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1.
Angela K. Salmon 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2008,35(5):457-461
Conscious of the interplay between nature and nurture in determining a child’s individuality and success in life, the author
embarked a group of teachers in an action research project towards nurturing a culture of thinking in young children. Considering
the positive effects of routines in early learning experiences, the research consisted in implementing thinking routines to
engage young children’s minds in thinking activities. The study took place in two Reggio-inspired schools where participating
teachers documented children’s work as part of their teaching. The documentation was a key element to make children’s thinking
visible as they installed the culture and language of thinking in their classrooms. The study found that thinking routines
build up positive attitudes about thinking and learning. By re-visiting their documented work children developed metacognitive
and critical thinking skills which make them more alert to situations that call for thinking. 相似文献
2.
Cross-age tutoring is characterised by status and age differences between tutors and tutees. Tutees are often inactive in this setting, because responsibility for effective learning is transferred to the more experienced tutors. This study focused on improving the outcomes of cross-age tutoring for tutees by providing tutors with a tutor training session that emphasised knowledge-building instead of knowledge-telling. The tutors learned to encourage tutees’ autonomy, competence and active knowledge construction. In a quasi-experimental design, an experimental group of 74 tutors, who were 8th-grade secondary school students, received the tutor training in knowledge-building, and a control group of 82 tutors received no training. The students in both groups subsequently tutored 583 3rd-grade primary school students in small groups on elementary aspects of electric circuits. The tutoring process was videotaped and coded. Trained tutors showed more knowledge-building and less knowledge-telling behaviour. In the tutoring interaction with trained tutors, tutees showed more active behaviour and tutors showed more restrained behaviour. Tutees coached by trained tutors reported more experiences of autonomy, competence, and intrinsic motivation and learned more than tutees instructed by untrained tutors. The study showed that cross-age tutoring can be improved by providing tutors with training that focused on knowledge-building. 相似文献
3.
Remedios Z. Miciano 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2006,7(1):76-84
To pilot a peer literacy program, a pretest-posttest study was conducted involving seventy (70) students from Arellano High
School as tutees and 12 De La Salle University-Manila College of Education students as reading tutors. Though the results
suggest the lack of impact of the Program on the Reading Grades of the tutees, the tutors’ journals reveal that the tutors
benefited more from the program. The problems in using the National Service Training Program or NSTP as the vehicle in piloting
the program were identified and based on this, the study suggests ways to improve the content and delivery of future NSTP
Peer Literacy Programs. 相似文献
4.
5.
Erin E. Turner Corey Drake Amy Roth McDuffie Julia Aguirre Tonya Gau Bartell Mary Q. Foote 《Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education》2012,15(1):67-82
Research repeatedly documents that teachers are underprepared to teach mathematics effectively in diverse classrooms. A critical
aspect of learning to be an effective mathematics teacher for diverse learners is developing knowledge, dispositions, and
practices that support building on children’s mathematical thinking, as well as their cultural, linguistic, and community-based
knowledge. This article presents a conjectured learning trajectory for prospective teachers’ (PSTs’) development related to
integrating children’s multiple mathematical knowledge bases (i.e., the understandings and experiences that have the potential to shape and support children’s mathematics learning—including
children’s mathematical thinking, and children’s cultural, home, and community-based knowledge), in mathematics instruction.
Data were collected from 200 PSTs enrolled in mathematics methods courses at six United States universities. Data sources
included beginning and end-of-semester surveys, interviews, and PSTs’ written work. Our conjectured learning trajectory can
serve as a tool for mathematics teacher educators and researchers as they focus on PSTs’ development of equitable mathematics
instruction. 相似文献
6.
The development of two observational tools for assessing metacognition and self-regulated learning in young children 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
David Whitebread Penny Coltman Deborah Pino Pasternak Claire Sangster Valeska Grau Sue Bingham Qais Almeqdad Demetra Demetriou 《Metacognition and Learning》2009,4(1):63-85
This paper reports on observational approaches developed within a UK study to the identification and assessment of metacognition
and self-regulation in young children in the 3–5 year age range. It is argued that the development of observational tools,
although containing methodological difficulties, allows us to make more valid assessments of children’s metacognitive and
self-regulatory abilities in this age group. The analysis of 582 metacognitive or self-regulatory videotaped ‘events’ is described,
including the development of a coding framework identifying verbal and non-verbal indicators. The construction of an observational
instrument, the Children’s Independent Learning Development (CHILD 3–5) checklist, is also reported together with evidence
of the reliability with which it can be used by classroom teachers and early indications of its external validity as a measure
of metacognition and self-regulation in young children. Given the educational significance of children’s development of metacognitive
and self-regulatory skills, it is argued that the development of such an instrument is potentially highly beneficial. The
establishment of the metacognitive and self-regulatory capabilities of young children by means of the kinds of observational
tools developed within this study also has clear and significant implications for models and theories of metacognition and
self-regulation. The paper concludes with a discussion of these implications.
