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1.
Robert W. Christina Mark G. Fischman Alan L. Lambert Joe F. Moore 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):316-322
Abstract Two alternative interpretations to the one proposed by Christina, Fischman, Vercruyssen, and Anson (1982) were investigated. They interpreted the simple reaction time (SRT) increase they found, which was thought to reflect an increase in programming time, to be due to the increase in number of movement parts from one response to another. Experiment 1(N = 15 males) tested the alternative interpretation that the SRT increase was caused by the difference in how the first movement part of the three responses was executed. However, no evidence was found to support this interpretation. Experiment 2 (N = 15 males) tested the alternative interpretation that the SRT increase was due to the increase in the demand for movement accuracy from one response to another. The results revealed that only a very small portion of the SRT increase could be attributed to the increased accuracy demand while the major portion of the increase was due to the increase in number of movement parts. 相似文献
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Preparation and control of rapid, multisegmented responses in simple and choice environments 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Research investigating the preparation and control of rapid, multisegmented responses typically has assumed complete programming of the response occurring prior to movement initiation and has made use of a simple reaction time (RT) paradigm. A notable exception is Rosenbaum's work which proposed the Hierarchical Editor (HED) model that is specifically directed toward the control of movements in the choice environment. The purposes of this study were to investigate the assumption of complete programming prior to movement initiation and to compare predictions of the HED model with other programming models. Three experiments are reported in which subjects were required to tap either one, two, or three plates as rapidly as possible in either a simple or choice RT situation. The results were very consistent in these experiments even with several modifications in apparatus and methodology. Of particular interest were effects of movement complexity on RT and movement time (MT) for the first and second segments of the movement (M1 and M2). Choice RT (CRT) results consistently showed no increases in RT as the number of movement segments increased but showed significant increases in M1. For simple RT situations, however, there were small but consistent increases in RT as well as increases in M1 with increases in the number of movement parts. For both CRT and SRT results, small but nonsignificant increases were noted for M2. These results provide evidence for incomplete programming prior to response initiation. Although the SRT data can be accommodated by Henry's theory, the HED model appears to offer the best overall fit for the results. 相似文献
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Donald Siegel 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):128-131
The purpose of this study was to determine how the manipulation of movement duration affects components of fractionated reaction time and presumably motor programming. Twelve subjects, in a simple reaction time paradigm, responded to an auditory signal by executing an elbow flexion movement in the sagittal plane through a range of motion of 100° in 150, 300, 600 and 1200 ms. Results indicated no changes in motor time but small increments in premotor and reaction time through the 600 ms condition. At 1200 ms, reaction time increased faster than premotor time, and this appeared to be predominantly a consequence of an increment in motor time. These data were interpreted to be supportive of the notion that movement duration is related to response complexity and the time required for motor programming. 相似文献
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反应时与动作速度精确度之关系 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
人对自己运动行为控制有3个必须环节：辨认信息，选择反应，及对具体反应动作的程序化。研究影响这3个环节所必须的时间(反应时)的因素，对认识和提高运动动作的速度及准确性有理论和实际意义。本研究结果证明，提高动作的复杂程度(例如在一个动作中增加反复次数)会延长所有年龄组被试的反应时。但动作复杂性对学前儿童及老年人的反应时影响更大。同时，反应的快慢似乎与动作精度的关系大过与动作速度的关系。本文初步探讨了这些数据的神经心理机制，及其对动作教学训练的指导意义。 相似文献
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Abstract The speed-accuracy operating curve was investigated in a movement precuing two- or four-choice reaction time task. Four levels of response preferences were manipulated with subject instructions and postresponse information: (a) accuracy, (b) reaction time latency, (c) accuracy and reaction time latency, and (d) no preference. Eighty subjects completed 480 discrete keypressing responses with the index and middle fingers of both hands. The mixed design mean reaction time analysis indicated faster performances for the reaction time latency and the accuracy and reaction time latency groups than the no preference group. Additionally, the percent correct analysis revealed two significant interactions: (a) Trial Block x Precue x Response Preference, and (b) Delay x Precue x Hand Position. Overall, the present findings provide partial support for the speed-accuracy operating curve predictions. Caution is advised when drawing chronometric inferences based only on reaction time data or when response accuracies are extremely high. 相似文献
