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1.
We assessed the relationship between young children's movement skills and their physical activity in early adolescence. Balance, agility, eye-hand coordination, and skinfold thicknesses in 207 Mexican American and Anglo American children (104 boys, 103 girls) were measured at ages 4, 5, and 6 years. Habitual physical activity was assessed at the age of 12 years by two interviewer-administered 7-day recalls. Ethnic differences in movement skills were not found. Young girls were better at jumping and balancing, and young boys were better at catching. Tracking of skills was low, and children's early childhood skills were not related to their physical activity 6 years later. Further studies involving additional movement skills and other populations are recommended to determine if enhanced movement skills in children promote subsequent physical activity.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

School districts are required under Public Law 94–142 to find and serve handicapped children from age three. In part this is accomplished through screening programs in which parents are encouraged to have children evaluated. This study reports partial results of one such screening program which used the DIAL test, Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning (Mardell & Goldenberg, 1975a), which provided information on movement components and adds to the literature on the performance of preschoolers. The subjects, 610 boys and girls ages 2 years, 6 months to 5 years, 6 months, individually completed the seven tasks comprising each of the gross movement and fine movement components of DIAL. The sample is considered nonhandicapped because special education was later provided for less than 3% of the children screened. Data were divided by age, sex, and race (white, black). Separate MANOVAs and ANOVAs indicated female superiority in performance for fine movement, but a less clear picture for gross movement. Fine movement performance differences favored white subjects but results were also less clear for gross movement. Performance differences across age were primarily linear but with two or more higher order trends being significant for 13 of 14 fine and gross items.  相似文献   

3.
王珏  杨红春  陈谦 《浙江体育科学》2012,(5):105-108,112
对浙江省25所幼儿园3～6岁的5 267名学前儿童进行立定跳远和10m连续跳测试,观察浙江省学龄前儿童的下肢力量发展情况,旨在为评价学前儿童下肢的活动能力及其发展趋势以及探寻运动素质发展敏感期提供参考依据。结果发现3～6岁幼儿的立定跳及连续跳成绩随年龄的增长而显著增加。性别因素对两个指标的测试成绩有明显的影响,但对两次测试的变化率没有影响。分析得出浙江省城市3～6岁男童立定跳能力显著强于同年龄段女童,在3岁时增长速率最大;连续跳成绩男女组在相同年龄段几乎没有差异,结合立定跳成绩分析显示,女童的下肢协调性优于同年龄段男童。  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

Children studied longitudinally from kindergarten through second grade were refilmed in seventh grade as they performed 10 trials of the forceful overarm throw. The horizontal ball velocities of the 22 boys and the 17 girls were compared with predictions made when the children were in second grade. The original estimate of an annual rate of change (a “developmental year”) of 5–8 feet/sec/year (1.52–2.44m) remained accurate for the boys; the original estimate for the girls had to be increased to 2–4.5 feet/sec/year (.61–1.37m). While the gap between the sexes increased throughout elementary school, it increased at a slower rate from second to seventh grade than it had during the primary years. By seventh grade, however, the girls were 5 developmental years behind the boys. The data also suggested a difference in the degree to which the sexes maintained their relative positions within their groups: girls appeared more stable than boys across the elementary years. Change was also assessed in the developmental levels exhibited by the children as they threw. The girls' rate of development was 5–6 years behind the boys' rate. Few boys, however, had reached an advanced level in all movement components by seventh grade. Self-reports suggested that the boys had participated in more overarm throwing than had the girls.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

