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1.
Timothy J. Cleary Barry J. Zimmerman Tedd Keating 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):251-262
The additive effects of self-regulation training in forethought, performance, and self-reflection phase processes on acquiring a novel motoric skill (i.e., basketball free throws) and self-reflective beliefs were studied with 50 college students. The results showed a positive linear trend between the number of self-regulatory phases, in which the participants were trained, and their free throw shooting performance and shooting adaptation. The two- and three-phase training groups displayed significantly more accurate free throws and were able to self-correct their shooting form more frequently following missed shots than all other groups. Participants who received three-phase training displayed the most adaptive motivational profile, characterized by making strategic attributions and adaptive inferences and by using self/process criteria during self-evaluations. 相似文献
2.
We examined the effectiveness of perceptual training on the performance of handball goalkeepers when anticipating the direction of both direct and deceptive 7-m throws. Skilled goalkeepers were assigned equally to three matched-ability groups based on their pre-test performance: a perceptual training group (n = 14) received video-based perceptual training, a placebo training group (n = 14) received video-based regular training and a control group received no training. Participants in the perceptual training group significantly improved their performance compared to both placebo and control groups; however, anticipation of deceptive throws improved less than for direct throws. The results confirm that although anticipating deception in handball is a challenging task for goalkeepers, task-specific perceptual training can minimise its effect and improve performance. 相似文献
3.
Victor H.A. Okazaki André L.F. Rodacki Miriam N. Satern 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):190-205
The ability to shoot an effective jump shot in the sport of basketball is critical to a player's success. In an attempt to better understand the aspects related to expert performance, researchers have investigated successful free throws and jump shots of various basketball players and identified movement variables that contribute to their success. The purpose of this study was to complete a systematic review of the scientific literature on the basketball free throw and jump shot for the purpose of revealing the critical components of shooting that coaches, teachers, and players should focus on when teaching, learning, practising, and performing a jump shot. The results of this review are presented in three sections: (a) variables that affect ball trajectory, (b) phases of the jump shot, and (c) additional variables that influence shooting. 相似文献
4.
Roger Whitehead J. Wilson Butz Bill Kozar Ross E. Vaughn 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(5):393-401
The suitability of Gray's (1975) three‐factor arousal theory as a model of human performance under stress was investigated in a study of basketball free‐throw shooting. Free‐throw attempts, made by members of an NCAA Division I men's varsity team, were videotaped during one full season. On the basis of Gray's theory, we predicted that increased stress (assumed to be present in games as opposed to practices) would be associated with longer pre‐shot preparations and a greater incidence of overthrow shots. The prediction was confirmed by the results. Moreover, we found that free‐throws were more frequently overthrown when attempted during crucial rather than non‐crucial game situations. Further tests of the utility of Gray's theory are suggested. 相似文献
5.
The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and effect of certain highly patterned behaviours utilized prior to free‐throw shooting in basketball. Ten female basketball players comprising the varsity squad of Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA served as subjects for this study. Subjects were filmed with a high‐speed camera and monitored for heart rate during the performance of 10 free throws in each of two conditions: ritual and non‐ritual. For the ritual condition, subjects were given unlimited time and freedom of movement prior to each free‐throw attempt. For the non‐ritual condition, subjects were not restricted by time, but were instructed to shoot the ball without utilizing any movements other than those required to project the ball to the goal. Dependent measures were characteristics of behaviours, physiological changes measured by heart rates, mechanical data (speed, height and angle of release), and number of successful attempts. Condition x trials analyses of variance and low standard deviation concerning characteristics of behaviours indicated that the idiosyncratic behaviours prior to free‐throw shooting were rituals of the auto‐communicative type. Results indicated no significant difference between conditions for free‐throw success. However, partial correlation between dependent measures and successful free‐throw attempts indicated that duration of behaviours was most crucial to free‐throw shooting success. 相似文献
6.