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Ulysses Fernandes Ervilha Fernando de Moraes Fernandes Camila Carvalho de Souza Joseph Hamill 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2020,19(5):665-677
ABSTRACT Fractionated reaction time can be used to determine distinct epochs known as pre-motor, response and movement times (MTs) of a reaction time task. The purpose of this study was to compare elite and novice athletes performing a taekwondo kick in terms of the fractionated reaction time and electromyography (EMG) activation patterns of the muscles of the striking lower limb and the lower back. We hypothesised that the pre-motor time, response time (RT) and MT would be the shorter for elite athletes compared to novices. We collected data on 13 elite and 10 novice athletes when performing a roundhouse kick. The experiment included EMG electrodes placed on five low back and lower extremity muscles and an electrogoniometer placed on the kicking knee. We found that pre-motor time was shorter and the RT was longer for elite athletes than novice athletes. Moreover, the integrated EMG of the main knee extensor does not differ between groups though other leg and trunk muscles do. The results allow coaches and teachers to understand this particular taekwondo kicking movement which could ultimately improve the technique in order to establish training and teaching goals. 相似文献
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Abstract It is well documented that simple reaction time (RT) varies inversely with stimulus intensity, but there is disagreement as to which stimulus modality produces the fastest simple RT. An investigation was conducted to equate two stimulus modalities, auditory (A) and electrocutaneous (EC), using varying stimulus intensities in a simple RT protocol. A second investigation was then conducted to examine neuromotor characteristics of stimulus-evoked responses using previously equated A and EC stimuli of varying intensity from the first investigation. Results showed that RT, premotor time (PMT), and motor time (MT) were all inversely related to stimulus intensity, while maximum displacement (MAXD) was directly related to stimulus intensity, and movement time was not affected by stimulus intensity. We conclude that: (a) both central and peripheral components of RT are altered by varying stimulus intensities, and (b) rapid movements are enhanced by increasing stimulus intensity. 相似文献
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Reaction time, fractionated reaction time (premotor and motor time), and movement time were recorded during performance of a rapid aiming movement (11 mm in amplitude) to a circular target. Independent variables were target diameter (2 or 64 mm) and reaction time condition (simple or choice). Fifty-two subjects performed 16 practice and 24 performance trials under one of four possible experimental combinations (13 subjects per combination) in a 2 × 2 design. Reaction time correlated highly with premotor time (r = .99) but not with motor time (r = .31). Choice reaction time and its premotor time component were dependent upon target diameter, but simple reaction time and its premotor time component were not. However, choice and simple motor time were not differentially affected by target diameter. As expected, movement time was longer for the small target than for the large target. Taken together, the reaction time results were interpreted as support for Klapp's (1975) hypothesis that increases in choice reaction time for rapid movements to a small target are due to increases in the time needed for programing the response. 相似文献
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare reaction time (RT) and fractionated RT components (premotor and motor times) between normal and postcontraction conditions. Twelve participants performed 20 trials each of control and postcontraction RT conditions. For the control condition, participants executed a learned, rapid, knee-extension contraction response to an auditory stimulus. The postcontraction condition was identical to the control condition except that the participants performed a 3-s isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscles prior to an auditory stimulus. Muscle activity was recorded from the quadriceps muscle group. Results indicated that the postcontraction condition was significantly faster than the control condition for the average RT, premotor time, and motor time. It was concluded that reaction time, processing time, and muscle contraction time for a learned task could be significantly reduced following an isometric contraction. 相似文献
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Donald E. Rogers 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):448-458
