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1.
Universal Service Expansion: Two Perspectives 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Harmeet Sawhney 《The Information Society》2003,19(4):327-332
It is now widely accepted that universal service will have to be redefined time and again as the technological environment evolves. Accordingly, policymakers have sought to institute a process for a periodic review of the universal service package. In order to "automate" the initiation of the review process, they have devised market-indicators-based trigger mechanisms to flag new technologies that should be considered for inclusion in an expanded universal service package. This article interrogates the majoritarian assumptions behind the design of the trigger mechanisms. It shows how the pressures generated by systems to induce adoption of a new technology by citizens/consumers play as important a role as their uncoerced choices in the emergence of new consumption norms. The article calls for balanced thinking that also considers the system perspective. 相似文献
2.
One of the reasons the proponents of expanded universal service have not made much headway is that they have not been able to provide a coherent justification for the major resource and policy commitments it requires. The lack of consensus on the very meaning of the term "universal service" has added to the confusion. This article argues that it is critically important to articulate a clear justification for universal service before we discuss what it should include and how it should be funded, the two main preoccupations of the current debate. It answers the "why" question by drawing on the literature on consumption norms and citizenship rights and thereby provides a cogent justification for universal service. A clear articulation of the rationale for universal service should reduce some of the confusion in the current debate and bring greater clarity to the ongoing debate on this important public policy issue. 相似文献
3.
The current transformation of communication policies, as governments turn to the marketplace as the driver of network evolution, requires a redefinition of universal service. The debate so far has focused primarily on the elaboration of new funding mechanisms and the definition of which services should be covered. We argue that a more fundamental, third area demands attention: the articulation of a new rationale for universal service itself. Without articulating a clear justification for universal service, designing its scope and funding mechanisms is problematic at best. Past justifications rested on welfare (make telephony affordable to all) and network externalities (increase the network?s value by widening its reach). Increasingly, these need to be complemented by a new rationale based on the innovative potential of universal service. This article explores how universal service can fuel innovation-driven economic growth. 相似文献
4.
Harmeet Sawhney 《The Information Society》2000,16(2):161-164
The prevailing notions of information egalitarianism impel us to seek uniform solutions for all those who lack adequate access to information and communication resources. However, a careful separation of the symbolism of universal service from the real issues reveals that uniform solutions make sense for some resources and not others. This article proposes that uniform solutions should be formulated for resources used in the communication mode, but a segmented approach should be adopted for those used in the information access mode. 相似文献
5.
Anonymous communication on the Internet offers new opportunities but has ill-understood risks. This article helps to ground the policy debates by examining some fundamental aspects of anonymous social behavior and current controversies over anonymous communications. It is a companion to the article in this issue, "Anonymous Communication Policies for the Internet: Results and Recommendations of the AAAS Conference." It examines the social character of anonymous communication and the ways that anonymous communication has played important roles for professionals such as journalists and the police. It also explains some of the new technological supports for anonymous communication on the Internet. The openness, decentralization, and transnational character of the Internet challenge the efficacy of traditional control mechanisms and have raised issues related to accountability, law enforcement, security and privacy, governmental empowerment, and e-commerce. Yet, to ban or restrict all anonymous communication online because of the harms it could bring would deny its benefits to those people who may legitimately gain from it. This article helps to understand how to balance these positions. 相似文献
6.
Anonymous communication on the Internet offers new opportunities but has ill-understood risks. This article helps to ground the policy debates by examining some fundamental aspects of anonymous social behavior and current controversies over anonymous communications. It is a companion to the article in this issue, "Anonymous Communication Policies for the Internet: Results and Recommendations of the AAAS Conference." It examines the social character of anonymous communication and the ways that anonymous communication has played important roles for professionals such as journalists and the police. It also explains some of the new technological supports for anonymous communication on the Internet. The openness, decentralization, and transnational character of the Internet challenge the efficacy of traditional control mechanisms and have raised issues related to accountability, law enforcement, security and privacy, governmental empowerment, and e-commerce. Yet, to ban or restrict all anonymous communication online because of the harms it could bring would deny its benefits to those people who may legitimately gain from it. This article helps to understand how to balance these positions. 相似文献
7.
