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Stephen M. Hadlow Ross A. Pinder Mark G. L. Sayers 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(18):1808-1816
In Australian rules football structured increases in ball size during development end with the transition to the Size 5 (adult) ball at the Under-15 age group. This study assessed changes in kick technique and performance in experienced junior performers when using Size 4 and 5 Australian rules footballs. Participants (n = 22, 13.77 ± 0.61 years) performed drop punt kicks in 2 representative tasks; a Decision-Making Test (DMT) (n = 14) and Set-Shot Test (SST) (n = 14 + 8). Results indicate participants sustained their level of kick performance (accuracy and quality of ball spin) in both tests when using a Size 5 football. Sustained kick performance in the DMT primarily resulted from adaptations to time-point technical measures at ball release. No significant differences were detected for technical measures between ball sizes in the SST. A dynamic kicking task (DMT) in combination with ball size manipulation may have placed greater demand on skill execution in comparison to a self-paced kicking task (SST). Results provide initial support for the utility of challenging representative dynamic and self-paced tasks, such as the DMT and SST used here for Australian football, for skill testing and practice in sport 相似文献
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Ben Piggott Sean Müller Paola Chivers Carmen Papaluca Gerard Hoyne 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(3):267-286
Sports science research is traditionally monodisciplinary despite calls for an interdisciplinary focus. The primary purpose of this systematic review was to identify studies on talent identification, talent selection and competition performance to determine whether interdisciplinary research is being conducted. Thirty-six studies met the selection criteria. These studies were critiqued relative to sport, skill level, sport science sub-disciplines included, and whether the research was multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary. The secondary purpose of the review was to critique the level of analysis and level of representative task design in performance tests used in the studies. Twenty-five studies were categorised as interdisciplinary, with 11 categorised as multidisciplinary. Thirteen sports were represented with soccer the most frequent followed by field hockey, Australian Rules football, handball and rugby league. Thirty-two studies completed their analysis at a group level and four at an individual level. A total of 337 performance tests were rated for representative task design with 64 categorised as low, 123 as medium and 150 as high. The results pertaining to interdisciplinary studies and individual analyses are discussed in relation to constraints theory, which predicts that interacting variables can explain sport performance. Sports science research is beginning to fulfil the call for interdisciplinary research. Future research, however, needs to consider individual analyses and representative task design of tests to progress sports science knowledge. 相似文献
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Egon Brunswik proposed the concept of "representative design" for psychological experimentation, which has historically been overlooked or confused with another of Brunswik's terms, ecological validity. In this article, we reiterate the distinction between these two important concepts and highlight the relevance of the term representative design for sports psychology, practice, and experimental design. We draw links with ideas on learning design in the constraints-led approach to motor learning and nonlinear pedagogy. We propose the adoption of a new term, representative learning design, to help sport scientists, experimental psychologists, and pedagogues recognize the potential application of Brunswik's original concepts, and to ensure functionality and action fidelity in training and learning environments. 相似文献
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Chris Pocock Neil E. Bezodis Keith Davids Jamie S. North 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(10):1309-1316
Place kicks in Rugby Union present valuable opportunities to score points outside the spatiotemporal dynamics of open play but are executed under varying performance constraints. We analysed effects of specific task constraints and relevant contextual factors on place kick performance in the 2015 Rugby Union World Cup. Data were collected from television broadcasts for each place kick. In addition to kick outcomes, contextual factors, including time of the kick in the match, score margin at the time of the kick, and outcome of the kicker’s previous kick, were recorded. Effects of spatial task constraints were analysed for each kick, using distance (m) and angle (°) of the kick to the goalposts. A binomial logistic regression model revealed that distance from, and angle to, the goalposts were significant predictors of place kick outcome. Furthermore, the success percentage of kickers who missed their previous kick was 7% lower than those who scored their previous kick. Place kick success percentage in the 10 minutes before half-time was 8% lower than the mean tournament success percentage, which was 75% (95% CI 71–78%). The highest kick success percentage was recorded when scores were level (83%; 95% CI 72–91%). Our data highlighted how subtle changes in task constraints and contextual factors can influence performance outcomes in elite performers in international competition. Fluctuations in place kick success suggested that individual constraints, such as thoughts, emotions and fatigue, induced during competition, could interact with perceptions to influence emergent performance behaviours. 相似文献