Abstract The theory proposes a nonconscious mechanism that uses stored information (motor memory) to channel existing nervous impulses from brain waves and general afferent stimuli into the appropriate neuromotor coordination centers, subcenters, and efferent nerves, thus causing the desired movement. A consequent hypothesis requires that the simple reaction time will become longer when the response movement is required to be of greater complexity. Data obtained on college men and women, and 12- and 8-year-old boys, are in agreement with the hypothesis. Replacing a very simple finger movement with an arm movement of moderate complexity slows the reaction by about 20 percent; additional complexity produces a further slowing of 7 percent. The speed of the arm movement is considerably faster in college men than in younger boys or in college women. The correlation between reaction time and speed of movement averages approximately zero. Individual differences in ability to make a fast arm movement are about 70 percent specific to the particular movement being made; “general ability for arm speed” occurs only to the extent of 30 percent. 相似文献
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Cheri D. Mah Aaron J. Sparks Michael A. Samaan Richard B. Souza Anthony Luke 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(17):1981-1988
ABSTRACTThe study objective was to examine the effects of three days of sleep restriction on maximal jump performance and joint coordination. Eleven elite cyclists obtained a one-week baseline of habitual sleep then restricted sleep to 4 h/night (SR) for three nights assessed through self-report and actigraphy. Pre and post-intervention measures were a box drop maximal vertical jump with 3D motion capture to assess physical performance and biomechanical changes, and Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) assessed changes in response time. Associations between biomechanical, physical, and cognitive performance measures were assessed. Participants restricted reported sleep from 7.4 ± 0.5 h/night at baseline to 4.0 ± 0.2 h/night and actigraphy indicated 6.7 ± 0.7 to 3.7 ± 0.2 h/night. Following SR, jump height decreased (0.44 ± 0.09 vs. 0.42 ± 0.10 m, p = 0.02, g = 0.21). Hip sagittal/knee frontal (Δ15.5°, p = 0.04, g = 0.40) and hip frontal/knee frontal (Δ11.0°, p < 0.01, g = 0.44) plane coordination variability increased after SR. Hip sagittal/knee frontal plane coordination variability after SR was associated with increasingly slower PVT response time (r = 0.63, p = 0.03). These findings suggest SR for three days decreased maximal jump performance. SR increased joint coordination variability and was associated with greater impairment in response time. SR leads to deviations from preferred movement patterns, which may have implications for decrements in athlete performance and increased injury risk. 相似文献
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对蹦床网上动作腾空技术的时空协同及训练应用进行了探讨,结果表明:蹦床网上动作腾空技术的时空结构主要是基于器械属性和人体运动轨迹的变化两个方面实现的,其中空间结构主要表现在水平位移和纵向位移两个部分,时间结构则体现在腾空、压网(包括着网时间、蹬伸时间)和起网3个时间要素。起网角度、压网深度、最佳蹬伸时机和立臂时机是影响时空结构的主要动力因素,腾空技术的训练应从合理起网角的选择、动作连接、上下肢力量、起跳协调性以及着网姿势等方面加强训练。 相似文献
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Robert N. Singer 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):1080-1083
Abstract Sixty-six college women enrolled in fencing classes provided measures of reaction time, response time, and movement accuracy on a specially designed apparatus. The subjects then foil-fenced in round-robin tournaments. Criterion measures of fencing achievement derived from tournament matches correlated little better than zero with reaction time, response time, and movement accuracy. 相似文献
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Marcos Gutiérrez-Dávila Matteo Caletti Raquel Antonio Enrique Navarro 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(10):1100-1107
Abstract The aim of this study was to test the effect that changing targets during a simple long lunge attack in fencing exerts on the temporal parameters of the reaction response, the execution speed, and the precision and the coordination of the movement pattern. Thirty fencers with more than 10 years of experience participated in this study. Two force platforms were used to record the horizontal components of the reaction forces and thereby to determine the beginning of the movement. A three-dimensional (3D) system recorded the spatial positions of the 9 markers situated on the fencer plus the epee, while a moving target was projected on a screen, enabling the control of the target change. The results indicated that when a target change is provoked the reaction time (RT), movement time (MT), and the time used in the acceleration phase of the centre of mass (CM) increases significantly with respect to the attack executed with a straight thrust. The speed and horizontal distance reached by the CM at the end of the acceleration phase (VX(CM) and SX(CM), respectively) significantly decreased, while the errors increased. However, the temporal sequence of the movement pattern did not appreciably change. 相似文献