Clare Elizabeth Dadswell Carl Payton Paul Holmes Adrian Burden 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(12):1294-1301
Abstract Despite the importance of the Combined Event to the modern pentathlon competition, little is known about performance in the event. This study aimed to (i) identify the key variables affecting Combined Event shooting performance, and the extent to which these corresponded with those identified for precision shooting and (ii) investigate the impact of changing shooting format, and whether more successful precision shooters were also more successful in the Combined Event. Seven modern pentathletes and three pistol shooters completed precision and Combined Event trials. An opto-electronic shooting system recorded score and pistol movements, whilst force platforms recorded centre of pressure movements 1 s prior to every shot. Intra-individual analysis revealed that the extent of associations between variables was participant-specific, highlighting the need for individual analysis of performance. No participants displayed matching associations between variables for precision and Combined Event shooting, emphasising the difference between performances in the two events. Both groups experienced significantly reduced scores, and increased pistol and body movements for Combined Event shooting (P < 0.05). Despite the pistol shooters’ greater precision shooting ability, no significant differences were evident between the groups’ Combined Event performances (P > 0.05). This implies that experience in one event does not guarantee success in the other, indicating the importance of event specific training. 相似文献
7.
ABSTRACTPurpose: To create a high-stress shooting among the crowd (SAC) program and to examine its effectiveness in reducing SWAT trainees’ stress level and their shooting performance in a simulated hostage-rescue situation. Method: After the SAC program was created, it was evaluated using a pretest and posttest experimental design: 98 young male SWAT trainees were randomly divided into experiment and control groups, with the former group trained in hostage rescue, shooting with real persons (high stress), and the latter group trained with “dummy” men (low stress); training for both lasted three days. Their shooting performance was assessed by a tactical shooting test in both high- and low-stress tests in a counterbalanced order, before and after the training, and monitored during the training, as were their stress levels by a set of physical (heart rate [HR] and heart rate recovery time [HRRt]), psychological (salivary cortisol and α-amylase), and self-reported anxiety measures. Results: The SAC program created needed high-stress for hostage rescue situations as reflected in increased physical, psychological, and anxiety scores and reduced shooting performance. Even with short SAC training, SWAT trainees’ capacity in handling high stress and tactical shooting performance were significantly improved. HR, HRRt, and anxiety tests have been found to be effective in monitoring stress and should be a part of future SWAT training. Conclusion: A SAC program involving real people was created, and its effectiveness was confirmed using a pretest and posttest experimental design. 相似文献
8.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(7):964-971
AbstractThe quiet eye (QE) is a gaze phenomenon that has been studied over more than two decades. However, the underlying mechanisms of the well-known expertise effect, namely, longer QE durations in experts when compared to less-skilled athletes remain unclear. Therefore, from a functional perspective, an inhibition hypothesis was proposed that explains long QE durations in experts with increased inhibition requirements over movement parametrisation. This hypothesis was tested by making use of the especial-skill effect in basketball free throw which refers to the observation of higher actual performance than would be predicted on the basis of performance at the nearby locations. In line with the expectations, from the distance of the free-throw line, higher actual than predicted shooting accuracy and longer actual than predicted QE duration were revealed. This suggests that when performing free throws prolonged QE durations are required to shield the optimal against alternative task solutions within the very dense sub-space of this especial skill. These findings suggest an inhibition function of long QE durations in expert athletes. 相似文献
9.
定距离原地投篮的弧线轨迹主要取决于出手速度和出手角度。为了探究优秀青年男子运动员不同距离原地投篮命中率的各影响因素,采用平面定机高速摄影和运动技术解析法,采集12名U16中国国家男子篮球运动员罚篮、中投和三分投球中篮过程投篮手臂的腕、肘、肩、膝等相关关节的线速度和角速度等参数,运用关联度和回归分析(Matlab2018a)探究规律。发现8项因素对原地投篮对命中率有不同程度的影响,其中,球初始高度、球离手高度、腕关节速度和膝关节速度4项因素,通过投篮角度和投篮速度对不同距离投篮中命中率的影响最大。 相似文献
10.