Weight status has been shown to have a negative impact on children's competence in performing fundamental movement skills (FMSs). Following ethics approval and informed consent, 281 children in years 2–6 from a school in central England volunteered to participate. Each child performed eight FMSs (run, hop, gallop, jump, balance, kick, throw and catch) three times, all attempts were video-recorded. Video analysis was performed (Quintic Biomechanics software) using the Process Orient Checklist (subjective measurement). Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) and weight status was determined. Results highlighted that year group (age) had a significant effect on seven out of the eight skills (not kick). Year 4 (aged 8–9 years) significantly scored lower in all three locomotor skills (run, hop and gallop) at this age, whereas Year 5 (aged 9–10 years) all significantly peaked at the object control skills (catch and throw) at this age. Weight status (BMI) significantly affected the run, identifying that a child with a larger BMI will have a lower mastery level of the run. Gender significantly affected the kick, throw and balance, with girls outperforming in the balance and the boys in the kick and throw. By highlighting that children at different ages will have a lower score in different skills, the effect of BMI and gender on certain FMS is important knowledge for the target of intervention in primary school children.  相似文献   

6.
陈谦  吕熠豪 《浙江体育科学》2012,34(1):65-67,118
目的：测试不同年龄和性别学龄前儿童的穿珠能力,评价儿童手部小肌肉群活动的发展。方法：以浙江省25所幼儿园3～6岁的5 123名学前儿童为研究对象,进行＂一分钟穿珠＂测试,半年后进行第二次测试。以年龄、性别等作为影响因素进行比较分析。结果：①3～6岁学龄前儿童随着年龄的增加穿珠能力不断增加,4.5～5.5岁年龄段女童穿珠能力好于男童（P〈0.05）。②半年前后穿珠变化值提示,手部精细活动能力的发展敏感期男童为3～4岁之间,女童则更长一点为3.5～5岁之间。结论：学前阶段手部精细活动能力发展迅速,女童优于男童,其发展敏感期女童长于男童。  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

This longitudinal study analyses the development and predictability of static strength and their interactions with maturation in youth. Of 515 children followed annually from age 6 to 18 years, 59 males and 60 females were measured again at age 35. Early, average, and late maturity groups were established. Body height and mass were assessed. Static strength was measured using handgrip dynamometry. Pearson correlations were used as tracking coefficients. From 6 to 12 years of age, no static strength differences were found to exist between the maturity groups of both sexes. Static strength is significantly higher in early than in average and late maturing boys (age 13–16). In girls, a dose–response effect exists (age 11–14). Adult static strength predictability is low in early maturing boys and late maturing girls. It is moderate to high (50–76%) in the other maturity groups up to age 14. Predictors for adult static strength are childhood and adolescent handgrip dynamometry (in females only), medicine ball throw, sit-up, hockey ball throw, and 25-m sprint. Handgrip is a fair predictor of adult static strength at most ages in early and average maturing females; in average maturing males, it is a predictor at age 11. Other indicators of strength (e.g. hockey ball throw) are predictors in males.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

Exponential fatigue curves for dynamic work of the forearm muscles were obtained from 200 boys arid girls ranging from 8 through 17 years of age. The fatigue parameters analyzed in relation to initial strength were fatigable strength, steady-state equilibrium strength, and relative rate of strength loss per contraction. Older children were stronger and exhibited greater fatigue. When their strength loss and steady-state levels were considered in relation to their initial strength-capacity, there were no age differences in fatigability, and sex differences were either absent or very small. At age eight, boys and girls had equal rates of strength loss per muscle contraction. Older boys, since they exerted more strength initially, tended to reach the fatigue level more rapidly than younger children. Older girls reached their fatigue level more slowly.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of motor coordination (MC), physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) on the development of subcutaneous adiposity in a sample of children followed longitudinally from 6 to 10 years of age. Participants were 142 girls and 143 boys. Height, weight, and the triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured annually between the ages of 6 and 10 years. PA was estimated with the Godin–Shephard questionnaire. MC was evaluated with the Körperkoordination Test für Kinder (KTK) test battery, and PF was assessed with four Fitnessgram tests: curl-ups (CU), push-ups (PU), trunk-lifts (TL) and one mile run/walk (MRW). Hierarchical linear modelling with MC, PF items and PA as predictors of the sum of two skinfolds (SKF) was used. The results showed that boys and girls differed significantly in SKF at baseline (girls: 19.7 mm; boys: 16.6 mm). Three PF items (CU, PU and MRW) and MC had a positive influence on SKF. For each unit improvement in CU, PU, MRW and MC, SKF was reduced by 0.06, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.12 mm, respectively. In conclusion, motor coordination, muscular strength and endurance, and aerobic endurance attenuated the accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue during childhood.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

