、数据能力政策、组织支持政策、资金投入政策等构成。该体系为政府数据开放共享提供了政策框架,为后续政策的深入研究提供了方向。 相似文献
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《Government Information Quarterly》2020,37(4):101497
Transparency is popularly believed to enhance the public's trust in government, yet experimental studies have found mixed results. One explanation is that public trust may respond more positively to a kind of “latent transparency” in which citizens highly value the mere potential for open access to government information, even if they may have more negative reactions when presented with the particular content of actual government information, documents, or data. To test this hypothesis, we designed two survey experiments in which samples of US adults were primed with general information about the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) or the existence of open government data.Compared to controls, we find that awareness of FOIA rights and requirements (latent transparency) tended to be unrelated, or even slightly negatively related, to trust of government agencies, contrary to our expectations. Our findings, combined with prior evidence, suggest that—even in the case of latent transparency—the popular belief in transparency's positive effects on citizen trust needs a more critical examination. Implications for the theory and practice of transparency are discussed. 相似文献
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[目的/意义]旨在界定并描述我国政府数据开放共享面临的政策问题,为进一步政策分析奠定基础。[方法/过程]引入公共政策学的理论,采用类别分析法,试探性地建构政府数据开放共享政策问题的框架。根据政策问题的属性,如可能影响的程度、问题的可逆性、复杂性、问题间的关联性,以及与特定政治的相关性等,对我国政府数据开放共享的政策问题进行界定和阐述。[结果/结论]我国政府数据开放共享存在数据和元数据问题、数据管理问题、数据安全与隐私问题、数据权益问题和用户参与问题等政策问题。政府数据开放共享政策体系的构建需要围绕这些主要问题及其子问题展开深入的研究和探讨。 相似文献
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Rebecca Chadwick 《期刊图书馆员》2013,64(3-4):296-304
The library community has long been an advocate of free access to publicly funded research, yet Congress regularly considers bills that would prevent the public from accessing such information. In an age where bills such as Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and Protect IP Act (PIPA) are brought forth only to receive heavy criticism from all parts of society, this article investigates the potential impact the Research Works Act (RWA) might have caused on academic publishing. While the RWA was defeated, similar pieces of legislation will rise again. As librarians, we must be aware of such acts to prevent the damage they seek to impose. 相似文献
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[目的/意义]描述国家层面政府数据开放共享政策文本的形式和内容,反映国家政策的概貌,并指出当前政策存在的不足。[方法/过程]采用内容分析法对国家层面的政策文本进行分析。通过搜索引擎、专业数据库和政府门户网站检索政策文本,经数据清洗获得有效样本112份。利用Nvivo10对政策文本进行编码,归纳主题内容;利用Excel表格进行描述性统计,计算频次及百分比。[结果/结论]研究发现：我国政府数据开放共享政策起步较早,2015年开始政策数量迅猛增长;初步形成了贯穿数据生命周期的政策框架;国家各部门的政策为国家顶层设计奠定基础;国家在网络安全、基础设施、跨部门统筹等方面成绩斐然。但仍存在不足,表现在：政府数据开放共享的政策体系尚未形成;政府数据及其元数据缺乏统一的组织描述规范;数据创建与汇交、数据归档与保存和数据监管是薄弱环节;政府与公众互动的政策需扩展深化;政府数据开放共享全过程的质量管理政策有待建立;个人隐私保护政策需进一步具体化;政府数据知识产权政策亟待建立和完善。 相似文献