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1.
Abstract

The development of peak performances is a main research focus in sports science. It is unclear how many former top junior athletes achieve success in the elite class later. The aim of the present study was to examine the careers of athletes who participated in major junior or adult/elite cycling events using prospective and retrospective analysis of competition results. The official results of major junior (age ≤ 18 years) and elite (age > 18 years) cycling races from 1980 to 2004 were analysed. Age-related aspects, career lengths, and success were compared between riders who presented results in both junior and elite races (JUNIOR ELITE) and riders who had no junior race results (ELITE ONLY). Altogether, 27,454 results of 8004 athletes from 108 countries were collected. We found that 29.4% of the elite athletes had participated in junior World Championships, and that 34% of the participants in junior World Championships later participated in major elite competitions. JUNIOR ELITE athletes are significantly more successful in several cycling disciplines and have their first and last elite result at a younger age than ELITE ONLY athletes. No difference was found in career lengths. The data presented here emphasize the importance of long-term training programmes in the development of peak performance in cycling.  相似文献   

2.
通过对参加第27届世界蹦床锦标赛预赛前16名女子运动员的竞技实力进行分析发现：世界女子蹦床的竞争格局已发生了很大变化,我国女子蹦床的总体实力已上升至新的高度;＂超期服役＂、年龄偏大是目前世界女子高水平群体的基本现状,中国优秀女子选手平均年龄为24岁,下届伦敦奥运会仍处于训练和竞赛的＂黄金期＂;目前优秀女子蹦床运动员成套动作的最佳难度在14.4～15之间,中国运动员的最佳难度在此范围内,但仍有提升的空间,在保证动作质量的基础上,提高自选动作难度,并积蓄一定的难度储备,是中国女子蹦床运动员备战伦敦奥运会要解决的主要问题。  相似文献   

3.
采用文献资料法、录像观察法及数理统计法等,对2010年世界蹦床锦标赛预赛前16名女子运动员单人网上项目成绩进行了统计与分析。研究结果表明:世界女子蹦床的竞争格局已发生很大变化,我国女子蹦床的总体实力已上升至新的高度;我国优秀女子运动员平均年龄和训练、比赛周期有利于参加伦敦奥运会;目前世界优秀女子蹦床运动员成套动作的最佳难度在14.4～15之间,我国运动员的最佳难度在此范围内,但仍有很大提升的空间,在最佳难度范围内提高自选动作难度,并积蓄一定的难度储备,是我国女子蹦床运动员备战伦敦奥运会要解决的主要问题。  相似文献   

4.
本文通过对第十一届世界技巧锦标双人项目选手共６８人的身高、体重、年龄及运动年限指标的普查结果进行统计学分析，找出了优秀选手和一般选手的差异，提出了双人项目配对选手身高差、体重差和年龄差的最优化指标．  相似文献   

5.
李荣  陈亮 《体育科学》2020,(4):15-27
目的:分析以往冬奥会单人项目运动员多维度的参赛制胜特征,为北京冬奥会中国队参赛策略提供借鉴。方法:以2014年和2018年冬季奥林匹克运动会单人项目前8名运动员(1 136例)的以往参赛特征为研究对象,讨论了以往冬奥会、奥运周期世锦赛、奥运赛季世界杯赛的参赛对本届冬奥会名次取得的作用方式。结果:与低龄类项目相比,高龄类项目在冬奥会参赛和冬奥周期世锦赛参赛均表现出经历多且名次等级高的特点。此外,冬奥周期无兼项项目的最好名次等级高,有兼项项目主项成绩突出。结论:高龄类项目更加注重以往参赛经历,冬奥周期和冬奥赛季成绩应上升或保持稳定,有兼项项目冬奥周期应适当发展副项,但冬奥赛季应重点关注主项的能力和状态。建议:在把握不同单人项目参赛制胜特征的基础上,我国重点项目应依据优秀运动员数量、年龄、冬奥参赛经历,在北京冬奥周期中选择适宜的专项能力提升或保持方案,并制定差异化参赛策略。  相似文献   

