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1.
In this editorial article, we introduce this Special Issue of Research Policy in honour of the late Keith Pavitt, a pioneer in science and technology policy studies and a scholar of innovation. The papers in this Issue were drawn from a widely attended international conference held in Keith's honour in November 2003 and selected according to their contribution to themes central to the Pavitt tradition: the nature of technological knowledge, the management of research and development in the firm, systems of innovation and measurement of scientific and technological activities. There are a further two papers which describe not only Keith Pavitt's scholarly legacy to the fields of innovation studies and science and technology policy but also the important role he played in forging the growing community of scholarship in technology and innovation. 相似文献
2.
Innovating firms are likely to face several challenges and experience different types of barriers. In this paper we argue that it is necessary to distinguish between two kinds of barriers to innovation. The first corresponds to what we describe as revealed barriers and reflects the degree of difficulty of the innovation process and the learning experience consequent on the firm engaging in innovation activity. The second type of impediment, which we label deterring barriers, encompasses the obstacles that prevent firms from committing to innovation. We use data from the 4th UK Community Innovation Survey (CIS4) to investigate the relationship between firms’ engagement in innovation and their assessment of the barriers to innovation. We show that the relationship is curvilinear in the case of costs and market barriers. These results have important implications for innovation policy and innovation management. 相似文献
3.
Michael Peneder 《Research Policy》2010,39(3):323-334
This paper presents an integrated set of innovation taxonomies for firms and sectors. It discards the practice of representing industries by some average behaviour, instead characterising them by the distribution of diverse innovation modes at the firm level. The theoretical focus is on (i) Schumpeter's distinction between ‘creative’ and ‘adaptive response’, and (ii) differences regarding technological opportunities, appropriability conditions and the cumulativeness of knowledge. Applying statistical cluster analysis, the empirical identification is based on the micro-data of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) for 22 European countries. The final cluster validation highlights the simultaneous diversity and contingency of firm behaviour with distinct technological regimes exhibiting systematic differences in the distribution of heterogenous firms. 相似文献
4.
Christine Greenhalgh 《Research Policy》2006,35(4):562-580
This paper analyses market valuations of UK companies using a new data set of their R&D and IP activities (1989-2002). In contrast to previous studies, the analysis is conducted at the sectoral-level, where the sectors are based on the technological classification originating from Pavitt [Pavitt, K., 1984. Sectoral patterns of technical change. Research Policy 13, 343-373]. The first main result is that the valuation of R&D varies substantially across these sectors. Another important result is that, on average, firms that receive only UK patents tend to have no significant market premium. In direct contrast, patenting through the European Patent Office does raise market value, as does the registration of trade marks in the UK for most sectors. To explore these variations the paper links competitive conditions with the market valuation of innovation. Using profit persistence as a measure of competitive pressure, we find that the sectors that are the most competitive have the lowest market valuation of R&D. Furthermore, within the most competitive sector (‘science based’ manufacturing), firms with larger market shares (an inverse indicator of competitive pressure) also have higher R&D valuations, as well as some positive return to UK patents. We conclude that this evidence supports Schumpeter by finding higher returns to innovation in less than fully competitive markets and contradicts Arrow [Arrow, K., 1962. Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. In: Nelson, R. (Ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity. Princeton University Press, Princeton], who argued that, with the existence of IP rights, competitive market structure provides higher incentives to innovate. 相似文献
5.
Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs) and universities are important elements of countries’ innovation systems. As they are both halfway between science and industry, they are often considered to be the same thing. However, recent studies have stressed the differences between the two. In this paper, we analyze the innovative characteristics (impacts and types of innovation and internal R&D investments) of firms that collaborate with RTOs versus universities. Our study is based on statistical analysis of Community Innovation Survey micro-data (CIS 2012). Our results suggest that firms that see RTOs as more important sources of knowledge than universities have a higher probability of developing service innovation, invest less in internal R&D but are less likely to introduce new, groundbreaking innovations into the market. These results have significant policy and management implications, especially regarding the different but complementary contributions offered respectively by RTOs and universities. 相似文献
6.
