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1.
Kaiser D 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2005,96(2):244-251
Commentators have often complained about specialization in the history of science. This essay discusses recent intellectual trends within our discipline in the light of significant changes in graduate training: both a relatively recent consensus as to the types of sources that are appropriate to analyze in a dissertation and the tremendous growth in the number of new dissertations completed each year in our field. It suggests that this kind of focus on pedagogical concerns provides useful analytic tools for historians investigating other fields in various times and places. 相似文献
2.
Lane KM 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2005,96(4):477-506
Over two decades spanning the turn of the twentieth century, astronomers' claims about the landscape and climate of Mars spurred widespread scientific and popular interest in the possibility that the red planet might be inhabited. This essay offers a new explanation for the power with which the notion of an inhabited Mars gripped noted scholars and everyday citizens on both sides of the Atlantic. Rather than pointing to a rekindling of age-old philosophical interest in the plurality of worlds, it argues that turn-of-the-century scientific narratives about Mars derived much of their power and popularity from ties with the newly established discipline of geography. From mapmaking to travelogue-style writing, astronomers borrowed powerful representational strategies from the discipline of geography to legitimize their claims about the red planet. In making the link between geographical and astronomical science more explicit, the essay further suggests that turn-of-the-century representations of Mars could be productively recontextualized alongside geographical works produced in the same period. 相似文献
3.
Redrawing the map: science in twentieth-century China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Fan FT 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2007,98(3):524-538
This essay argues that science in twentieth-century China is a rich topic that can be productively integrated into research and teaching on the history of modern science. It identifies major issues of science in twentieth-century China and demonstrates that they can prove useful to any scholar who wishes to consider science in a comparative and trans/international context. The essay suggests two important steps for a fruitful investigation into the topic of science in twentieth-century China: first, revising the historiographic assumptions and categories that underlie much of the conventional historical narrative of modern science; and, second, breaking free from the tunnel history of national science. To illustrate these points, the essay examines a series of case studies of science in modern China and discusses the relevance of such subjects as scientific nationalism, Maoist mass science, and transnational scientific networks for the understanding of science in the twentieth-century world. 相似文献
4.
校园信息网在高校本科教学中的作用研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
随着信息技术的发展,校园网在高校本科教学中的应用越来越广,它为改变传统的教育模式提供了新的方法和环境,并对大学的教学、科研与管理提供了强大的技术支持。本文从课堂教学、实验教学、教学管理、科研管理、文献检索等不同视角,对校园网在大学本科教学中的作用进行了详细的分析研究。 相似文献
5.
Edgerton D 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2012,103(2):316-327
This essay argues that taking the economy seriously in histories of science could not only extend the range of activities studied but also change--often quite radically--our understanding of well-known cases and instances in twentieth-century science. It shows how scientific intellectuals and historians of science have followed the money as a means of critique of particular forms of science and of particular conceptions of science. It suggests the need to go further, to a much broader implicit definition of what constitutes science--one that implies a criticism of much history of twentieth-century science for defining it implicitly and inappropriately in very restrictive ways. 相似文献
6.
Dear P Jasanoff S 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(4):759-774
The boundaries between the history of science and science and technology studies (STS) can be misleadingly drawn, to the detriment of both fields. This essay stresses their commonalities and potential for valuable synergy. The evolution of the two fields has been characterized by lively interchange and boundary crossing, with leading scholars functioning easily on both sides of the past/present divide. Disciplines, it is argued, are best regarded as training grounds for asking particular kinds of questions, using particular clusters of methods. Viewed in this way, history of science and STS are notable for their shared approaches to disciplining. The essay concludes with a concrete example--regulatory science--showing how a topic such as this can be productively studied with methods that contradict any alleged disciplinary divide between historical and contemporary studies of science. 相似文献
7.