6.
Currently in the literature, there is a dearth of empirical research that confirms whether international junior success is a reliable predictor for future international senior success. Despite the uncertainty of the junior–senior relationship, federations and coaches still tend to use junior success as a predictor for long-term senior success. A range of former investigations utilising a retrospective lens has merely focused on success that athletes attained at junior level competitions. Success that was achieved at senior-level competitions but at a junior age was relatively ignored. This study explored to what extent international senior success can be predicted based on success that athletes achieved in either international junior level competitions (i.e. junior medalists) or senior competitions at a junior age (i.e. early achievers). The sample contains 4011 international male and female athletes from three combat sports (taekwondo, wrestling and boxing), who were born between 1974 and 1990 and participated in both international junior and senior-level competitions between 1990 and 2016. Gender and sport differences were compared. The results revealed that 61.4% of the junior medalists and 90.4% of the early achievers went on to win international medals at a senior age. Among the early achievers, 92.2% of the taekwondo athletes, 68.4% of the wrestling athletes and 37.9% of the boxing athletes could be reliably “predicted” to win international senior medals. The findings demonstrate that specific to the three combat sports examined, international junior success appears to be an important predictor to long-term international senior success.  相似文献   

7.
采用文献资料研究、数理统计和逻辑分析等方法,对第13届世界田径锦标赛投掷项目运动员的年龄、身体形态、投掷成功率、比赛发挥、不同投掷次数中出现决定成绩的人数进行统计分析。结果表明,参赛运动员平均年龄为26.64～29.36岁,男子平均年龄稍大于女子;投掷项目男子运动员平均身高在1.87～1.95m之间,呈现出高大化发展特征。资格赛运动员的投掷成功率为79.83%,3次试投的成功率依次下降;决赛阶段运动员投掷的平均成功率为74.57%,6次不同试投的成功率呈现高低交错的"锯齿"状。投掷项群运动员的比赛发挥存在着项目差异,资格赛中,铅球运动员的平均发挥率最高,铁饼运动员发挥率最低;决赛阶段,运动员的发挥率均高于资格赛。资格赛运动员3次试投出现决定成绩的概率分别为44.99%、26.57%和28.44%,呈现出第1次试投成功率和发挥率最高的特点。  相似文献   

8.
柏林田径世锦赛女子百米决赛的竞技特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
路瑜  黄贝君 《体育科技》2010,31(2):78-81
以柏林田径世锦赛女子百米决赛的8名世界优秀运动员为研究对象,对其生物力学数据进行分析与研究,得出了世界优秀女子百米运动员全程速度变化及幅频方面的参数特点,并进行了有关参数的相关性统计,为了解该项目优秀运动员的竞技特征,把握事物的本质规律提供了重要的参考依据。  相似文献   

9.
Introduction: Successful rowers are heavier and taller than their opponents, but the effect of these variables on long-term career attainment in juniors has not been examined. We therefore analysed this in a large sample of elite German junior rowers. Methods: Former German Junior National Team rowers (N?=?910; 399 females) were grouped according to their highest career attainment, i.e., participation in U19-, U23-, Senior World Championships or Olympic Games (OG). Differences in standing height (SH), body mass (BM) and body mass index (BMI) between groups were analysed using unpaired t-tests and magnitude-based inferences (MBI), effects of anthropometrics on career attainment were analysed with a proportional odds model. Interquartile ranges of the OG group were used to define normative data ranges. Results: SH and BMI very likely differed between career attainment in females. The same was found in males for SH and BM. BM (odds ratio (OR)?=?0.958, P?=?.0171) and BMI (OR?=?0.787, P?=?.0004) had a significant effect on career attainment in females as SH (OR?=?1.072, P?=?.0002) and BM (OR?=?1.049, P?=?.0004) had in males. Interquartile ranges of SH and BM were 178–184?cm and 68–73?kg in females, 190–196?cm and 84–93?kg in males. Conclusion: Anthropometric characteristics at junior age affect long-term career attainment even within elite U19 National Team rowers, underlining the relevance of anthropometric assessments and their consideration for talent identification and development programmes in rowing. We provide evidence-based normative data that rule out an anthropometric limitation of junior rowers for career progression to Olympic level.  相似文献   