This study examined the relationship of age and sex to the performance of 3, 4, 5, and 6 year olds on seven motor performance test items. Although significant age and sex differences were found on most of the motor tests, it appears that age generally was related more to performance than was gender. Overall, change with age was fairly linear except perhaps for balancing and a general tapering in improvement in the 5 to 6 year old category. On the tests of throwing and balancing, gender was as important as age, or more so, in its relationship to performance. Boys were superior to girls at all ages on the throwing tests; girls were superior to boys at age 6 on the Balance test. Gender differences of a lesser magnitude were found on the Speed Run and Standing Long Jump tests with the performance of boys generally being superior to the performance of girls. Thus, it appears that gender differences in motor performance occur as early as the preschool years. Interestingly, except for the Balance test, on all the tests the 3 and 4 year old boys performed similarly and the 5 and 6 year old boys performed similarly. For the girls there were more significant differences from year to year in performance, with the data generally indicating at least three distinct skill groups for girls from age 3 to 6.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Serial data for 268 normal children (144 boys, 124 girls) have been used to calculate predicted adult statures without using skeletal age. Present statures at an age have been used with these predicted values to obtain ratios that are significantly correlated (p <.05 or < .01) with accepted measures of physical maturity from 5 to 15 years in boys, and from 3 to 13 years in girls. Reference values for this ratio are provided. It is recommended that this non-invasive method of measuring maturity be used when irradiation cannot be justified or when the invasion of personal privacy is inappropriate.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT

This study modelled children’s gross motor coordination, investigated sex-differences and identified the effects of fixed and dynamic correlates on motor coordination development. A total of 344 Portuguese children (170 girls), from 6 age cohorts (5 to 9 years of age), were followed consecutively for three years (age range 5 to 11 years) using a mixed-longitudinal cohort design. Birth weight, hand dominance and socioeconomic status (SES) were identified. Gross motor coordination, body mass index, physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) were assessed annually. A sequence of multilevel hierarchical linear models were developed. Model 1 found that age, age2, sex, sex-by-age and sex-by-age2 were significant predictors (p < 0.05) of gross motor coordination. Boys outperformed girls from 6 years of age onwards. Model 2 found a cohort effect (p < 0.05). Model 3 found that right handers were more coordinated (p < 0.05). When the confounders of body mass index, PF and PA were added to the model (Model 4) it was found that boys and girls had parallel trajectories in their gross motor coordination development. In conclusion children with increasing body mass index were less coordinated, while those who were stronger and more agile had steeper trajectories of gross motor coordination with age.  相似文献   

13.
In a review of 46 meta-analyses of gender differences, overhand throwing had the largest gender difference favoring boys (ES > 3.0). Expectations for gender-specific performances may be less pronounced in female Australian Aborigines, because historical accounts state they threw for defense and hunting. Overhand throwing velocities and kinematics were recorded in 30 female and male Aboriginal Australian children 6-10 years old. Results indicated the Aboriginal girls and boys were more similar in horizontal ball velocities than U.S. girls and boys. Throwing kinematics between girls and boys were also more similar in Australian Aborigines than U.S. children. Aboriginal girls threw with greater velocities than U.S., German, Japanese, and Thai girls, while the boys were similar across cultures.  相似文献   

