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1.
张立  阳善松 《体育学刊》2003,10(4):53-56
PALIER测试能够较好评定足球运动员的最大有氧能力。尼尔通作为外源性磷酸肌酸能有效提高最大有氧能力,其作用机理是通过供给心肌及骨骼肌细胞代谢所需要的能量和促进膜稳定作用及改善组织微循环等功效来实现的。  相似文献   

2.
运动对心肌组织能量代谢的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
综合分析了安静状态时、运动状态下心肌组织能量代谢的特点及长期运动训练对心肌能量代谢的影响作用。安静状态下 ,心肌组织以有氧代谢供能为主 ,尤其是以血液游离脂肪酸的有氧氧化供能为主。运动时 ,随运动强度的增加 ,心肌组织内源性、外源性能源物质的消耗均增加 ,心肌不但吸收乳酸 ,而且自身也产生乳酸。长期运动训练可以使心肌组织的糖酵解代谢能力、有氧代谢能力均得到提高。  相似文献   

3.
有氧和无氧训练的基本原理,已成为普通的知识。休息时间短,未完全恢复的超长距离训练能发展有氧代谢能力;未充分恢复的间歇训练和重复训练,既能发展有氧代谢能力,又能发展无氧代谢能力;间歇时达到完全恢复的短距离快冲训练能发展三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和磷酸肌酸(CP)系统的供能能力。下图用楼台式的形式表示出训练方法的结构。它包括长距离有氧基础训练,有氧代谢或无氧代谢的间歇训练和重复训练以及发展ATP和CP供能能力的快冲训练。现代科学研究,把这三方面的训练扩大成了五个: 1、最大吸氧量VO_2max的训练或大量划水动作的训练。它能发展耗氧能力。训练方  相似文献   

4.
中跑训练中在提高无氧耐力的同时 ,还要注重发展有氧能力 ,高度的无氧能力是建立在有氧能力基础上的。通过对影响运动员有氧能力因素的分析 ,结合实践提出了提高中跑运动员有氧代谢能力的方法。  相似文献   

5.
中长跑属于功能性项目,主要发展耐久力,肌肉保持长时间连续工作是这一项目的特点。从中长跑的生物化学过程看,决定人体能量供应的是三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、磷酸肌酸(CP)、糖、脂肪和蛋白质等物质的含量。因此,努力发展肌肉在有氧状态下的持续收缩能力,提高整个机体在长时间最大运动时的供氧水平,改善神经—神经体液的适应  相似文献   

6.
1 引言赛艇、皮艇和划艇运动都是以有氧能力为基础的速度耐力性项目,因此有效地提高有氧能力便成为各国探讨的课题。近年来,有氧训练的比重不断加大,运动成绩逐渐提高。然而有氧训练是如何提高运  相似文献   

7.
王跃新 《游泳》2004,(3):23-23
除非为每名运动员制定了适宜的练习速度和强度,否则一些运动员会在低负荷强度下练习,而另外一些运动员则在超负荷强度下练习。教练员的工作就是为运动员制定适宜的训练计划,包括正确使用有氧耐力、有氧力量、乳酸耐力和短距离快速游能力,这些都需要采用不同的练习强度,重复次数和间歇时间。短距离快速游能力是指运动员必须发挥出最大游速,它对肌纤维类型、肌肉中磷酸肌酸水平、肌酸激酶活性、最大肌肉力量和神经肌肉的募集形式都有要求。一名游泳运动员必须发展在比赛中达到最大游速的能力,并尽可能保持较长时间。要在游程中或游程的后半部…  相似文献   

8.
对短距离速滑运动员有氧能力训练的认识   总被引:10,自引:10,他引:0  
分析王霏、高雪峰1000m比赛成绩提高的原因,认为运动员有氧能力的提高,起到关键的作用。介绍了高雪峰有氧能力训练的方法,指出短距离速滑运动员通过有氧能力的训练,能使运动员的竞技水平得到进一步的提高。  相似文献   

9.
游泳运动员训练水平的评估   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
王跃新 《体育科研》2004,25(1):58-58
除非为每名运动员制定了适宜的练习速度和强度,否则一些运动员会在低负荷强度下练习,而另外一些运动员则在超负荷强度下练习。教练员的工作就是为运动员制定适宜的训练计划,包括正确使用有氧耐力、有氧力量、乳酸耐力和短距离快速游能力,这些都需要采用不同的练习强度,重复次数和间歇时间。短距离快速游能力是指运动员必须发挥出最大游速,它对肌纤维类型、肌肉中磷酸肌酸水平、肌酸激酶活性、最大肌肉力量和神经肌肉的募集形式都有要求。一名游泳运动员必须发展在比赛中达到最大游速的能力,并尽可能保持较长时间。要在游程中或游程的后半部…  相似文献   