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Alexandra Atack Grant Trewartha Neil E. Bezodis 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2019,18(5):457-469
The appropriate determination of performance outcome is critical when appraising a performer’s technique. Previous studies of rugby place kicking technique have typically assessed performance based on ball velocity, but this is not the sole requirement. Therefore, a mathematical model of rugby place kick ball flight was developed to yield a single measure more representative of true performance. The model, which requires only initial ball flight kinematics, was calibrated and validated using empirical place kick data, and found to predict ball position with a mean error of 4.0% after 22 m of ball flight. The model was then applied to the performances of 33 place kickers. The predicted maximum distance, a single performance measure which accounted for initial ball velocity magnitude and direction, and spin, was determined using the model and was compared against ball velocity magnitude. A moderate association in the rank-order of the kicks between these two measures (ρ = 0.52) revealed that the relative success of the kicks would be assessed differently with each measure. The developed model provides a representative measure of place kick performance that is understandable for coaches, and can be used to predict changes in performance outcome under different ball launch or environmental conditions. 相似文献
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An accurate measurement of force and biomechanical energy that people can impart through kicking is useful for kick-related sports training. Existing methods are indirect measurements or focus on force and not on the total energy of the kick. A kick test rig was designed, constructed and instrumented to measure the force and displacement of a vertical target subjected to kicking. The kick energy was calculated from the recorded force and displacement histories. The methodology for measurement of kick force and energy was validated by an open stance front kick test by 52 volunteers. The results showed that 67% of the participants could achieve an average energy above 100 J. An increasing trend of kick energy with increasing body weight of participant was observed. The participant’s gender had a strong influence on the kick energy, while training in martial arts does not appear to be a significant parameter. A probability analysis showed that one in one hundred adults will be able to kick with energies exceeding 215 J. 相似文献
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Evan Coventry Kevin Ball Lucy Parrington Robert Aughey Michael McKenna 《Journal of sports sciences》2015,33(15):1596-1605
The punt kick is a fundamental skill used in several team sports; however, there has been a lack of research on how fatigue affects its technique. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of short-term fatigue on punt-kicking performance. Eight elite and sub-elite Australian Football players performed maximal drop punt kicks on their preferred leg prior to, during and after a match-specific fatigue protocol. Optotrak Certus collected kinematic data from kick foot toe-off until ball contact. Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed a significant increase in 20 m sprint times after each short-term protocol, indicating fatigue. Foot speed did not significantly change with fatigue; however, increases in the range of motion at the pelvis and kicking thigh, along with increases in kicking thigh angular velocity, occurred. For the support leg, maximum knee flexion angular velocity increased while there was greater flexion found at the knee and hip, and greater range of motion at the knee. Players are able to make kinematic adaptations in order to maintain foot speed while punting for maximal distance after short-term efforts. 相似文献
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文章采用文献资料法、专家访谈法、视频分析法和数理统计法，对李大勋在重大国际赛事中的交手回合、基本技术、组合技术的应用频数以及成功率等指标进行统计分析。根据2018-2019年度世界跆拳道联盟公布的最新奥运积分显示，李大勋拥有605.94个奥运积分且高于第二名将近300余分，目前世界排名第一，其技战术风格具有一定的代表性。结果显示：李大勋在比赛中习惯采用前腿侧踢与前腿横踢技术进行主动进攻、控制距离、防守破坏、封堵迎击；利用后腿横踢技术进行补充击打；灵活使用中变中、中变高等变线技术突破对手；新规则后近身贴靠时攻防转换技战术变化多样，"推+踢"技术运用巧妙，增加了其得分手段。分析认为，在实施新规则的比赛中李大勋结合判罚尺度与分值的变化，优化了进攻方式，增加了得分手段，提高了时局节奏，同时反映出现阶段跆拳道项目技战术发展趋势。 相似文献