相似文献
| David WhitebreadEmail: |
7.
This study was conducted in a Reggio inspired child care classroom of 4-year olds where the fundamental principles of Reggio
Emilia preschools are interpreted for a Canadian context. Qualitative case study methodology was employed to investigate how
social interaction plays a role in young children’s learning processes. Drawing on social constructivist views of children’s
learning and socialization, children’s discussions and interactions within a preschool learning group were examined. Examination
of children’s discourse is valuable not only for understanding individual and group learning experiences but also for illuminating
children’s agency and their active roles in their own learning. The study focused on the in-depth study of six children’s
activities during a ‘Shades of Pink’ project. As the project, ‘Shades of Pink’ unfolded, the children faced cognitive conflict while they were talking about the details of Monet’s painting, but worked
toward building common understandings. In this study, children are considered to be meaning makers and active participants
in their own learning processes. In addition, the relationships between children became a context in which the co-construction
of theories, interpretations and various understandings of reality took place. Small group work became a basis for creating
unity, a space in which thoughts took shape as well as a way to compare interpretations; with the result that new thoughts
and meanings were produced. 相似文献
8.
Outcomes for methods to accelerate thinking skills involving some peer interaction have been more consistently positive than those for purely teacher‐directed or materials‐led methods. However, methods involving mainly or only peer interaction are rare. This paper describes and evaluates such a method for peer tutoring in thinking skills, which scaffolds interactive discourse based on a differentiated real book the tutorial pair has chosen to read together. This pilot study aimed to partial the impact on quality of thinking of a peer‐tutored thinking intervention from that of a peer‐tutored reading intervention, controlling for time on task and amount of peer interactivity. Experimental peer tutees were a whole class (n=28) of seven‐year‐olds; experimental tutors a whole class (n=31) of 11‐year‐olds. Comparison tutees were a whole class (n=27) of seven‐year‐olds; comparison tutors a whole class (n=30) of 11‐year‐olds. Classes/teachers within the same school were randomly assigned to conditions. In Phase 1, a paired reading intervention was implemented for six weeks for all groups. In Phase 2, the experimental classes of tutors and tutees engaged in the “paired thinking” (PT) method for 10 weeks, while the comparison group continued with paired reading. Both treatments involved one 20‐minute session weekly. Pre‐ and post‐test assessment of thinking skills and attitude to reading for all participants was conducted and post hoc subjective feedback gathered from participants. The experimental (PT) tutees showed significantly better performance in thinking skills than comparison (PR only) tutees, and some evidence of improved attitudes to reading. However, this was not true for the experimental (PT) tutors. Subjective feedback was very positive from the PT tutees and class teachers, but less positive from the PT tutors. Given the brevity and low cost in time and resources of the treatment, the finding of significant differences in measured thinking skills for the PT tutees is considered encouraging. Recommendations for refining organizational aspects of the implementation of PT and for future research are made. 相似文献
9.
The present study builds on research that indicates that teachers play a key role in promoting those interactional behaviours
that challenge children’s thinking and scaffold their learning. It does this by seeking to determine whether teachers who
implement cooperative learning and receive training in explicit strategic questioning strategies demonstrate more verbal behaviours
that mediate children’s learning than teachers who implement cooperative learning only. The study also sought to determine
whether students who receive training in explicit questioning strategies demonstrate more explanatory behaviour than their
untrained peers, and, as a consequence, do these same students demonstrate more advanced reasoning and problem-solving skills
on follow-up reasoning and problem-solving tasks. The study involved 31 teachers in two conditions, the cooperative + strategic
questioning condition and the cooperative condition, and two groups of students from each teacher’s classroom. The results
show that the teachers in the cooperative + strategic questioning condition used significantly more mediating behaviours than
their peers in the cooperative condition. The study also showed that the children in these teachers’ classes engaged in more
elaboration and obtained significantly higher scores on the follow-up reasoning and problem-solving tasks. The study demonstrates
the importance of explicitly teaching strategic questioning strategies to children during cooperative learning. 相似文献
10.