10.
Talent identification at a young age is deemed essential for many national sporting organisations to increase the chances of success for their players on the international stage. Talent identification methods can be imprecise and national tennis associations and coaches often identify talent based on performances at youth tournaments and junior rankings. However, not much is known about the relationship between the international competition performances of young tennis players and later success. This relationship is explored in this study using comparisons based on: (a) the results of 3521 players at U14 youth tournaments; (b) the rankings of 377 junior players (U18) by the International Tennis Federation; (c) the rankings of 727 professional male players by the Association of Tennis Professionals; and (d) the rankings of 779 professional players by the Women's Tennis Association. Junior performances (U18) and performances at youth tournaments (U14) appear to have a low success rate in predicting later success. No distinct age was found at which players should start to perform in order to be successful at the professional level. It is concluded that even though good performances at young ages increase athletes’ chances to become elite players, they are not a precondition for achieving later success. Therefore, this study informs talent scouts, sport development officers, coaches and high performance managers of the role that performances at international youth competitions may play in talent identification in tennis.  相似文献   

11.
在亚奥理事会、中国奥委会的支持下,对第16届亚运会中国体育代表团541名参赛运动员进行了问卷调查.问卷以国际奥委会ACP项目调查问卷为基础,根据我国运动员实际情况做了适当调整与修改,问卷调查内容包含研究对象事实信息及问题,主要涉及退役诱因、退役意识和退役阻碍.采用频数、RC列联表、皮尔森卡方检验对问卷调查结果进行了分析.研究发现,退役诱因依次分别为运动水平下降、受伤、新生活计划和家庭义务.年龄可能是退役原因形成的重要因素.运动员的退役意识表现出:运动员角色认同程度高,退役准备意识强,对应对退役后的挑战态度积极.但目前缺乏针对现役运动员展开的退役培训计划或职业规划.运动员退役后职业过渡与转换的主要阻碍在于运动员实际知识、能力水平与学历不符.研究结果还显示,不同年龄、性别、教育水平和运动经历的运动员在退役原因,意识、阻碍方面有差异.  相似文献   

12.
The purpose of this investigation was to describe the morphological parameters that characterize elite age group divers. Comparisons are made to normative age group data from the Coquitlam Growth Study and the constancy of important characteristics from age group to age group is examined. Data were collected on 27 male and 28 female elite divers who participated in the 1990 North American Age Group Diving Championships. Body build, body composition and skinfold corrected diameters were determined from 36 anthropometric parameters and analysed by ANOVA, t-test and Phantom z-scores procedures. All age groups except the 14- to 15-year-old males were significantly (P < or = 0.05) shorter than their norms but recorded higher androgyny index values. The estimated relative muscle mass increased significantly (P < or = 0.05) with age for males at all ages (40.8-46.3%). The 16- to 18-year-old females had a significantly (P < or = 0.05) larger relative muscle component compared to the younger age groups (40.1-38.4%). When normalized for height, active tissue development of the extremities was comparable between the sexes except in the forearm. The results indicate that at all age levels short stature is an important characteristic for divers. Analysis of regional active tissue development provides further insight into sport-specific prerequisites for success at elite levels.  相似文献   