Naomi S. Baron 《The Information Society》2005,21(4):269-271
In contemporary times, two primary motivations have driven academics to attempt to form new intellectual disciplines. The first motivation is intrinsic to the subject matter at issue: Either old disciplinary questions need to be examined in new ways (as in the creation of sociolinguistics out of linguistics and sociology) or the field itself is novel (for example, computer science). The second motivation is more political: Unlike “areas of inquiry,” “fields of study,” or “tools of research,” new disciplines (e.g., cognitive science) often command significant academic real estate and sizable budgets. This essay considers several case studies in which potential academic disciplines have emerged—or failed to do so. The author suggests that in their attempts to determine what formal status they wish their research to hold, Internet scholars must carefully differentiate between the nature of their intellectual enterprise and legitimate professional desire for academic turf. 相似文献
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Pandora K Rader KA 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):350-364
The history of science is more than the history of scientists. This essay argues that various modem "publics" should be counted as belonging within an enlarged vision of who constitutes the "scientific community"--and describes how the history of science could be important for understanding their experiences. It gives three examples of how natural knowledge-making happens in vernacular contexts: Victorian Britain's publishing experiments in "popular science" as effective literary strategies for communicating to lay and specialist readers; twentieth-century American science museums as important and contested sites for conveying both scientific ideas and ideas about scientific practice; and contemporary mass-mediated images of the "ideal" scientist as providing counternarratives to received professional scientific norms. Finally, it suggests how humanistic knowledge might help both scientists and historians grapple more effectively with contemporary challenges presented by science in public spheres. By studying the making and elaboration of scientific knowledge within popular culture, historians of science can provide substantively grounded insights into the relations between the public and professionals. 相似文献
10.
商业秘密及其合法获取 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
商业秘密是一种重要的竞争情报,但至今还未引起我国情报界应有的重视。本文论述了商业秘密的法律特征及其情报学价值,并从情报学角度介绍了商业秘密的合法获取途径。 相似文献
11.
综合英语教学在独立学院英语专业教学体系里占有十分重要的地位,需要不断地探索创新。本文介绍了本校多元智能型教学模式实验研究的步骤。通过分析以多元智能理论为基础的教学实验研究结果证明了多元智能型教学模式应用于独立学院英语专业综合英语教学的可行性和有效性。结合学生多元智能测定的结果和多元化与个性化相结合的教学活动,多元智能型教学模式能够提高学生的英语综合能力。本文的最后还对实验研究过程给予一定的反思和建议。 相似文献
12.
借鉴国外科技教育经验发展青少年科普事业 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
国外的科学教育模式有很多优秀的东西,值得我们借鉴和学习.但对于如何借鉴国外的先进青少年科技教育模式,目前值得大家进一步去探讨和研究.本文综合分析了国外青少年科普工作的形式、典型做法、以及国外青少年科普工作特点及趋势,研究了国外青少年科普工作各个领域、各种方式、各个主体(特别是政府和各种非政府组织)的行为.并详细介绍了基本能代表各类国家特点青少年科普的情况,使我们较为清晰地了解国外青少年科普的基本面貌和发展趋势.同时对照分析了浙江省青少年科普工作现状,特别针对在认识上、形式上、内容上、方法上存在的问题,如何借鉴西方科技教育成功的做法,更好更快发展我省的青少年科普事业,进一步加大青少年科技教育工作力度,以适应现代化建设对创造性科技人才及有科技素养的劳动者的需要提出了建设性意见. 相似文献
13.
Maienschein J Laubichler M Loettgers A 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):341-349
History of science has developed into a methodologically diverse discipline, adding greatly to our understanding of the interplay between science, society, and culture. Along the way, one original impetus for the then newly emerging discipline--what George Sarton called the perspective "from the point of view of the scientist"--dropped out of fashion. This essay shows, by means of several examples, that reclaiming this interaction between science and history of science yields interesting perspectives and new insights for both science and history of science. The authors consequently suggest that historians of science also adopt this perspective as part of their methodological repertoire. 相似文献
14.