《Research Policy》2019,48(9):103802
Technological imitation may play a crucial role in motivating firms to innovate. However, theoretical predictions and empirical findings on the role of imitation have not yet reached a consensus. One major gap in the previous studies is that the empirical tests are based on samples consisting of only one industry over a short period of time. This study uses a novel measure of industry-level technological imitation proxied by quick citations by competitors to examine the relationship between imitation and innovation. Using US patent data for the period 1977–2005, we find that there are inverted U-shaped relationships between the degree of industry-level technological imitation and industry-level innovation activities and between the degree of industry-level technological imitation and the value of firm-level innovation. Our results suggest that positive externalities from the interactions among firms during the innovation process outweigh the negative effects of free-riding concerns on firms’ innovation activities and incentives to innovate up to a high degree of technological imitation, while free-riding concerns outweigh the positive externalities when the level of technological imitation is extremely high. The sector-by-sector analyses show that the relationship between technological imitation and the quantity and market value of innovation are not very different across Pavitt sectors. A comparative analysis on the role of imitation between agglomerated and non-agglomerated industries suggests that the positive effect of a moderate level of imitation and the negative effect of an excessive level of imitation are more pronounced for agglomerated industries. The results suggest that creating innovation clusters, such as Silicon Valley in the United States and Shenzhen City in China, and allowing different innovators to cooperate, imitate and compete with each other would be very effective in promoting corporate innovation. However, an excessively high level of technological imitation is more detrimental for firms in innovation clusters because it lowers those firms’ incentives to innovate more radically. 相似文献
7.
Previous studies have suggested that technological change is the main cause of the recent increase in demand for highly skilled workers in developed countries. However, a more recent strand of literature has also introduced the “Skill Biased Organisational Change” hypothesis, according to which the increasing diffusion of new organisational practices within firms plays a role in the increasing demand for skilled workers. We estimate a SUR model for a sample of 400 Italian manufacturing firms, showing that upskilling is more a function of reorganisational strategy than a consequence of technological change alone. Moreover, some evidence of superadditive effects emerges, which is consistent with the notion that technology and organisation jointly affect the demand for labour. 相似文献
8.
Alexandre Trigo 《Research Policy》2012,41(3):602-613
Examining 2148 innovating service firms from the Spanish Technological Innovation Panel 2004, this paper utilizes Latent Class Analysis to appraise the scope of innovation cooperation in services in the Spanish economy, in accordance with the growing weight of external information flows throughout innovation processes. The empirical evidence indicates that the nature of the service activity affects both the partner chosen and the cooperation intensity. The results lead to the creation of a typology of cooperation composed of three broad profiles: service firms intensive in techno-scientific cooperation, intensive in interactions with clients and a profile with low intensity in cooperation, called lonely innovators. The probability that a firm belongs to the latter profile is 59%, which makes it reasonable to affirm that innovation cooperation is not a common practice in Spanish innovating service enterprises. Innovation output variables have been included in order to examine the relationship between patterns of cooperation and innovation performance. The findings also underline the co-existence of different cooperation patterns within the same industry. 相似文献
9.
Martin Heidenreich 《Research Policy》2009,38(3):483-494
Does a specific innovation pattern of low- and medium-low-technology (LMT) industries exist, and if so, can this pattern be the basis for autonomous, economically successful development? This study based on Fourth Community Innovation Survey (CIS4) data finds, as predicted by Pavitt [Pavitt, K., 1984. Sectoral patterns of technical change: towards a taxonomy and a theory. Research Policy 13, 343-373], that LMT industries are characterised by process, organisational and marketing innovations, by weak internal innovation capabilities and by strong dependencies on the external provision of machines, equipment and software. Suppliers are the most important source for their information and knowledge. On the one hand, firms in LMT industries are an essential pillar of advanced industrial regions. On the other hand, an alternative growth path-based predominantly on LMT industries does not appear to exist. LMT industries are shrinking in Western Europe and companies in these industries are relocating to Eastern Europe. In general, regions with a high proportion of LMT industries have a lower gross domestic product, though so do regions with high proportions of high- and medium-high-technology industries. The economic potential of regions specialised in knowledge-intensive services and characterised by high employment rates and qualified employees is higher than that of industrial regions. 相似文献
10.