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AbstractCoordination of dynamic interceptive movements is predicated on cyclical relations between an individual’s actions and information sources from the performance environment. To identify dynamic informational constraints, which are interwoven with individual and task constraints, coaches’ experiential knowledge provides a complementary source to support empirical understanding of performance in sport. In this study, 15 expert coaches from 3 sports (track and field, gymnastics and cricket) participated in a semi-structured interview process to identify potential informational constraints which they perceived to regulate action during run-up performance. Expert coaches’ experiential knowledge revealed multiple information sources which may constrain performance adaptations in such locomotor pointing tasks. In addition to the locomotor pointing target, coaches’ knowledge highlighted two other key informational constraints: vertical reference points located near the locomotor pointing target and a check mark located prior to the locomotor pointing target. This study highlights opportunities for broadening the understanding of perception and action coupling processes, and the identified information sources warrant further empirical investigation as potential constraints on athletic performance. Integration of experiential knowledge of expert coaches with theoretically driven empirical knowledge represents a promising avenue to drive future applied science research and pedagogical practice. 相似文献
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Justin W. L. Keogh 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(3):234-253
The Paralympic Games are the pinnacle of sport for many athletes with a disability. The overall purpose of this paper is to highlight the role that the field of sports biomechanics specifically (and sports science in general) may play in improving performance in various summer Paralympic sports through research and consultancy. To achieve this broad aim, this review provides some history and background on the Summer Paralympic Games, discusses the eligibility and classification rules, describes the potential for the constraints-led approach of dynamical systems theory to inform practice and research in this area, and reviews selected studies examining the biomechanics of the primary forms of Paralympic locomotion. Some recommendations on how sports biomechanics can help facilitate improvements in Paralympic athletic performance through applied research and consultancy are provided, along with commentary on what may be some of the most important issues addressing Paralympic sport. 相似文献
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Abstract Little is known of the performance characteristics of the shotokan karate mae-geri kick. The aim of this study was to compare the execution time, the lower limb kinetics and kinematics, and their respective repeatability in the mae-geri kick of karate athletes of two different standards. Seventeen adult black belt karate competitors (9 national and 8 international athletes) performed six kicks with their dominant lower limb on a striking surface, combining maximum force impact and velocity. Execution time of movement and lower limb kinematics were recorded with a high-speed camera. Maximum force at impact and the forces exerted on the ground were measured using three force plates. The duration of the kick was significantly shorter for international than for national standard athletes. However, no significant difference in the maximum impact force of the kick was observed between the two groups. In addition, significant kinematic differences were observed between the groups, with two angles of motion and one velocity peak occurring sooner in the kick movement for the international athletes, specifically for the knee joint. International athletes also performed the kick with a significantly higher repeatability for duration and kinematics, specifically during the pre-loading phase that precedes the attack phase. We conclude that theduration of the kick and repeatability of lower limb kinematics could be useful in selecting top-level karate athletes and monitoring their training status. 相似文献
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聂清德 《体育成人教育学刊》2012,28(3):79-80
在现代教育"双主体"论盛行的时代,把握体育营销案例的编写特点,注重学生的学习心理,掌握体育营销案例编写的规律,有利于体育营销案例在教学中发挥其不可替代的作用——让学生在体育营销案例的模拟实践中检验理论知识的真伪,培养学生解决实际问题的能力。 相似文献
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Paralympic sport: an emerging area for research and consultancy in sports biomechanics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Paralympic Games are the pinnacle of sport for many athletes with a disability. The overall purpose of this paper is to highlight the role that the field of sports biomechanics specifically (and sports science in general) may play in improving performance in various summer Paralympic sports through research and consultancy. To achieve this broad aim, this review provides some history and background on the Summer Paralympic Games, discusses the eligibility and classification rules, describes the potential for the constraints-led approach of dynamical systems theory to inform practice and research in this area, and reviews selected studies examining the biomechanics of the primary forms of Paralympic locomotion. Some recommendations on how sports biomechanics can help facilitate improvements in Paralympic athletic performance through applied research and consultancy are provided, along with commentary on what may be some of the most important issues addressing Paralympic sport. 相似文献
16.