Teaching thinking skills has been characterised by the teacher-directed ‘embed ded’, ‘infusion’ and ‘bolt-on’ approaches, for which outcomes have been mixed. Peer tutoring in thinking skills offers a fourth way of wide applicability. This study evaluated such a method (Paired Thinking) in a high school setting. A substantial gain in reading comprehension was found for tutees. Triangulated subjective feedback indicated development in thinking skills, self-esteem and social skills for tutees and tutors. Paired Thinking appeared to yield considerable potential impact for minimal time input. Recommendations for refining organisation and for future research and practice were made. 相似文献
11.
Previous research on peer tutoring has found that students sometimes benefit academically from tutoring other students. In
this study we combined quantitative and qualitative analyses to explore how untrained peer tutors learned via explaining and
responding to tutee questions in a non-reciprocal tutoring setting. In support of our hypotheses, we found that tutors learned
most effectively when their instructional activities incorporated reflective knowledge-building in which they monitored their own understanding, generated inferences to repair misunderstandings, and elaborated upon the
source materials. However, tutors seemed to adopt a knowledge-telling bias in which they primarily summarized the source materials with little elaboration. Tutors’ reflective knowledge-building activities,
when they occurred, were more frequently elicited by interactions with their tutee. In particular, when tutees asked questions
that contained an inference or required an inferential answer, tutors’ responses were more likely to be elaborative and metacognitive.
Directions for future research are also discussed. 相似文献
12.
In view of conflicting claims about children's sensitivity to the needs of other children in learning situations, the present study was designed to explore the sensitivity of child and adult tutors in one‐to‐one tutoring interactions. Sixteen adults and 31 11‐ and 9‐year‐olds tutored 47 9‐year‐old tutees on an animal classification task. Tutors were tested on their ability to apply the rules and knowledge they had obtained after training, and tutees were tested after being tutored. On all the verbal and nonverbal tutoring indices adult tutors showed greater sensitivity than child tutors: they were more likely to display behaviours which promoted efficient learning in their tutees. Results suggested that tutors operated on the basis of an implicit theory of teaching which involves three types of sensitivity: (1) sensitivity to the learner's need to have sufficient information for understanding the task, coupled with adequate checks on the learner's understanding; (2) sensitivity to the learner's need to participate actively in the learning process; and (3) sensitivity to differences in learning abilities among individual learners, and being able to accommodate to them. 相似文献
13.
14.
Zheng Lin 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2010,37(4):279-287
This paper reports on a study of interactive dynamic assessment undertaken by children learning English listening and speaking
as a Foreign Language in a kindergarten. It investigates how an interactive dynamic assessment could be designed to assess
young English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners, what information such an interactive dynamic assessment may generate about
the language program and the participating children, and how such information may promote children’s EFL learning. Instead
of being context-independent and solely form-focused, this interactive dynamic assessment is contextualised within an English
intervention program and incorporated with a pre-formulated set of supportive mediations for the participating children. The
study shows this interactive dynamic assessment differs from traditional non-dynamic assessments in that it includes the assessor’s
mediation and thereby generates the information about the participating children’s needs for and potential responses to mediation.
It also demonstrates the potential of an interactive dynamic assessment in promoting children’s EFL learning and supporting
teaching EFL. 相似文献
15.
Positive approaches to learning are considered essential for young children’s school readiness and early school success. Researchers
have reported that positive learning approaches, such as attentiveness and goal orientation, are associated with higher levels
of early school achievement in math and reading. The present study extends this research by examining children’s learning
approaches in the context of classroom activities from a range of curricular areas. Ninety-two children from pre-kindergarten
and kindergarten classrooms took part in the study. Four approaches to learning were rated during children’s participation
in seven classroom learning activities. Results showed that positive learning approaches were a significant contributor to
children’s performance, but they were not equally effective in all activities. The effectiveness of a learning approach depends,
in part, on the characteristics of the activity in which the child is engaged. We discuss the implications of these results
for understanding the study of learning approaches, and for classroom practices designed to promote their development. 相似文献
16.
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that dynamic assessment based instruction increases children’s learning by using
a quasi-experimental research design in Korea. In this study, dynamic assessment is defined as a measurement method of the
zone of proximal development (ZPD) as well as the qualitative and quantitative diagnostic information for individual children.
