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This study explores whether linguistic features can predict second language writing proficiency in the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL iBT) integrated and independent writing tasks and, if so, whether there are differences and similarities in the two sets of predictive linguistic features. Linguistic features related to lexical sophistication, syntactic complexity, cohesion, and basic text information were investigated in relation to the writing scores for both integrated and independent samples. The results of this study show that linguistic features can be used to significantly predict essay scores in the integrated as well as the independent writing. When comparing across the two writing tasks, there are both similarities and differences in the two sets of predictive features. For instance, lexical sophistication was found to be a significant predictor for both tasks while features such as verbs in 3rd person singular form and semantic similarity were only significant predictors for the integrated task. These findings demonstrate that evaluation of the two writing tasks rely on similar and distinct features, and are at least partially assessed using different linguistic criteria. Implications of these findings for the assessment of second language (L2) writing are also discussed. 相似文献
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本研究以自动评分系统反馈和范文反馈为例,探讨纠错反馈与非纠错反馈对大学生英语作文语言复杂度的影响。借助 LCA､L2SCA和CohMetrix 3.0等在线分析器,对词汇复杂度和句法复杂度共10个代表性指标进行测量和分析。发现系统反馈能提高词汇复杂度但降低句法复杂度,而范文反馈对学生作文的词汇和句法复杂度均有显著的提升作用。由此可见,不同反馈方式对语言复杂度产生错综复杂的影响,相比而言范文反馈能促进文本质量在更多维度上的提升｡ 相似文献
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Building a text is a multidimensional endeavor. Writers must work simultaneously on the content of the text, its discursive organization, the structure of the sentences, and the individual words themselves. Knowledge of vocabulary is central to this endeavor. This study intends (1) to trace the development of writer’s vocabulary depth, their vocabulary fluency in writing, and the features of the text they produce (productivity, lexical richness, and text structure) through elementary school and (2) to determine the contribution of the writer’s performance and the text features to the quality of the text. One hundred and eighty bilingual Spanish/Catalan speakers from first, third, and sixth grade took part in the study. They participated in three researcher-created tasks; a synonyms/antonyms task to orally assess vocabulary depth; a semantic orthographic fluency task to examine their vocabulary fluency in writing; and a text writing task to evaluate text quality. Data was analyzed using structural equation modeling in order to examine the relationship between the target writer’s performance and the text features of the written compositions, and the externally evaluated text quality. Results revealed that both writer’s performance on vocabulary depth and semantic orthographic fluency and text features improved with school level. However, the capacity to establish meaning relations between words contributed more directly to the quality of texts than the speed to find words with a specific phonographic correspondence. External evaluation of text quality was more variable for younger students than for older students and was affected by school level mediated by writer performance and text features. 相似文献
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The purpose of the present study was to use Coh-Metrix,a computational tool,to examine the relationship between discourse coherence and writing level,and analyze the coherence of high level writing and low level writing.The study uses 5 Coh-Metrix variables to analyze 40 college students’timed compositions from Chinese Learners English of Corpus(CLEC) and their corresponding readability scores.The study demonstrates that Coh-Metrix variables,number of words,words per sentences,the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level,LSA sentence all,and argument overlap can contribute to text coherence.Findings of the study indicate:there is a relationship between discourse coherence and writing level,but there is no significant difference between high level group and low level group in discourse coherence(p=.409>.05),and writing level can not distinguish discourse coherence in EFL learners’writing. 相似文献
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Wagner RK Puranik CS Foorman B Foster E Wilson LG Tschinkel E Kantor PT 《Reading and writing》2011,24(2):203-220
Alternative models of the structure of individual and developmental differences of written composition and handwriting fluency
were tested using confirmatory factor analysis of writing samples provided by first- and fourth-grade students. For both groups,
a five-factor model provided the best fit to the data. Four of the factors represented aspects of written composition: macro-organization
(use of top sentence and number and ordering of ideas), productivity (number and diversity of words used), complexity (mean
length of T-unit and syntactic density), and spelling and punctuation. The fifth factor represented handwriting fluency. Handwriting
fluency was correlated with written composition factors at both grades. The magnitude of developmental differences between
first grade and fourth grade expressed as effect sizes varied for variables representing the five constructs: large effect
sizes were found for productivity and handwriting fluency variables; moderate effect sizes were found for complexity and macro-organization
