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1.
Athena McLean 《Ethics and Information Technology》2011,13(4):313-326
The reality of an ageing Europe has called attention to the importance of e-inclusion for a growing population of senior citizens. For some, this may mean closing the digital divide by providing access and support to technologies that increase citizen participation; for others, e-inclusion means access to assistive technologies to facilitate and extend their living independently. These initiatives address a social need and provide economic opportunities for European industry. While undoubtedly desirable, and supported by European Union initiatives, several cultural assumptions or issues related to the initiatives could benefit from fuller examination, as could their practical and ethical implications. This paper begins to consider these theoretical and practical concerns. The first part of the paper examines cultural issues and assumptions relevant to adopting e-technologies, and the ethical principles applied to them. These include (1) the persistence of ageism, even in e-inclusion; (2) different approaches to, and implications of independent living; and (3) the values associated with different ethical principles, given their implications for accountability to older users. The paper then discusses practical issues and ethical concerns that have been raised by the use of smart home and monitoring technologies with older persons. Understanding these assumptions and their implications will allow for more informed choices in promoting ethical application of e-solutions for older persons. 相似文献
2.
Clare Thornley Stuart Ferguson John Weckert Forbes GibbAuthor vitae 《International Journal of Information Management》2011,31(6):546-555
This paper provides an analysis of the current and potential ethical implications of RFID technology for the library and information professions. These issues are analysed as a series of ethical dilemmas, or hard-to-resolve competing ethical obligations, which the librarian has in relationship to information objects, library users and the wider social and political environment or state. A process model of the library is used as a framework for the discussion to illustrate the relationship between the different participants in the library system and it is argued that ethical analysis should involve the identification of future developments as well as current issues. The analysis shows that RFIDs do currently pose some dilemmas for librarians in terms of the conflicts between efficient service, privacy of users and an obligation to protect the safety of society as a whole, and that these are likely to become more problematic as the technology develops. This paper is part 2 of a series of papers on RFIDs and the library and information professions. 相似文献
3.
David Wright 《Ethics and Information Technology》2011,13(3):199-226
This paper proposes a framework for an ethical impact assessment which can be performed in regard to any policy, service,
project or programme involving information technology. The framework is structured on the four principles posited by Beauchamp
and Childress together with a separate section on privacy and data protection. The framework identifies key social values
and ethical issues, provides some brief explanatory contextual information which is then followed by a set of questions aimed
at the technology developer or policy-maker to facilitate consideration of ethical issues, in consultation with stakeholders,
which may arise in their undertaking. In addition, the framework includes a set of ethical tools and procedural practices
which can be employed as part of the ethical impact assessment. Although the framework has been developed within a European
context, it could be applied equally well beyond European borders. 相似文献
4.
Central to the ethical concerns raised by the prospect of increasingly autonomous military robots are issues of responsibility. In this paper we examine different conceptions of autonomy within the discourse on these robots to bring into focus what is at stake when it comes to the autonomous nature of military robots. We argue that due to the metaphorical use of the concept of autonomy, the autonomy of robots is often treated as a black box in discussions about autonomous military robots. When the black box is opened up and we see how autonomy is understood and ‘made’ by those involved in the design and development of robots, the responsibility questions change significantly. 相似文献
5.
The view of communities of practice as the relevant context for generating and gaining knowledge has raised fears that these will fall prey to various organizational, social or political manipulations. This paper aims to question these humanist concerns, arguing that knowledge context is increasingly becoming a post-human context that lies beyond the direct control and manipulation of humans. In terms of this post-human position, the paper outlines this shift, suggesting that emergence replaces human intentionality and the dynamic partnership between humans and non-humans, and that intelligent machines replace the liberalist, humanist subject's manifest destiny to dominate and control knowledge. This paper aims to raise/rekindle the debate on the prospects of managing knowledge and learning in organizations. Finally, implications for the community-based learning theory are discussed. 相似文献
6.
7.