Pickstone JV 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2007,98(3):489-516
Historians of science, inasmuch as they are concerned with knowledges and practices rather than institutions, have tended of late to focus on case studies of common processes such as experiment and publication. In so doing, they tend to treat science as a single category, with various local instantiations. Or, alternatively, they relate cases to their specific local contexts. In neither approach do the cases or their contexts build easily into broader histories, reconstructing changing knowledge practices across time and space. This essay argues that by systematically deconstructing the practices of science and technology and medicine (STM) into common, recurrent elements, we can gain usefully "configurational" views, not just of particular cases and contexts but of synchronic variety and diachronic changes, both short term and long. To this end, we can begin with the customary actors' disciplines of early modern knowledge (natural philosophy, natural history, mixed mathematics, and experimental philosophy), which can be understood as elemental "ways of knowing and working," variously combined and disputed. I argue that these same working knowledges, together with a later mode-synthetic experimentation and systematic invention-may also serve for the analysis of STM from the late eighteenth century to the present. The old divisions continued explicitly and importantly after circa 1800, but they were also "built into" an array of new sciences. This historiographic analysis can help clarify a number of common problems: about the multiplicity of the sciences, the importance of various styles in science, and the relations between science and technology and medicine. It suggests new readings of major changes in STM, including the first and second scientific revolutions and the transformations of biomedicine from the later twentieth century. It offers ways of recasting both microhistories and macrohistories, so reducing the apparent distance between them. And it may thus facilitate both more constructive uses of case studies and more innovative and acceptable longer histories. 相似文献
15.
Hamilton A Wheeler QD 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):331-340
The history of science often has difficulty connecting with science at the lab-bench level, raising questions about the value of history of science for science. This essay offers a case study from taxonomy in which lessons learned about particular failings of numerical taxonomy (phenetics) in the second half of the twentieth century bear on the new movement toward DNA barcoding. In particular, it argues that an unwillingness to deal with messy theoretical questions in both cases leads to important problems in the theory and practice of identifying taxa. This argument makes use of scientific and historical considerations in a way that the authors hope leads to convincing conclusions about the history of taxonomy as well as about its present practice. 相似文献
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Pickstone JV 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(1):123-133
This essay explores ways to "write together" the awkwardly jointed histories of "science" and "me dicine"--but it also includes other "arts" (in the old sense) and technologies. It draws especially on the historiography of medicine, but I try to use terms that are applicable across all of science, technology, and medicine (STM). I stress the variety of knowledges and practices in play at any time and the ways in which the ensembles change. I focus on the various relations of "science" and "medicine," as they were understood for a succession of periods--from mainly agricultural societies, through industrial societies, to our biomedical present--trying to sketch a history that encompasses daily practices and understandings as well as major conceptual and technical innovations. The model is meant to facilitate inquiry across topics and across times, including those to come. 相似文献
18.
Secord JA 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2004,95(4):654-672
What big questions and large-scale narratives give coherence to the history of science? From the late 1970s onward, the field has been transformed through a stress on practice and fresh perspectives from gender studies, the sociology of knowledge, and work on a greatly expanded range of practitioners and cultures. Yet these developments, although long overdue and clearly beneficial, have been accompanied by fragmentation and loss of direction. This essay suggests that the narrative frameworks used by historians of science need to come to terms with diversity by understanding science as a form of communication. The centrality of processes of movement, translation, and transmission is already emerging in studies of topics ranging from ethnographic encounters to the history of reading. Not only does this approach offer opportunities for crossing boundaries of nation, period, and discipline that are all too easily taken for granted; it also has the potential for creating a more effective dialogue with other historians and the wider public. 相似文献
19.
Higgitt R Withers CW 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(1):1-27
This essay recovers the experiences of women at the meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) from its founding in 1831 to the end of the Victorian era. It aims to add to research on women in science by reconsidering the traditional role of women as consumers rather than producers of knowledge and to that on science popularization by focusing on audience experience rather than on the aims and strategies of popularizers. The essay argues that, in various ways, the ubiquitous and visible female audience came to define the BAAS audience and "the public" for science more generally. The women who swelled the BAAS audiences were accepted as a social element within the meetings even as they were regarded critically as scientific participants. Portrayed as passive and nonscientific, women allowed the male scientific elites to distance themselves from their audiences. Arguing from diary and other evidence, we present examples that complicate existing notions of audiences for science as necessarily active. 相似文献
20.
现代科学技术的发展使新兴产业不断出现,发展新兴产业对于我国赶超发达国家有着重要意义。随着经济企稳回暖,各省在国家提出七大战略性产业的背景下,有更多精力与资源来解决结构与增长方式转型的问题。论文选取分别处于我国经济区域重要发展极的广东、江苏、山东三省,梳理其与新兴产业相关的科技资源禀赋,并分析三省的新兴产业的选择与发展规模差异,根据三省产业定位对其发展提出建议。 相似文献