variables; and minimal effect sizes were found for spelling and punctuation variables. 相似文献
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Christine M. Temple 《Reading and writing》1990,2(4):297-306
In contrast to dyslexia, in hyperlexia, there is precocious development of reading in the absence of other precocious skills, thus reading is significantly above expectation on the basis of prediction from age and intelligence. A psycholinguistic investigation is reported, of a 10 year old, non-autistic hyperlexic, on tasks of both written and auditory presentation of single words, sentences and text. M.S. shows good development of both phonological and lexical reading mechanisms. He does not display a pattern of reading performance which resembles any selective reading disorder and there is no evidence that the nature of his reading development, in relation to accuracy, is abnormal in style. However, reading accuracy is significantly better than both reading comprehension and auditory comprehension. The comprehension deficit does not affect language in an undifferentiated way. Semantic comprehension is normal for age but syntactic comprehension is significantly impaired. Thus, although there are no unusual dissociations in relation to reading accuracy, there is a significant dissociation between reading accuracy and reading comprehension, and also between semantic and syntactic comprehension of both written and auditory material which argues for modularity in the development of these subsystems. 相似文献
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如何培养学生文学作品的赏析能力一直是高级英语教学中关注的一个问题。本文以《爱情是个谬误》为例,将功能文体分析引入其词汇、句法和语篇的教学。在该课教学过程中,笔者设计问题,引导学生去探索和发现作品在词汇、句法和语篇三个层面的文体特征,并分析这些特征的功能,帮助学生理解作者是如何在词汇选择、句法多样化和语篇的衔接方面达到其写作目的 。 相似文献
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Building on research emphasizing the importance of task in reading performance, the present study examines students’ conceptions or definitions of five common academic task assignments (i.e., argument, essay, opinion, summary and research tasks). Results showed that while students have robust schema for some task assignments (e.g., argument, research report), citing a large variety of task elements in defining each of these assignment, other task assignments are only superficially conceptualized by learners (e.g., opinion, essay). While prior work has demonstrated the important role of task assignment in students’ text processing and performance, this is among the first studies to associate emergent differences not only with the tasks assigned but also with students’ task conceptions. Given the emphasis placed on argument tasks in supporting deeper level processing, we were especially interested in students’ conceptions of argument tasks vis-à-vis summary tasks. Students’ conceptions of these and other task assignments were compared using Cochran’s Q, a non-parametric alternative to the repeated measures ANOVA. Finally, linear regression found students’ conceptions of an argument task to be associated with performance on an argument writing task assignment. For instance, students considering argument construction to require citation use was associated with their inclusion of citations in their written responses. This study is among the first to examine students’ own conceptions of common task assignments and to link task conceptions with performance. Implications for instruction are discussed. 相似文献
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Emiddia Longobardi Pietro Spataro Marialuisa Renna Clelia Rossi-Arnaud 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2014,29(2):257-275
The present study examined the use of narrative categories and mental state words in the fictional, personal, and hypothetical stories written by 150 children in the third, fourth, and fifth grades of primary school. There were three main results. First, children were better able to write fictional and hypothetical than personal stories, when considering the total number of narrative categories and the percentages of stories including at least one complete episode. Second, there was clear evidence of differentiation between the three tasks, both in terms of narrative categories and mental state language. Third, the use of mental state words correlated with the frequency of subordinate propositions and the number of narrative categories included in the stories. These findings support the hypothesis of a bidirectional interaction between lexical and syntactic development and suggest that narrative writing involves metalinguistic abilities directly related to the spontaneous use of psychological lexicon. Educational implications are discussed. 相似文献
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This paper reports the effects of the properties of source texts on summarization. One hundred and fifty-seven undergraduates were asked to write summaries of one of three extended English texts of similar length and readability, but differing in other discoursal features such as lexical diversity and macro-organization. The effects of summarizability were examined from two perspectives: students’ summarization task performance and their perception of such effects as demonstrated in the post-summarization questionnaire and interviews. Source text had significant and relatively larger effects than the summarizers’ language abilities on summarization performance. These were more pronounced on Chinese than English summarization. Perceptual data were generally supportive of the performance data and further illuminated the dynamics of the summarizability of a source text and its potential effects on performance. Macro-organization, frequency of unfamiliar words, topic familiarity, length of source texts were among the most influential factors shaping text summarizability in the view of the participants. However, the effects of summarizability proved to be rather idiosyncratic. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to source text selection when designing summarization tasks. 相似文献