文章采用文献资料法、专家访谈法、视频分析法和数理统计法，对李大勋在重大国际赛事中的交手回合、基本技术、组合技术的应用频数以及成功率等指标进行统计分析。根据2018-2019年度世界跆拳道联盟公布的最新奥运积分显示，李大勋拥有605.94个奥运积分且高于第二名将近300余分，目前世界排名第一，其技战术风格具有一定的代表性。结果显示：李大勋在比赛中习惯采用前腿侧踢与前腿横踢技术进行主动进攻、控制距离、防守破坏、封堵迎击；利用后腿横踢技术进行补充击打；灵活使用中变中、中变高等变线技术突破对手；新规则后近身贴靠时攻防转换技战术变化多样，"推+踢"技术运用巧妙，增加了其得分手段。分析认为，在实施新规则的比赛中李大勋结合判罚尺度与分值的变化，优化了进攻方式，增加了得分手段，提高了时局节奏，同时反映出现阶段跆拳道项目技战术发展趋势。 相似文献
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Bartlett R Wheat J Robins M 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2007,6(2):224-243
This paper overviews the importance for sports biomechanics of movement variability, which has been studied for some time by cognitive and ecological motor skills specialists but, until quite recently, had somewhat been overlooked by sports biomechanists. The paper considers biomechanics research reporting inter- and intra-individual movement variability in javelin and discus throwing, basketball shooting, and locomotion. The overview does not claim to be comprehensive and we exclude such issues as the theoretical background to movement and coordination variability and their measurement. We overview evidence, both theoretical and empirical, of inter-individual movement variability in seeking to achieve the same task goal, in contrast to the concept of "optimal" movement patterns. Furthermore, even elite athletes cannot reproduce identical movement patterns after many years of training, contradicting the ideas of motor invariance and "representative" trials. We contend that movement variability, far from being solely due to neuromuscular system or measurement "noise"--as sports biomechanists may have previously supposed--is, or could be, functional. Such functionality could allow environmental adaptations, reduce injury risk, and facilitate changes in coordination patterns. We conclude by recommending that sports biomechanists should focus more of their research on movement variability and on important related topics, such as control and coordination of movement, and implications for practice and skill learning. 相似文献
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阚丽萍 《体育科技文献通报》2011,19(3):19-20
本文对第18届世界杯足球赛64场比赛中各执罚区任意球技术指标进行统计分析,对执罚区任意球射门技术指标与最佳射门区域、最佳进球区域及比赛成绩的关系进行间接评价。结论：执罚区域射门次数与运动成绩无显著关系,而射正技术指标与运动成绩显著相关,相关系数为0.943。最佳射门区、最佳进球区分别为边3和中3。 相似文献
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为激发速滑课初学者练习兴趣和学习的主动性,采用文献资料分析法结合教学实践,探讨将快乐体育引入中学速滑课教学。研究结果表明,“快乐体育”教学更能体现滑冰初学者的主体地位,“陕乐体育”教学要从激发滑冰初学者学习兴趣入手,“快乐体育”教学有益于建立新型的教学关系,㈠陕乐体育”教学可对滑冰初学者做出恰当的教学评价,引入“快乐体育”可使速滑课教学扩展娱乐性、趣味性特征,培养学生竞争意识以及发挥冰上游戏独特的教育作用,使学生在快乐的学习气氛中感受成功体验,增强学习滑冰的信心和练习自觉性,进而提高冰上课教学效果。 相似文献