14.
In a review of 46 meta-analyses of gender differences, overhand throwing had the largest gender difference favoring boys (ES > 3.0). Expectations for gender-specific performances may be less pronounced in female Australian Aborigines, because historical accounts state they threw for defense and hunting. Overhand throwing velocities and kinematics were recorded in 30 female and male Aboriginal Australian children 6-10 years old. Results indicated the Aboriginal girls and boys were more similar in horizontal ball velocities than U.S. girls and boys. Throwing kinematics between girls and boys were also more similar in Australian Aborigines than U.S. children. Aboriginal girls threw with greater velocities than U.S., German, Japanese, and Thai girls, while the boys were similar across cultures.  相似文献   

15.
BackgroundThe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and national lockdowns took away opportunities for children to be physically active. This study aimed to determine the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on accelerometer-assessed physical activity (PA) in children in Wales.MethodsEight hundred participants (8–18 years old), stratified by sex, age, and socio-economic status, wore Axivity AX3 accelerometers for 7 days in February 2021, during the lockdown, and in May 2021, while in school. Raw accelerometer data were processed in R-package GGIR, and cut-point data, average acceleration (AvAcc), intensity gradient, and the acceleration above which the most active X minutes are accumulated (MX) metrics were extracted. Linear mixed models were used to assess the influence of time-point, sex, age, and socioeconomic status (SES) on PA.ResultsDuring lockdown, moderate-to-vigorous PA was 38.4 ± 24.3 min/day; sedentary time was 849.4 ± 196.6 min/day; mean ± SD. PA levels increased significantly upon return to school (all variables p < 0.001). While there were no sex differences during lockdown (p = 0.233), girls engaged in significantly less moderate-to-vigorous PA than boys once back in school (p < 0.001). Furthermore, boys had more favorable intensity profiles than girls (intensity gradient: p < 0.001), regardless of time-point. PA levels decreased with age at both time-points; upper secondary school girls were the least active group, with an average M30 of 195.2 mg (while in school).ConclusionThe lockdown affected boys more than girls, as reflected by the disappearance of the typical sex difference in PA levels during lockdown, although these were re-established on return to school. Upper secondary school (especially girls) might need specific COVID-recovery intervention.  相似文献   

16.
The protective effects of physical activity and fitness on cardiovascular health have clearly been shown among normally developed children. However, data are currently lacking pertaining to children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The purpose of this study was to examine differences in fitness measures, body composition, and physical activity among children with and without DCD. A cross-sectional design was implemented examining 261 children (118 girls, 143 boys) ages 4–12 years (mean age 7.8 ± 1.9 years). Children were categorized as having DCD if they scored less than or equal to the 5th percentile (n = 71) or between the 6th and the 15th percentile (n = 52) on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC; Henderson & Sugden, 1992). The typically developing children had scores between the 16th and the 50th percentile (n = 106) or above the 50th percentile (n = 32) on the MABC. The age-related body mass index was used to characterize body composition. Physical fitness was assessed with a 6-min run, 20-m sprint, jump-and-reach test, medicine ball throw, curl-ups, and sit-and-reach test. Physical activity was estimated with a questionnaire. The percentage of overweight and obese children ages 10–12 years were significantly higher in the DCD groups (severe: 50%, moderate: 23.1%) than in the typically developing groups (medium: 5.6%, high: 0%; p < .05). Significant interactions (MABC x Age Group) were found for the fitness tests (p values < .05), except flexibility; whereby specifically, compared to the children in the typically developing groups children in the DCD groups ages 4–6 years achieved significantly worse results for the 20-m sprint, and children of the DCD groups ages 10–12 years achieved significantly worse results for the 6-min run, jump-and-reach test, and medicine ball throw. The study demonstrates poorer performance in fitness tests with high demands on coordination in children with DCD compared to their typically developing peers. Furthermore, the differences in fitness increased with age between children in the DCD groups versus the typically developing groups.  相似文献   