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A clause-relational approach to English texts: A study of some predictive lexical items in written discourse 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Eugene O. Winter 《Instructional Science》1977,6(1):1-92
This paper re-examines the linguistic basis for the distinction between two kinds of word: open-system words and closed-system words. Specifically, it looks at a class of traditionally open-system words — lexical items like nouns, verbs and adjectives — and suggests that they can function as exponents of a clause relation, and as such can have a predictive effect on the organisation of written discourse. This class of words is contrasted with two other, established, means of text organisation, the subordinators and the sentence connectors. Four criteria are presented to support the delimitation of this class. Finally, the implications of this class of words are considered for a linguistic theory of reference. 相似文献
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Reliable access to syntactic information beyond its use in first-pass reading was probed using a task labeled syntactic reading task. This task draws on an orthographic marker for syntactic structure, the capitalization of nouns in German. Subjects read written text strings containing a unit that could be taken as a noun or as a verb. The strings were disambiguated by the unit being capitalized or not. Thus subjects could interpret the text only when taking the capitalization marker into account. Data were collected from 231 German-speaking secondary school students. The results show that even subjects who were capable of reliably using capitalization markers in writing varied considerably in their use of these markers to identify syntactic structure in reading. High-achieving subjects profited more than others in situations where they could tie syntactic information to a prominent capitalization marker. This suggests that focus on syntactic form alone does not guarantee reliable access to syntactic information. 相似文献
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This study examined the relationship of different measures of syntactic complexity with rated quality for two genres of text
produced by middle school students. It was hypothesized that different measures would be associated with distinct aspects
of syntactic complexity; words per clause with greater use of structures more typical of expository texts, and clauses per
T-unit with structures more typical of conversational or narrative registers. A sample of 41 seventh and eighth grade students
from suburban middle schools composed a narrative and persuasive essays. Texts were rated for quality and coded for syntactic
features including words per clause and clauses per T-unit. Syntactic complexity as measured in words per clause was positively
correlated with quality for essays but not for narratives. Clauses per T-unit was positively correlated with quality for narratives,
but negatively correlated with quality for essays. The relationships between syntactic complexity and text quality were thus
found to be dependent both on the genre of the text, and the measure of syntactic complexity used. 相似文献
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The role of lexical knowledge and related linguistic components in typical and poor language comprehenders of Chinese 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The present study adapted the “Blueprint of the Reader” in comprehending language by Perfetti [2000, C. M. Brown & P. Hagoort.
(Eds.), The neurocognition of language (pp. 167–208). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press] as a framework for understanding Chinese language and reading comprehension
in a group of 361 secondary Forms 1, 3 and 4 Cantonese-speaking Chinese students (mean age of 15 years) in Hong Kong. This
framework with some modifications was tested with nine specially designed Chinese language and reading tasks with reasonably
high reliability and surface validity. The main hypothesis was that lexical knowledge consisting of derivational morphology;
correction of characters, words and sentences; segmentation of text into phrases and sentences; and writing to dictation should
explain considerable individual variations, as shown in the English literature. This was tested with component analyses and
multiple regression analyses. The total battery accounted for 66.80% of the variation while lexical knowledge alone explained
33.51% of the individual variation in the overall school performance in Chinese reading and writing. The second hypothesis
was that subgroups of poor and good language and reading comprehenders in Chinese would be expected to show overlapping yet
different component structures and their performance in the individual component tasks would be expected to differ as tested
with analyses of variance. The results confirmed this hypothesis. Task analyses of the written protocols of essay writing
and of morphological processing (prefixing and suffixing) provided insight into well-formed and poorly formed writing and
word formation according to principles of Chinese psycholinguistics and yielded information for theory-based practice. 相似文献