13.
The pacing behaviors used by elite athletes differ among individual sports, necessitating the study of sport-specific pacing profiles. Additionally, pacing behaviors adopted by elite runners differ depending on race distance. An “all-out” strategy, characterized by initial rapid acceleration and reduction in speed in the later stages, is observed during 100 m and 200 m events; 400 m runners also display positive pacing patterns, which is characterized by a reduction in speed throughout the race. Similarly, 800 m runners typically adopt a positive pacing strategy during paced “meet” races. However, during championship races, depending on the tactical approaches used by dominant athletes, pacing can be either positive or negative (characterized by an increase in speed throughout). A U-shaped pacing strategy (characterized by a faster start and end than during the middle part of the race) is evident during world record performances at meet races in 1500 m, 5000 m, and 10,000 m events. Although a parabolic J-shaped pacing profile (in which the start is faster than the middle part of the race but is slower than the endspurt) can be observed during championship 1500 m races, a negative pacing strategy with microvariations of pace is adopted by 5000 m and 10,000 m runners in championship races. Major cross country and marathon championship races are characterized by a positive pacing strategy; whereas a U-shaped pacing strategy, which is the result of a fast endspurt, is adopted by 3000 m steeplechasers and half marathoners. In contrast, recent world record marathon performances have been characterized by even pacing, which emphasizes the differences between championship and meet races at distances longer than 800 m. Studies reviewed suggest further recommendations for athletes. Throughout the whole race, 800 m runners should avoid running wide on the bends. In turn, during major championship events, 1500 m, 5000 m, and 10,000 m runners should try to run close to the inside of the track as much as possible during the decisive stages of the race when the speed is high. Staying within the leading positions during the last lap is recommended to optimize finishing position during 1500 m and 5000 m major championship races. Athletes with more modest aims than winning a medal at major championships are advised to adopt a realistic pace during the initial stages of long-distance races and stay within a pack of runners. Coaches of elite athletes should take into account the observed difference in pacing profiles adopted in meet races vs. those used in championship races: fast times achieved during races with the help of one or more pacemakers are not necessarily replicated in winner-takes-all championship races, where pace varies substantially. Although existing studies examining pacing characteristics in elite runners through an observational approach provide highly ecologically valid performance data, they provide little information regarding the underpinning mechanisms that explain the behaviors shown. Therefore, further research is needed in order to make a meaningful impact on the discipline. Researchers should design and conduct interventions that enable athletes to carefully choose strategies that are not influenced by poor decisions made by other competitors, allowing these athletes to develop more optimal and successful behaviors.  相似文献   

14.
During the 1997 Federation Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron (FISA) World Junior Rowing Championships, the anthropometric characteristics of 245 female junior rowers aged 17.5 +/- 0.8 years (mean +/- s) were assessed. Twenty-seven body dimensions (body mass, 6 heights or lengths, 4 breadths, 10 girths and 6 skinfolds) were measured in total. The elite female junior rowers were taller (174.5 +/- 6.2 cm) and heavier (69.5 +/- 6.2 kg), with greater length, breadth and girth dimensions, but lower skinfold thicknesses than a representative sample of Flemish (Belgian) girls of the same chronological age. An anthropometric profile chart was constructed that was rowing-specific and norms were established. Compared with scullers, sweep rowers were heavier (+4.2 kg) and taller (+2.8 cm), with greater length, breadth (except for femur width) and girth dimensions (except for calf girth). Sweep rowers also had greater skinfold thicknesses (except for the thigh and calf skinfolds). Finalists were heavier (+3.6 kg) and taller (+3.9 cm), with greater length, breadth (except for femur width) and girth dimensions (except for calf girth) than non-finalists. No significant differences were found for skinfold thicknesses between finalists and non-finalists.  相似文献   

15.
During the 1997 Federation Internationale des Societes d'Aviron (FISA) World Junior Rowing Championships, the anthropometric characteristics of 245 female junior rowers aged 17.5 ± 0.8 years (mean ± s) were assessed. Twenty-seven body dimensions (body mass, 6 heights or lengths, 4 breadths, 10 girths and 6 skinfolds) were measured in total. The elite female junior rowers were taller (174.5 ± 6.2 cm) and heavier (69.5 ± 6.2 kg), with greater length, breadth and girth dimensions, but lower skinfold thicknesses than a representative sample of Flemish (Belgian) girls of the same chronological age. An anthropometric profile chart was constructed that was rowing-specific and norms were established. Compared with scullers, sweep rowers were heavier (+4.2 kg) and taller (+2.8 cm), with greater length, breadth (except for femur width) and girth dimensions (except for calf girth). Sweep rowers also had greater skinfold thicknesses (except for the thigh and calf skinfolds). Finalists were heavier (+3.6 kg) and taller (+3.9 cm), with greater length, breadth (except for femur width) and girth dimensions (except for calf girth) than non-finalists. No significant differences were found for skinfold thicknesses between finalists and non-finalists.  相似文献   