10.
人体有氧工作能力是耐力的基础能力,它反映了人体心肺功能的强弱和肌肉对氧的利用能力。耐力性项目的运动员应有较好的有氧工作能力,而即使速度、力量等项目的运动员,也应该有一定有氧能力的基础。对一般健身锻炼者,提高心肺功能,增强有氧工作能力对增进身体健康有良好作用;不少学者认为,儿童少年应主要增强有氧工作能力,打好心肺功能基础。因此,发展有氧工作能力为大多数运动员和一般健身锻炼者所关心。  相似文献   

11.
磷酸肌酸在医学及运动中的应用   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
作为高能磷化物的磷酸肌酸在医学领域中广泛应用于治疗心肌缺血和心肌梗死。目前已经证明,磷酸肌酸应用于体育运动中具有提高运动员的无氧耐力、促进运动期间肌肉微循环的改善和对细胞膜的保护作用。  相似文献   

12.
优秀短距离自行车运动员无氧代谢能力特征研究   总被引:13,自引:2,他引:11  
目的:比较不同性别和训练水平运动员无氧能力的差异,探讨短距离自行车运动员高能磷酸原供能、糖酵解供能和混合无氧供能能力的特征。方法:对16名优秀短距离自行车运动员进行10s(女)、15s(男)、30s和60s的无氧功测定,测定运动后即刻、运动后3min恢复心率和血乳酸。结果:1)磷酸原代谢能力表现出明显的性别差异,男运动员最大功率、相对最大功率、平均功率、相对平均功率、最大圈数都明显高于女运动员;2)30s和60s两种测试中,运动员爆发力表现出相同水平,但糖酵解代谢持续供能能力随运动时间的延长而明显下降;3)男子优秀运动员组15s无氧功最大功率、平均功率明显高于普通组。男、女最大圈数大于普通组,达到最大圈数时间小于或等于普通组;4)男子优秀组运动员30s、60s平均功率高于普通运动员组。女子优秀运动员组30s、60s平均功率、最大圈数明显高于普通运动员组,60s最大功率明显高于普通运动员组(P<0.05)。结论:1)优秀短距离自行车运动员具有较强的磷酸原代谢能力,男运动员明显强于女运动员;2)较强的糖酵解代谢能力是短距离自行车运动员无氧代谢能力的特征;3)评定磷酸原系统能力时,男、女运动员都使用10s无氧功测试为好;4)不同水平运动员的无氧代谢能力表现出明显差异,优秀运动员组强于普通运动员组。  相似文献   

13.
Bioenergetic models for exercise performance simulations and pacing strategy optimizations currently lag behind empirical knowledge in human bioenergetics. Therefore, the objective of this study was the construction of a four-compartment hydraulic bioenergetic model that incorporates separate oxidative phosphorylation of lipids and carbohydrates and describes the regulation of these energy substrates’ utilization. Furthermore, the aim was also to model efficiency and the impact of muscle fatigue and the force–velocity relationship on the maximal attainable rate of energy expenditure. The model is formulated with five systems of differential equations that regulates the fluid levels in three of the compartments, while the fat compartment energy is kept constant. Regulations had to be imposed on the system of compartments to achieve the desired carbohydrate dependent functionality and efficiency of the model. Equilibrium equations are modeled for the alactic compound composition and a constraint is modeled for the maximal energy expenditure rate, dependent on the intramuscular inorganic phosphate. A separate force–velocity relationship is modeled to constrain power output at low speeds and efficiency is modeled with a linear but off-set relationship between power output and rate of energy expenditure. The relative aerobic contribution to total energy expenditure showed good congruence with empirical results, while time to exhaustion was overestimated due to the constraint on maximal rate of energy expenditure. Therefore, further experimental studies are necessary for complete validation of the model.  相似文献   

14.
YO-YO耐力测试的原理、作用及在足球体能测试中的运用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
阐述了YO-YO测试(间歇性耐力测试)的生理学、训练学原理,作用。认为:YO-YO测试是渐增负荷的力竭测试,分别动员了运动员的有氧系统、磷酸盐系统和糖酵解系统供能;YO-YO测试模仿足球运动中的节奏,把体能测试与足球专项运动特点结合起来,评价足球运动员的专项耐力素质。  相似文献   

15.
少年游泳运动员代谢能力的生化评定   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过对广东省少年儿童游泳运动员尿肌酐系数、血乳酸最高浓度和无氧阈游速的测定,评价他们的代谢能力。结果表明:一级运动员的无氧和有氧代谢能力均明显比二级运动员好,建议对低等级运动员在加强有氧耐力训练的基础上,优先发展磷酸原供能能力,并做好定期的评定监测工作,以便及时调整运动负荷和强度  相似文献   