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Age-related differences in response programming 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Age-related differential effects on reaction time (RT) performance for movement complexity and response-response (R-R) compatibility were examined in children, adolescents, and young adults. A two-choice RT paradigm involved three different finger responses, and each finger movement response was paired with every other movement response. Movement complexity was manipulated by varying the digits activated and was measured as the mean RT for a particular movement across all choice pairs. R-R compatibility was manipulated by altering the pairing of choice alternatives and was determined by the mean RT comparison for each of the movements according to the paired choice alternative. Simple RTs were also obtained for all finger movement responses for comparison with the RTs achieved in choice situations. Age-related differences were found for both movement complexity and R-R compatibility. Mean RT and response consistency improved with age. Although higher overall speeds were found with age, adolescents were not significantly slower than young adults. Adolescents did, however, make significantly fewer response errors on movements differing in complexity. Bilateral versus unilateral control and number of fingers involved in the task were found to affect both movement complexity and the compatibility between response pairs. The relationship between the alternative and choice response was found to be a robust factor affecting R-R compatibility. Choice responses were significantly slower than simple responses, and the rank ordering of movement responses was identical within the two paradigms. 相似文献
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Nancy L. Struna 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):117-135
Purpose This study investigated whether within-task expertise affects the reported asymmetry in execution time exhibited in reactive and self-initiated movements. Method Karate practitioners and no-karate practitioners were compared performing a reverse punch in reaction to an external stimulus or following the intention to produce a response (self-initiated). The task was completed following the presentation of a specific (i.e., life-size image of opponent) or general stimulus and in the presence of click trains or white noise. Results Kinematic analyses indicated reactive movement had shorter time to peak velocity and movement time, as well as greater accuracy than self-initiated movement. These differences were independent of participant skill level although peak velocity was higher in the karate practice group than in the no-karate practice group. Reaction time (RT) of skilled participants was facilitated by a specific stimulus. There was no effect on RT or kinematic variables of the different type of auditory cues. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that asymmetry in execution time of reactive and self-initiated movement holds irrespective of within-task expertise and stimulus specificity. This could have implications for training of sports and/or relearning of tasks that require rapid and accurate movements to intercept/contact a target. 相似文献
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John S. Harrison 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):590-600
Abstract When the response movements are as short and simple as possible, the time lag between stimulus and response for one movement is shortened by introducing the stimulus for a second movement during the latent period for the first (usually about .22 sec). Under these conditions the latent period of the second movement is increased about 25 percent. This does not seem to be caused by true psychological refractoriness, since ability to accept the second stimulus and respond to it is still present. A control experiment furnishes evidence that it is probably a foreperiod-expectancy phenomenon. The length of the response latency of a simple single movement is increased about 40 percent if conditions are altered so that a second stimulus requiring a second movement is expected some time within a half-second after the first stimulus. All of these results are consistent with the recent memory drum theory of neuromotor response. 相似文献
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James D. George 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):452-457
Abstract This study identified and analyzed the functions of a nurse working in the school, according to frequency, importance, and complexity. Time spent and time recommended to be spent were calculated. Factors affecting the performance of the functions were explored. The 132 functions were evaluated by 686 nurses in Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Tabulations were made as to population, type of schools, and employer. Results indicate that there was a general agreement in the performance of the functions between the groups and that total situations should be considered rather than isolated functions. 相似文献