16.
Organisational stressors have been found to be prevalent and problematic for sport performers, with research identifying demographic differences in the stressors encountered. Nevertheless, extant sport psychology research on the topic of stress has generally focused on able-bodied athletes; whilst that which has been conducted on performers with a disability has typically recruited relatively small samples to explore a narrow selection of organisational stressors, or examined other components of the stress process. The purpose of the present study was to explore the various organisational stressors that athletes with a disability encounter. The sample comprised 18 elite athletes with a disability (10 male, 8 female) who had a classified disability and experience of competing at a major championships in their sport (e.g., Paralympic Games, World Championships). Participants took part in a semi-structured interview which was analysed by drawing from grounded theory procedures. A total of 316 organisational stressors were identified, which were abstracted into 31 concepts and four, previously conceptualised, exploratory schemes: leadership and personnel issues, cultural and team issues, logistical and environmental issues, and performance and personal issues. This study not only provides the first illustration of the prevalence of organisational stressors for athletes with a disability, but also significantly points to salient similarities and distinct differences between the stress experiences of performers with and without a disability.  相似文献   

17.
运用数理统计、逻辑分析等方法,以第10届世界竞技健美操锦标赛运动员和第1届世界健美操青少年锦标赛运动员共280人为研究对象,测试了涉及身体形态、运动素质的25项指标。对测试的原始数据进行统计分析,归纳并比较了优秀运动员的身体形态特征;用因子分析方法提取了运动素质指标中的5个因子,在此基础上,结合项目技术特点和发展规律,对竞技健美操运动员运动素质的结构特征及专项呈现进行进一步的分析。  相似文献   

18.
The increasing demands of elite sports make it difficult for talented young athletes to balance school and sport. This paper investigates the multi-dimensional policy effectiveness of elite sport schools (ESSs) in secondary education in Flanders. Four hundred and eight elite athletes who graduated from an ESS, and 341 from mainstream schools, completed an online survey. The data showed no clear evidence of more effective outputs (performance), or more positive evaluation of throughputs (processes) by athletes who attended an ESS. Athletes who did not attend an ESS received less support services, but those who did receive such services were generally more satisfied. They were equally satisfied about their coaches’ expertise. Only training facilities were rated generally better in an ESS. The study concluded that evaluating effectiveness of ESS (at input-throughput-output level) requires a tailor-made, sport-specific approach. Furthermore, as ESS is only a small part of a total career, many other factors influence long-term success.  相似文献   

19.
This study explored whether elite artistic skating athletes differ from elite inline speed skating athletes in terms of mood as assessed before and after competi-tion. Its secondary purpose was to determine whether mood states in athletes generally differ before competition, as compared to after. Thirty-nine athletes in artistic and inline speed skating participated in this study during the German national and European championships. Participants were top-ranked elite skat-ers, including 17 German national champions, nine European and four World champions as well as four participants in recent Olympic Games. Artistic skat-ers exhibited more delight and less listlessness both before and after competi-tion. Inline speed skaters reported greater arousal before competition, whereas artistic skaters reported more arousal after competition. All skaters reported more activation before competition as compared to after competition. These results have implications for athletes’ preparation for and participation in sports competition.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to describe the morphological parameters that characterize elite age group divers. Comparisons are made to normative age group data from the Coquitlam Growth Study and the constancy of important characteristics from age group to age group is examined. Data were collected on 27 male and 28 female elite divers who participated in the 1990 North American Age Group Diving Championships. Body build, body composition and skinfold corrected diameters were determined from 36 anthropometric parameters and analysed by ANOVA, t‐test and Phantom 2‐scores procedures. All age groups except the 14‐ to 15‐year‐old males were significantly (P ≤0.05) shorter than their norms but recorded higher androgyny index values. The estimated relative muscle mass increased significantly (P≤0.05) with age for males at all ages (40.8–46.3%). The 16‐ to 18‐year‐old females had a significantly (P<0.05) larger relative muscle component compared to the younger age groups (40.1–38.4%). When normalized for height, active tissue development of the extremities was comparable between the sexes except in the forearm. The results indicate that at all age levels short stature is an important characteristic for divers. Analysis of regional active tissue development provides further insight into sport‐specific prerequisites for success at elite levels.  相似文献   

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