The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and effect of certain highly patterned behaviours utilized prior to free-throw shooting in basketball. Ten female basketball players comprising the varsity squad of Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA served as subjects for this study. Subjects were filmed with a high-speed camera and monitored for heart rate during the performance of 10 free throws in each of two conditions: ritual and non-ritual. For the ritual condition, subjects were given unlimited time and freedom of movement prior to each free-throw attempt. For the non-ritual condition, subjects were not restricted by time, but were instructed to shoot the ball without utilizing any movements other than those required to project the ball to the goal. Dependent measures were characteristics of behaviours, physiological changes measured by heart rates, mechanical data (speed, height and angle of release), and number of successful attempts. Condition x trials analyses of variance and low standard deviation concerning characteristics of behaviours indicated that the idiosyncratic behaviours prior to free-throw shooting were rituals of the auto-communicative type. Results indicated no significant difference between conditions for free-throw success. However, partial correlation between dependent measures and successful free-throw attempts indicated that duration of behaviours was most crucial to free-throw shooting success. 相似文献
11.
为提高中国冬季两项重点女子运动员射击表现的稳定性进行个案训练研究,采用心象训练法变式和重组运动员射击思维内容,规范其行为,提高其对自己射击环节情绪和行为的认知和控制能力.训练后,命中率和适应参赛心率能力提高,瞄时、瞄道长和瞄准点偏移显著降低,着弹点散布趋于集中,运枪路线简炼直接.认为导致冬季两项高水平运动员射击环节中某些特定参赛情景的不当情绪和行为的不匹配思维,是影响其射击结果的首要原因;以思维的变式、重组和定式为核心,通过心象训练优化运动员对程序参赛的应答,是发掘高水平运动员参赛潜力的有效方法. 相似文献
12.
采用文献资料法、录像观察法、数理统计法等,对2019年世界杯中国男篮失利问题进行研究。数据表明中国男篮场均攻防实力与对手相当,各技术指标在世界杯中排名靠后。失利成因包括难堪的数据:中国男篮基本功薄弱,其中外线命中率低、篮板球个数少、罚球命中率低、失误次数多、犯规次数多;情绪化的舆情:球迷的吐槽催化压力,球迷的言论是中国男篮的压力催化剂;落后的体制:篮球改革是个新生儿,我国不是传统强队,改革未到检讨得失之时;特色的文化:安逸的篮球文化环境,“中庸”的篮球文化下安逸的篮球文化环境抹杀了球员的“狼性”。发展策略:上下一心紧抓篮球基本功训练;内外结合提升教练团队执教能力;坚定不移全面深化篮球改革;放眼世界扩大国际交流视野。 相似文献
13.
本文采用文献资料法、实践法,结合笔者长期在一线射击训练的教学经验,提出了青少年手枪慢射的击发动作训练的目的、要点、具体方法等,并结合训练实践进行了效果验证。结果表明,青少年有其自身的特点,针对青少年慢射射手的特点进行重点击发动作训练可以切实地提高射手的运动成绩。 相似文献
14.
Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether combining two mental preparation strategies would be more effective in enhancing performances than a single strategy. Subjects (n = 40) practiced on a basketball free throw task (20 shots) using one of the following mental preparation strategies: (a) imagery, (b) relaxation, (c) relaxation plus imagery, (d) placebo control. To simulate game conditions, subjects were allowed only 10 s in which to use their mental preparation strategy. After the practice session, subjects shot 20 test free throws using their designated technique. Results indicated a significant main effect with the imagery group performing significantly better than the placebo control group although there were no specific differences between the three experimental groups. The results are discussed in terms of potential variables mediating the effectiveness of imagery in enhancing sport performance, and future directions for research are offered. 相似文献
15.
冬季两项是绝对运动的滑雪和相对静止的射击组成的运动项目,与欧美国家相比,我国该项目起步和发展都比较晚,尤其是其中的射击成绩亟待提高.选取备战2006年意大利冬奥会的国家女子冬季两项队6名运动员为研究对象,采用靶场实地人工记录、心率表随时记录和实验室测试的方法对运动员射击训练中的心率、神经机能水平以及射击命中率、射击技术等的情况进行综合分析和评价,并尝试总结其规律性.研究表明,影响冬季两项运动员射击成绩的主要因素为心血管机能水平和神经机能水平.结论:提高我国冬季两项运动员射击训练和比赛成绩,应加强心血管机能水平和神经机能水平的科学合理化监控,还应同时结合其他相关指标进行综合评价. 相似文献
16.