The power of integrality: Linkages between product architecture, innovation, and industry structure 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
A substantial literature stream suggests that many products are becoming more modular over time, and that this development is often associated with a change in industry structure towards higher degrees of specialization. These developments can have strong implications for an industry's competition as the history of the PC industry illustrates. To add to our understanding of the linkages between product architecture, innovation, and industry structure we develop detailed product architecture measurements based on a previously proposed method [Fixson, S.K., 2005. Product architecture assessment: a tool to link product, process, and supply chain design decisions. Journal of Operations Management 23 (3/4), 345-369] and study an unusual case in which a firm - through decreasing its product modularity - turned its formerly competitive industry into a near-monopoly. Using this case study we explore how existing theories on modularity explain the observed phenomenon, and show that most consider technological change in rather long-term dimensions, and tend to focus on efficiency-related arguments to explain the resulting forces on competition. We add three critical aspects to the theory that connects technological change and industry dynamics. First, we suggest integrating as a new design operator to explain product architecture genesis. Second, we argue that a finer-grained analysis of the product architecture shows the existence of multiple linkages between product architecture and industry structure, and that these different linkages help explain the observed intra-industry heterogeneity across firms. Third, we propose that the firm boundary choice can also be a pre-condition of the origin of architectural innovation, not only an outcome of efficiency considerations. 相似文献
11.
环境规制增加了环保成本投入,改变了生产要素结构,势必影响海洋产业效率。利用DEA-BCC模型对2001—2016年中国11个沿海省市海洋产业效率进行测度,构建面板模型分析环境规制与海洋产业效率的关系,探讨科技创新与FDI对二者关系的调节作用,并进一步考察科技创新和FDI联合效应的影响。研究结果表明：环境规制会降低海洋产业效率;科技创新和FDI对环境规制与海洋产业效率的负向关系产生影响,且二者的调节作用可以互相补充。在科技创新水平较低时,FDI仍可缓解环境规制对海洋产业效率的负向影响,为环境保护与经济增长协调发展提供了可能。各沿海省市应通过加强科技创新与成果转化能力并不断吸引优质FDI,缓解环境规制的约束,以达到环境保护与海洋产业效率的双赢,实现海洋经济高质量发展。 相似文献
12.
目前对跨界搜索与创新之间关系的研究主要聚焦于技术知识跨界搜索,却忽视了市场知识跨界搜索的影响。本文利用270个中国制造企业调查数据,同时研究了技术知识和市场知识的跨界搜索对产品创新的影响,并探讨了两个重要情境变量—行业竞争强度和所有权类型的调节作用。实证结果表明:(1)技术知识和市场知识的跨界搜索都能促进产品创新;(2)行业竞争强度和所有权类型对上述关系存在着调节作用。随着行业竞争强度的增强,技术知识跨界搜索对产品创新的影响变大,而市场知识跨界搜索对产品创新的影响变小;相对于内资企业,外资企业进行市场知识跨界搜索对产品创新的影响较小,但是,并没有发现二者在技术知识跨界搜索与产品创新的关系有显著不同。 相似文献
13.