16.
李忠山 《冰雪运动》2011,33(1):62-64
运动性疲劳的营养补充是缓解症状、促进恢复及保障训练的有效手段。针对运动性疲劳提出补充乳清蛋白,可提供丰富的支链氨基酸,转化生成谷胱甘肽,缓解疲劳的产生;补充维生素、微量元素和牛磺酸,缓解自由基过多引起的疲劳反应;补充肌酸、1,6-二磷酸果糖和支链氨基酸等,为机体提供能量;补充运动饮料,维持血糖恒定,补充丢失的体液和电解质,以期为运动性疲劳的快速恢复提供指导性的意见和建议。  相似文献   

17.
In soccer, the players perform intermittent work. Despite the players performing low-intensity activities for more than 70% of the game, heart rate and body temperature measurements suggest that the average oxygen uptake for elite soccer players is around 70% of maximum (VO(2max). This may be partly explained by the 150 - 250 brief intense actions a top-class player performs during a game, which also indicates that the rates of creatine phosphate (CP) utilization and glycolysis are frequently high during a game. Muscle glycogen is probably the most important substrate for energy production, and fatigue towards the end of a game may be related to depletion of glycogen in some muscle fibres. Blood free-fatty acids (FFAs) increase progressively during a game, partly compensating for the progressive lowering of muscle glycogen. Fatigue also occurs temporarily during matches, but it is still unclear what causes the reduced ability to perform maximally. There are major individual differences in the physical demands of players during a game related to physical capacity and tactical role in the team. These differences should be taken into account when planning the training and nutritional strategies of top-class players, who require a significant energy intake during a week.  相似文献   

18.
采用Wingate无氧试验法,用894E奋力蹬车10s、30s、60s以及在839E上用递增负荷的方法对国家速滑队运动员的无氧功、无氧阈功率、运动后3min、6min、9min血乳酸进行测定。结果表明,10s、30s、60s无氧功试验以及运动后血乳酸的测试能较好评价速滑运动员磷酸原供能系统和糖酵解供能系统的供能能力,同时也反映速滑运动员的无氧功和无氧能力;无氧阈功率能较好地反映速滑运动员的有氧代谢能力,可用于对训练效果的评定和对训练过程的监控;在评价速滑运动员的无氧功时,应优先考虑其无氧功的绝对值。  相似文献   

19.
The effects of sodium phosphate and caffeine supplementation were assessed on repeated-sprint ability. Using a randomised, double-blind, Latin-square design, 12 female, team-sport players participated in four trials: (1) sodium phosphate and caffeine, (2) sodium phosphate and placebo (for caffeine), (3) caffeine and placebo (for sodium phosphate) and (4) placebo (for sodium phosphate and caffeine), with ~21 days separating each trial. After each trial, participants performed a simulated team-game circuit (4 × 15 min quarters) with 6 × 20-m repeated-sprints performed once before (Set 1), at half-time (Set 2), and after end (Set 3). Total sprint times were faster after sodium phosphate and caffeine supplementation compared with placebo (Set 1: = 0.003; Set 2: = ?0.51; Set 3: < 0.001; overall: = 0.020), caffeine (Set 3: = 0.004; overall: = 0.033) and sodium phosphate (Set 3: = ?0.67). Furthermore, total sprint times were faster after sodium phosphate supplementation compared with placebo (Set 1: = ?0.52; Set 3: = ?0.58). Best sprint results were faster after sodium phosphate and caffeine supplementation compared with placebo (Set 3: = 0.007, = ?0.90) and caffeine (Set 3: = 0.024, = ?0.73). Best sprint times were also faster after sodium phosphate supplementation compared with placebo (= ?0.54 to ?0.61 for all sets). Sodium phosphate and combined sodium phosphate and caffeine loading improved repeated-sprint ability.  相似文献   

20.
It is known that an increased level of red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, thus allowing a greater unloading of oxygen at the tissue level. It has been hypothesized that phosphate might help increase VO2max by increasing 2,3-DPG level. Eight trained cyclists underwent three cycle ergometer tests (control, placebo, and experimental) to determine whether phosphate ingestion had any positive effect on VO2max, time to exhaustion, serum 2,3-DPG, and serum phosphate levels. We found no change between the control, placebo, or experimental conditions in pretest serum phosphate levels, but we did find increases in 2,3-DPG levels in the phosphate condition (p less than .05), which suggests that even a small amount of phosphate could increase levels of 2,3-DPG. We also found significant differences in VO2max between the control (p less than .05) and placebo (p less than .02) conditions and also in time to exhaustion between the three conditions (p less than .05). We suggest that phosphate may have an ergogenic effect, but clearly more work needs to be undertaken to ascertain the amount of phosphate required and the magnitude of the effect.  相似文献   

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