《International Journal of Information Management》2016,36(4):543-556
This paper reports on a research project that investigated how library and information (LIS) professionals experience ethical dilemmas, with particular reference to the impact of new technologies, sources used to assist ethical decision-making, and the contribution case studies can make to ethical understanding and decision-making. Data was collected through interviews in Britain, Ireland and Australia with LIS professionals, educators, and representatives of professional bodies. The findings identify the main types of dilemma raised and discuss cases indicative of each type. They suggest that new technologies do not appear to change ethical principles but, when experienced in the workplace, substantially change the factors the professional has to evaluate. They also suggest that relevant codes of ethics are satisfactory on traditional library issues of access and confidentiality, but do not address the ethical challenges of current and potential digital environments. Professional associations appear more familiar with codes of ethics than practitioners although practitioners show high levels of ethical awareness, suggesting associations need to communicate more with their members and provide tools that are more useful in the workplace. Case studies are seen as a good way to educate and engage practitioners because of the complexity, conflicts and dynamism they can present. 相似文献
8.
Alice E. Marwick 《Ethics and Information Technology》2017,19(3):177-191
In 2014, a large archive of hacked nude photos of female celebrities was released on 4chan and organized and discussed primarily on Reddit. This paper explores the ethical implications of this celebrity nude photo leak within a frame of gendered privacy violations. I analyze a selection of a mass capture of 5143 posts and 94,602 comments from /thefappening subreddit, as well as editorials written by female celebrities, feminists, and journalists. Redditors justify the photo leak by arguing the subjects are privileged because they are celebrities; that the celebrities are at fault for failing to appropriately protect their information; and that the only person ethically responsible for the leak is the hacker. The popular press primarily took a feminist perspective, linking the photo leak to institutionalized sexism and misogyny. I argue that the Reddit participants frame the privacy violations within a context of geek masculinity, in which references to masturbation and pornography and casually misogynist language are used to signify a normative masculine self. Privacy violations are de-emphasized when the victims are women and gender or feminist concerns are rejected. Entitlement to viewing women’s bodies and male sexual desire are prioritized over ethical concerns over privacy violations. The paper contributes to understanding how privacy violations are normatively gendered and reinforced by gender inequality. 相似文献
9.
Emilio Mordini David Wright Kush Wadhwa Paul De Hert Eugenio Mantovani Jesper Thestrup Guido Van Steendam Antonio D’Amico Ira Vater 《Ethics and Information Technology》2009,11(3):203-220
The ageing society poses significant challenges to Europe’s economy and society. In coming to grips with these issues, we
must be aware of their ethical dimensions. Values are the heart of the European Union, as Article 1a of the Lisbon Treaty
makes clear: “The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity…”. The notion of Europe as a community of values
has various important implications, including the development of inclusion policies. A special case of exclusion concerns
the gap between those people with effective access to digital and information technology and those without access to it, the
“digital divide”, which in Europe is chiefly age-related. Policies to overcome the digital divide and, more generally speaking,
e-inclusion policies addressing the ageing population raise some ethical problems. Among younger senior citizens, say those
between 65 and 80 years old, the main issues are likely to be universal access to ICT and e-participation. Among the older
senior citizens, say those more than 80 years old, the main issues are mental and physical deterioration and assistive technology.
An approach geared towards the protection of human rights could match the different needs of senior citizens and provide concrete
guidance to evaluate information technologies for them. 相似文献
10.
Utpal Bose 《Ethics and Information Technology》2012,14(1):17-26
As business environments become more complex and reliant on information systems, the decisions made by managers affect a growing
number of stakeholders. This paper proposes a framework based on the application of normative theories in business ethics
to facilitate the evaluation of IS related ethical dilemmas and arrive at fair and consistent decisions. The framework is
applied in the context of an information privacy dilemma to demonstrate the decision making process. The ethical dilemma is
analyzed using each one of the three normative theories—the stockholder theory, stakeholder theory, and social contract theory.
The challenges associated with the application of these theories are also discussed. 相似文献
11.