有关技术创新激励政策效应的研究对产业特征的关注还不充分,影响了对激励政策产业层面效应的深入理解。本文认为更为系统地重审技术创新激励政策的效应,有必要将产业市场竞争度与产业技术吸收能力同步纳入研究模型,因为它们分别影响产业创新主体的技术创新动机和技术创新能力。当产业市场竞争度与产业技术吸收能力都处于高水平时,技术创新激励政策对产业技术创新的正向效应最为明显。实证数据来自和五类使能技术的应用密切相关的16个制造业的2013—2017年的数据,包括R&D资本存量、全时人员当量、发明专利申请数、新产品开发项目数、新产品销售收入数据,和以DEA视窗方法计算得到的产业技术创新绩效数据,分析结果表明：产业技术吸收能力放大了税收优惠政策对技术创新绩效的正向作用;但是R&D补贴政策对于技术吸收能力低的产业有更高的正向效应;当技术市场竞争度高时,技术吸收力对税收优惠与R&D补贴的正向促进作用最高。本研究深化了对技术创新激励政策的作用机理的理解,并提示政策制定者需要充分重视产业的市场竞争度。 相似文献
14.
以企业技术创新为中介变量的视角探究其在标准与企业质量水平关系中的作用机制，深入明晰先进标准与企业质量提升之间关系的作用机制，为进一步提升企业核心竞争力探索切实有效途径。将先进标准、企业技术创新和企业质量提升三者统筹结合，以技术创新为中介变量建立理论模型，利用1 216家浙江制造企业2015—2021年的调研数据，运用层次回归法展开实证检验。结果显示：有效的标准制定及应用有助于企业质量水平提升，技术创新中介了先进标准与质量提升之间的正向关系；相较于服务业，“有效的标准制定及应用—企业技术创新水平提高—质量水平提升”效应在制造业中更强，技术创新中介效应占比分别为14.87%和16.09%。由此提出政府完善职能，广泛推广标准应用实施、推动标准引领质量提升作用落到实处的相关措施建议。 相似文献
15.
This paper examines how foreign-owned and domestically owned firms transform innovation into employment growth. The empirical analysis, based on the model of Harrison et al. (2008) and CIS data for 16 countries, reveals important differences between the two groups: Due to general productivity increases and process innovation, foreign-owned firms experience higher job losses than domestically owned firms. At the same time, employment-creating effects of product innovation are larger for foreign-owned firms. Together with employment-stimulating effects stemming from existing products, they overcompensate the negative displacement effects resulting in net employment growth in foreign-owned firms. However, net employment growth turns out to be smaller in foreign-owned firms than in domestically owned firms. 相似文献
16.
Chang-Yang Lee 《Research Policy》2010,39(2):278-289
This paper focuses on the dual role of R&D - knowledge generation and the technological-competence-enhancing effect of R&D - and its implication for the endogenous evolution of R&D productivity and the pattern of firm growth. In particular, based on the evolution of firm-specific R&D productivity or technological competence, this paper derives a simple R&D-based model of firm growth capable of explaining various aspects of firm growth. The model proposes three prototype patterns of firm growth, depending on both firm- and industry-specific characteristics. The former includes firm-specific technological-competence-enhancing capability and the initial level of technological knowledge, and the latter includes industry-specific R&D appropriability. Specifically, firms with low technological-competence-enhancing capability tend to follow a convergent growth pattern in which firm growth gradually declines, while firms with high technological-competence-enhancing capability tend to exhibit either a sustained or a vicious growth pattern depending on the initial size of their technological knowledge stock. An empirical analysis of unique data on firm growth and technological capability provides supportive evidence for the role of technological-competence-enhancing capability in conditioning the pattern of firm growth. 相似文献
17.
研究运用历史-地理唯物主义时空修复理论、演化经济地理理论,从时间修复、空间修复两个视角由宏、中、微观三个维度对中心城市科技创新与城市群产业高级化及多样化的关系展开理论构建及分析。在此基础上,研究通过双向固定效应非线性模型考察中心城市科技创新与城市群产业高级化及多样化的U型关系,进一步创新性的使用历史维度工具变量（中国历史官员量化数据、中国古代城市城墙数据）对中心城市科技创新展开内生性检验识别,再运用门槛效应、调节效应模型对中心城市科技创新的结构变化点作用机制进行探寻。研究发现：第一,中心城市科技创新对城市群产业高级化与多样化发展呈现U型作用,说明中心城市科技创新对城市群的产业升级高级化与产业多样化发展起到先抑制再推动的作用关系,当中心城市科技创新发展专利申请数量超过11 442项,会对城市群产业高级化及多样化发展起到促进作用。第二,中心城市科技创新对城市群产业高级化及多样化的影响受到科学支出水平的约束限制,科学支出水平的提升能够进一步扩大中心城市科技创新对城市群产业高级化与多样化的边际作用效果。 相似文献
18.