射击运动是属于智能重于体能的项目,人脑潜能的开发在射击训练方面有着重要的作用。要在比赛中创造出好的成绩,必须开展智能竞技能力的训练。鉴此,利用脑状态调控仪对优秀射击运动员进行了脑波调控研究。测试结果表明：使用脑状态调控仪对提高优秀射击运动员心智能力（注意力和手眼协调能力）有更好的促进作用,当运动员使用仪器时,其大脑α波能有规律地与仪器同步,从而使射手提高＂入静＂与专注能力水平。 相似文献
17.
Fabio De Siati Guillaume Laffaye Giorgio Gatta Antonio Dello Iacono Johnny Padulo 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(15):1466-1472
Testing is one of the important tasks in any multi-step sport programme. In most ball games, coaches assess motor, physical and technical skills on a regular basis in early stages of talent identification in order to further athletes’ development. The purpose of the study was to investigate anthropometric variables and vertical jump heights as a free throw effectiveness predictor in water-polo players of different age groups. Two hundred and thirty-six young (10–18 years) male water-polo players partitioned into three age groups underwent anthropometric variables’ measures and squat- and countermovement-jump tests, and performed water-polo free throws. Anthropometric variables, vertical jump heights and throw speed – as a proxy for free throw effectiveness – resulted different over age groups. Particularly, throw speed changed from 9.28 to 13.70 m · s?1 (+48%) from younger to older players. A multiple-regression model indicated that body height, squat-jump height and throw time together explain 52% of variance of throw speed. In conclusion, tall height, high lower limb power and throwing quickness appeared to be relevant determinants for effective free throws. Such indications can help coaches during talent identification and development processes, even by means of novel training strategies. Further research is needed over different maturity statuses. 相似文献
18.
The purpose of this study was to describe how providing teachers with research based knowledge about developmental throwing can influence teachers' observational interpretations and their students' practice patterns. Eight kindergarten classroom teachers with high generic teaching skill competence taught a 6-week overhand throwing unit to the children in their intact classes. Prior to the unit, four of the teachers were randomly assigned to a 4-hour knowledge training program. The other four teachers served as a comparison group (underwent no knowledge training). During the unit, data from stimulated recall interviews were used to describe and compare the thoughts and knowledge concepts expressed by the two groups of teachers. The throwing practice experienced by the children in the knowledge-trained and comparison teachers' classes was videotaped and analyzed for frequency of opposite foot stepping. The knowledge acquired during training was associated with different patterns of skill observation. The knowledge concepts the teachers acquired during training formed the basis of many of their thoughts and were reflected in the instructional procedures implemented. The knowledge-trained teachers' classes demonstrated more than twice as many opposite foot throws during the unit than the comparison teachers' classes. 相似文献
19.
通过对12名少年篮球爱好者近两年4个阶段,有计划科学地进行严格的、规范的投篮技术动作训练,使他们从不会投篮,到初步掌握投篮技术。通过规范的投篮基本技术的强化,提高了他们的投篮命中率,对他们今后的发展,也是十分有益的。 相似文献
20.
周文婷 《天津体育学院学报》2022,(1)
理论研究薄弱是我国开展雪上项目的主要掣肘因素,也制约了我国对2022北京冬奥会的备战。本研究从运动员生物学特征、比赛技术及训练角度分析了冬季两项的项目特征,认为形态学的主要特征为身体强壮、体脂率低,运动员在滑行和射击中的主要生理指标特征分别为较高的HR、VO2max、乳酸阈值与机体总工作效率,及良好的身体感知与自我调节能力,运动损伤特征为日常训练多发,女性与7年以上运动员多发,下背部与膝部多发。技术特征方面,滑行中自由滑行技术的G2和G3分技术对成绩影响最大,ML站姿更利于射击中维持身体稳定性,而肩上夹紧枪托及较轻的双手持枪力度更利于持枪稳定性和射击准度。年度体能训练以LIT为主,MIT与HIT比例较低;陆地体能训练中滚轮滑雪比例最高,辅以较高比例蹬车训练,雪上训练以自由滑行G2、G3分技术练习为主;力量训练中,男运动员侧重均衡的上、下肢练习,女运动员侧重上肢力量训练;射击训练多采取分组竞争、模拟比赛的方式进行,并注重训练大风天气下的适应力。 相似文献