In addition, dynamic assessment based instruction is defined as a teaching method using the diagnostic information types in
order to increase children’s learning. In this study, 59 children between the ages of 4 and 5 participated. Three types of
number concept achievement tests (pre-test, parallel test, and post-test) for each age group were developed and the content
validity, face validity, and split-half reliability were examined. After conducting the pre-test, the children of each age
group were divided into an experimental group and a control group. Dynamic assessment based instruction regarding number concepts
was undertaken only with the experimental group for 4 weeks. Both groups took a post-test after completing the 4 weeks of
classes. The ANCOVA technique wa ls used for data analysis. The result of this study shows that dynamic assessment based instruction
has a significant effect on children’s learning of number concepts (in the case of 4-year-old children, F = 12.34, p<0.01;
5-year-old children, F = 20.03, P<0.01). Therefore, dynamic assessment based instruction should be used widely for children’s
cognitive learning. 相似文献
17.
Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) experience difficulty coping with everyday demands due to difficulties
in performing motor tasks. Recently, a cognitive learning paradigm has been applied to studying the nature of the problems
experienced by children with DCD, which assumes that these children have fewer cognitive and metacognitive skills with which
to acquire motor skills. However, despite the emergence of such cognitive models, individual differences in children’s use
of self-regulatory and metacognitive skill during motor learning have received little research attention. The aim of this
review article was to examine the roots of this emerging field of research, locate it within the larger body of metacognitive
and self-regulation literature, and examine some of the preliminary work that has been conducted on the role of self-regulation
and metacognition in motor learning and in the motor performance difficulties of children with DCD. 相似文献
18.
Ana Schaller Lisa Oglesby Rocha David Barshinger 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2007,34(5):351-356
A study of Mexican immigrant mothers of young children in the AVANCE-Dallas early childhood intervention program demonstrates
that low-educational parents often exhibit ambitious attitudes about educational achievement for their children. Though they
lack an extensive academic background, which places their children at risk for low education, their positive attitude manifested
in daily pro-educational behaviors overcomes their low education level because they both motivate their children to pursue
academic success and participate in their children’s learning. The best way to capitalize on immigrant parents’ educational
drive for their children is to partner with them—either through an intervention program or through early childhood educators’
interaction with parents—by showing them how their participation in their children’s learning through concrete activities
(such as regular mother–child conversation, daily reading, and playtime activities that teach developmental skills) may increase
their chances of achieving academic success. 相似文献
19.
Understanding Imaginative Thinking During Childhood: Sociocultural Conceptions of Creativity and Imaginative Thought 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Understanding imagination as both a cognitive and affective endeavor is crucial in order for educators to promote creative
and imaginative thinking in informal and formal learning environments. It is the primary aim of this paper to develop the
theoretical discussion of Vygotsky’s writings on young children’s imaginative abilities launched by Gajdamaschko (Teach Educ
16(1):13–22, 2005) and Lindqvist (Res J 15(2&3):245–251, 2003). This paper illustrates Vygotsky’s writings on the cognitive
processes involved in children’s imagination and creativity and concludes with a discussion focused on the components of an
educational environment that can either support or stifle children’s imaginative abilities. It is through this continuing
discussion that, as researchers, we hope to extend and challenge current conceptions of the role of imaginative thinking in
early education. 相似文献
20.
This article describes an integrated art and early literacy project entitled, ‘Picture Partners’. The main purpose of the
project was to explore how young children create and express meaning through art. Children’s responses, both written and spoken,
were included because accompanying modes of expression expand the nature and content of their drawings and inform teachers
about children’s intentions and processes of thinking. A secondary purpose was to investigate how children use illustrations
from familiar picture books as models for their own creations and whether children’s responses to stories might be enhanced
through their collaboration with peers. Partnerships were formed and participants worked in close proximity as they drew pictures
in response to a teacher directed prompt. Using qualitative, interpretative analysis, a small subset of drawings produced
by kindergarten and first grade children was examined. The results revealed that the process of drawing was influenced by
illustrations in picturebooks, peer interactions, and the artwork of partners in close proximity. The shift in emphasis away
from the interpretations of visual realism in children’s drawings towards their own purposes allowed readers to focus on the
way drawings represent meaning within children’s socio-cultural worlds. 相似文献