Chang-Yang Lee 《Research Policy》2005,34(6):914-931
This paper shows that firm heterogeneity in technological competence, rather than differences in industry-specific characteristics, is the primary condition determining the long-debated relationship between firm size and R&D. Specifically, by utilizing a formal model of firm R&D that shows that profit-maximizing firm R&D intensity is determined jointly by firm-specific technological competence and consumer preference regarding quality and price, this paper suggests that firm size affects firm R&D intensity not directly, but through its influence on firm-specific technological competence. In particular, four predictions are drawn and tested empirically: (1) in general, the size-R&D relationship is less-than-proportional or inverted U-shaped, especially for low-technological-competence firms; (2) however, the common less-than-proportional relationship disappears, and a more-than-proportional relationship becomes increasingly likely, for firms with high levels of technological competence, plausibly due to competence-enhancing, learning economies of scale and/or scope in R&D; (3) firms with larger accumulated R&D experience are, ceteris paribus, less likely to exhibit the common less-than-proportional relationship; (4) among industries, a greater within-industry departure from the proportional size-R&D relationship is expected for industries with seemingly high, rapidly changing technological-opportunity conditions. These predictions, especially pertaining to the conditioning role of technological competence in the size-R&D relationship, are empirically supported by the unique data by the World Bank. 相似文献
19.
文章以转型升级中的制造业技术创新效率演化及其影响因素问题为研究对象,运用DEA及Malmquist指数方法,对珠三角9市2001-2017年制造业的技术创新效率进行测度与分析,结果发现：（1）珠三角制造业技术创新综合效率呈周期性上升趋势,但城市间分类指标差异较大。广州、深圳等区域创新中心技术辐射地理约束效应明显,价值链、产业链作用有限。（2）技术进步是珠三角制造业全要素生产率提升的主要推动因素,两者均呈周期性波动,波幅趋向平稳;规模效率、技术效率和纯技术效率变化指数趋势较为一致,珠三角制造业技术创新整体上仍处于规模扩展阶段。（3）珠三角制造业技术创新投入与创新效率并不同步,存在规模不经济现象。企业内部研发支出有助于技术创新效率提升,财政资金对企业内部研发支出具有挤出效应。企业技术创新投入不足、高校及科研院科研人员产出效率偏低,是制约珠三角制造业技术创新效率提升的两个关键因素。 相似文献
20.
中心城市科技创新对城市群产业结构的影响 《科学学研究》2021,39(11):1980-1991
研究基于演化经济地理学,由微观企业、中观产业、宏观区域三个维度对中心城市科技创新与城市群产业结构及分工布局的关系展开理论机制分析。在此基础上,研究通过非线性固定效应模型考察中心城市科技创新与城市群产业结构高度化的U型关系,进一步创新性的使用历史维度工具变量（中国历史官员量化数据、中国古代城市城墙数据）对中心城市科技创新展开内生性检验识别,再运用门槛效应、中介效应模型对中心城市科技创新的结构变化点、产业分工布局影响机制进行探寻。研究发现：第一,中心城市科技创新对城市群产业结构高度化呈现U型作用,当中心城市科技创新发明专利申请数量超过13586项,会对城市群产业结构优化升级起到正向推动作用。第二,中心城市科技创新对城市群产业分工布局的专业化、相关多样化起到促进作用,对产业的无关多样化起到抑制作用,中心城市科技创新以科技创新资本、劳动力资源为主要路径对产业分工布局形成推动作用。 相似文献