Genomic Research and Data-Mining Technology: Implications for Personal Privacy and Informed Consent 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tavani HT 《Ethics and Information Technology》2004,6(1):15-28
This essay examines issues involving personal privacy and informed consent that arise at the intersection of information and communication technology (ICT) and population genomics research. I begin by briefly examining the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) program requirements that were established to guide researchers working on the Human Genome Project (HGP). Next I consider a case illustration involving deCODE Genetics, a privately owned genetic company in Iceland, which raises some ethical concerns that are not clearly addressed in the current ELSI guidelines. The deCODE case also illustrates some ways in which an ICT technique known as data mining has both aided and posed special challenges for researchers working in the field of population genomics. On the one hand, data-mining tools have greatly assisted researchers in mapping the human genome and in identifying certain "disease genes" common in specific populations (which, in turn, has accelerated the process of finding cures for diseases tha affect those populations). On the other hand, this technology has significantly threatened the privacy of research subjects participating in population genomics studies, who may, unwittingly, contribute to the construction of new groups (based on arbitrary and non-obvious patterns and statistical correlations) that put those subjects at risk for discrimination and stigmatization. In the final section of this paper I examine some ways in which the use of data mining in the context of population genomics research poses a critical challenge for the principle of informed consent, which traditionally has played a central role in protecting the privacy interests of research subjects participating in epidemiological studies. 相似文献
12.
With their prospect for causing both novel and known forms of damage, harm and injury, the issue of responsibility has been a recurring theme in the debate concerning autonomous vehicles. Yet, the discussion of responsibility has obscured the finer details both between the underlying concepts of responsibility, and their application to the interaction between human beings and artificial decision-making entities. By developing meaningful distinctions and examining their ramifications, this article contributes to this debate by refining the underlying concepts that together inform the idea of responsibility. Two different approaches are offered to the question of responsibility and autonomous vehicles: targeting and risk distribution. The article then introduces a thought experiment which situates autonomous vehicles within the context of crash optimisation impulses and coordinated or networked decision-making. It argues that guiding ethical frameworks overlook compound or aggregated effects which may arise, and which can lead to subtle forms of structural discrimination. Insofar as such effects remain unrecognised by the legal systems relied upon to remedy them, the potential for societal inequalities is increased and entrenched, situations of injustice and impunity may be unwittingly maintained. This second set of concerns may represent a hitherto overlooked type of responsibility gap arising from inadequate accountability processes capable of challenging systemic risk displacement. 相似文献
13.
The paper has two goals. The first is presenting the main results of the recent report Ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles: recommendations on road safety, privacy, fairness, explainability and responsibility written by the Horizon 2020 European Commission Expert Group to advise on specific ethical issues raised by driverless mobility, of which the author of this paper has been member and rapporteur. The second is presenting some broader ethical and philosophical implications of these recommendations, and using these to contribute to the establishment of Ethics of Transportation as an independent branch of applied ethics. The recent debate on the ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) presents a paradox and an opportunity. The paradox is the presence of a flourishing debate on the ethics of one very specific transportation technology without ethics of transportation being in itself a well-established academic discipline. The opportunity is that now that a spotlight has been switched on the ethical dimensions of CAVs it may be easier to establish a broader debate on ethics of transportation. While the 20 recommendations of the EU report are grouped in three macro-areas: road safety, data ethics, and responsibility, in this paper they will be grouped according to eight philosophical themes: Responsible Innovation, road justice, road safety, freedom, human control, privacy, data fairness, responsibility. These are proposed as the first topics for a new ethics of transportation.
相似文献14.
传统研究认为技术将带来伦理风险,但并未意识到技术集成还将带来更严重的社会风险,即伦理风险在现代市场经济条件下可能演化为伦理陷阱。这种社会风险与伦理风险有质的区别。在市场经济资本逻辑的驱使下,伦理陷阱通过“互联网+”技术无限扩散,使得公众难以识别和回避。应对技术集成的社会风险可以采用伦理、法律与植入道德代码等手段,但治本之道是发展能识别并治理该社会风险的理论和方法。与现有的技术哲学及伦理研究进路相比,技术哲学“价值论转向”纲领更适合研究当前“互联网+”与未来“人工智能+”技术集成引发的社会风险。 相似文献
15.