17.
The protective effects of physical activity and fitness on cardiovascular health have clearly been shown among normally developed children. However data are currently lacking pertaining to children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The purpose of this study was to examine differences in fitness measures, body composition, and physical activity among children with and without DCD. A cross-sectional design was implemented examining 261 children (118 girls, 143 boys) ages 4-12 years (mean age 7.8 +/- 1.9 years). Children were categorized as having DCD if they scored less than or equal to the 5th percentile (n=71) or between the 6th and the 15th percentile (n=5) on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC; Henderson & Sugden, 1992). The typically developing children had scores between the 16th and the 50th percentile (n=16) or above the 50th percentile (n=3) on the MABC. The age-related body mass index was used to characterize body composition. Physical fitness was assessed with a 6-min run, 20-m sprint, jump-and-reach test, medicine ball throw, curl-ups, and sit-and-reach test. Physical activity was estimated with a questionnaire. The percentage of overweight and obese children ages 10-12 years were significantly higher in the DCD groups (severe: 50%, moderate: 23.1%) than in the typically developing groups (medium: 5.6%, high: 0%; p < .05). Significant interactions (MABC x Age Group) were found for the fitness tests (p values < .05), except flexibility; whereby specifically, compared to the children in the typically developing groups children in the DCD groups ages 4-6 years achieved significantly worse results for the 20-m sprint, and children of the DCD groups ages 10-12 years achieved significantly worse results for the 6-min run, jump-and-reach test, and medicine ball throw. The study demonstrates poorer performance in fitness tests with high demands on coordination in children with DCD compared to their typically developing peers. Furthermore, the differences in fitness increased with age between children in the DCD groups versus the typically developing groups.  相似文献   

18.
This review assembles pedometry literature focused on youth, with particular attention to expected values for habitual, school day, physical education class, recess, lunch break, out-of-school, weekend, and vacation activity. From 31 studies published since 1999, we constructed a youth habitual activity step-curve that indicates: (a) from ages 6 to 18 years, boys typically take more steps per day than girls; (b) for both sexes the youngest age groups appear to take fewer steps per day than those immediately older; and (c) from a young age, boys decline more in steps per day to become more consistent with girls at older ages. Additional studies revealed that boys take approximately 42–49% of daily steps during the school day; girls take 41–47%. Steps taken during physical education class contribute to total steps per day by 8.7–23.7% in boys and 11.4–17.2% in girls. Recess represents 8–11% and lunch break represents 15–16% of total steps per day. After-school activity contributes approximately 47–56% of total steps per day for boys and 47–59% for girls. Weekdays range from approximately 12,000 to 16,000 steps per day in boys and 10,000 to 14,000 steps per day in girls. The corresponding values for weekend days are 12,000–13,000 steps per day in boys and 10,000–12,000 steps per day in girls.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

From the records in three track-and-field events (standing broad jump, softball throw, and six-second run), the ages, the heights, and the weights were obtained from 882 boys and 900 girls ranging in ages from 9 to 17 years. The relationship between ability in athletics (as measured by the records in the three track-and-field events) and the variables of age, height, and weight was, for the boys and for the girls, found to be nonlinear.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

This study evaluated the influence of biological and environmental variables on the differences between the throwing performance of 5-year-old girls and boys. A total of 100 children (48 girls, 52 boys) were tested on throwing for distance and rated on two components of throwing form—trunk rotation, and foot action. Children were evaluated on eight biological characteristics—height, weight, body mass index, ponderal index, sum of four skinfolds, body diameters, arm and leg girths, and somatotypes—and four environmental characteristics—older brother, older sister, presence of adult male, and playing with older children. Results indicated that boys threw farther than girls and exhibited more mature form. Boys had greater joint diameters than girls, a smaller sum of four skinfolds, and more estimated arm muscle. Boys were more likely to play regularly with older children. Girls' throwing performance was only 57% that of boys, but when throwing was adjusted for a linear composite of biological variables, girls' throwing performance increased to 69% of boys'. Thus, while the differences in most motor performance tasks between boys and girls prior to puberty have been attributed to environmental factors, some of the differences in throwing performance appears to reflect biological characteristics, even as early as 5 years of age.  相似文献   

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