现代信息技术的发展给人类带来巨大利益的同时,也影响着传统社会伦理问题.信息伦理就是在这样的背景下产生的.本文主要分析当前网络环境下常见的信息伦理问题,提出解决这些问题相应的对策,并展望信息伦理发展的诱人前景. 相似文献
16.
This essay examines some ethical aspects of stalkingincidents in cyberspace. Particular attention is focused on the Amy Boyer/Liam Youens case of cyberstalking, which has raised a number of controversial ethical questions. We limit our analysis to three issues involving this particular case. First, we suggest that the privacy of stalking victims is threatened because of the unrestricted access to on-linepersonal information, including on-line public records, currently available to stalkers. Second, we consider issues involving moral responsibility and legal liability for Internet service providers (ISPs) when stalking crimesoccur in their `space' on the Internet. Finally, we examine issues of moral responsibility for ordinary Internet users to determine whether they are obligated to inform persons whom they discover to be the targets of cyberstalkers. 相似文献
17.
近年来,认知增强伦理引起西方伦理学家、哲学家的广泛关注。“亲强派”和“生物保守派”对认知增强技术造成的人性、欺骗、公平、自主等伦理问题进行了激烈辩论,但由于他们基于理论不同,缺乏具体情景和技术类型的考量,其观点无法调和。文章还探讨了认知增强伦理研究的特点和趋势,提出了认知增强伦理研究应注意的几个问题。 相似文献
18.
This paper analyzes the opportunities offered by information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the related ethical
issues, within the transparency practices of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Based upon a one-year study of a European
NGO, the Italian Association of Blind People, it presents compelling empirical evidence concerning the main ethical, social
and economic challenges that NGOs face in the development of more transparent relationships with the public and the related
role of ICTs, in particular, the organization’s website. This study shows that, although the attempt to be completely transparent
has great ethical value, ICT-enabled information disclosure is limited by privacy and security concerns and by pressure from
financial supporters and benefactors and potential NGO competitors who vie for grants and donations. The paper provides some
implications and suggestions for managers of NGOs and policy makers. 相似文献
19.
Informational privacy, data mining, and the Internet 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Herman T. Tavani 《Ethics and Information Technology》1999,1(2):137-145
Privacy concerns involving data mining are examined in terms of four questions: (1) What exactly is data mining? (2) How does data mining raise concerns for personal privacy? (3) How do privacy concerns raised by data mining differ from those concerns introduced by ‘traditional’ information-retrieval techniques in computer databases? (4) How do privacy concerns raised by mining personal data from the Internet differ from those concerns introduced by mining such data from ‘data warehouses?’ It is argued that the practice of using data-mining techniques, whether on the Internet or in data warehouses, to gain information about persons raises privacy concerns that (a) go beyond concerns introduced in traditional information-retrieval techniques in computer databases and (b) are not covered by present data-protection guidelines and privacy laws. 相似文献
20.
Kevin Macnish 《Ethics and Information Technology》2012,14(2):151-167
In this paper I critique the ethical implications of automating CCTV surveillance. I consider three modes of CCTV with respect
to automation: manual (or non-automated), fully automated, and partially automated. In each of these I examine concerns posed
by processing capacity, prejudice towards and profiling of surveilled subjects, and false positives and false negatives. While
it might seem as if fully automated surveillance is an improvement over the manual alternative in these areas, I demonstrate
that this is not necessarily the case. In preference to the extremes I argue in favour of partial automation in which the
system integrates a human CCTV operator with some level of automation. To assess the degree to which such a system should
be automated I draw on the further issues of privacy and distance. Here I argue that the privacy of the surveilled subject
can benefit from automation, while the distance between the surveilled subject and the CCTV operator introduced by automation
can have both positive and negative effects. I conclude that in at least the majority of cases more automation is preferable
to less within a partially automated system where this does not impinge on efficacy. 相似文献