本文依据日本最近的有关白皮书,详细地论述了美国的信息服务产业的近况,内容分概况、服务部门、软件包部门、公共部门的信息服务市场,有助于我们了解国外近期的有关水平与动向。 相似文献
8.
This article examines the nature of the gap in household telephone penetration among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. By analyzing historic and current penetration levels of the radio, television, and telephone, it suggests that most information technology gaps are amalgamations of smaller socioeconomic trends and can be discerned and reduced only with careful historical analysis of both technology choices and living patterns. It proposes localized universal service strategies, since the penetration gaps are affected by a complex array of factors more particular to localities than to the country as a whole and as such must be investigated with rigor and caution if progress toward the elimination of penetration gaps is to occur. 相似文献
9.
自从李克强总理首次提出"互联网+"行动计划以来,各行各业都迎来了新的一轮变革。"互联网+"也为档案工作带来了新的挑战。本文从如何利用"互联网+"解决档案工作现存的问题,以及如何避免服务模式创新所带来的新的问题着手,对档案工作的服务模式提出了一些建议。本文的结论对于"互联网+档案工作"业态的建设和完善有着深刻的借鉴意义。 相似文献
10.
P. B. Schechter 《The Information Society》2000,16(2):109-116
This article combines cost proxy model estimates of the cost of the public switched telephone network in Colorado with U.S. Census Bureau data on household income in Colorado to examine the possibility of paying for universal telephone service in a competitively neutral manner, without an explicit high-cost fund. Cost proxy models can provide the cost of providing telephone service by census block group, and Census Bureau data allow the calculation of mean household income by census block group. Based on these two types of data, this article shows that if telephone service were priced as a tax, and if each household in Colorado paid between 0.6% and 0.75% of their annual household income for telephone service, there would be no "high-cost deficit." This article also shows that there is no correlation between household income and cost of telephone service. Thus, it is not the case that all high-cost areas are, for example, wealthy mountain communities. 相似文献
11.
Before there was the digital divide there was the analog divide– and universal service was the attempt to close that analogdivide.
Universal service is becoming ever more complex in terms ofregulatory design as it becomes the digital divide. In order to
evaluatethe promise of the next generation Internet with respect to the digitaldivide this work looks backwards as well as
forwards in time. Byevaluating why previous universal service mechanisms failed andsucceeded this work identifies specific
characteristics ofcommunications systems – in particular in billing and managinguncertainty – and argues that these characteristics
underliesuccess or failure in terms of technological ubiquity. Developing a setof characteristics of services rather than
a set of services is afundamental break with the tradition of universal service. In fact, theimplications of our proposal
is that basic characteristics in theoffering of the service rather than the absolute price are critical toclose the digital
divide: certainty of total charge, ability to avoiddeposits or disconnection via best effort service, and payer-basedcontrol
of all charges. While all of these principles sound obvious infact none of these hold in the telephony network. Universal
service hasevolved from common carriage (serve all with no discrimination) to aright to basic services (100% penetration).
Universal service isnow discussed as the digital divide, as the access to information asopposed to services becomes increasingly
critical. However, we arediscussing in this paper access to the bits and the network rather thanaccess to the information
(or intellectual property) once connected. Theprovision of universal service is seen as a technical problem only in thatthe
technology costs money – universal service debates have longbeen the domain of economists. Yet the design of protocols has
been thedomain of engineers, the building of systems the corporate domain, andthe discussion of equity the interest of ethicists.
The design ofprotocols can define the parameters of the corporate decision-makers,the variables of the economist, and the
questions for the ethicist. Thedesign decisions made at the fundamental levels can make communicationsequity more or less
likely. In this work I focus on the design ofprotocols for the next generation Internet, protocols which willfundamentally
change the best-effort nature of Internet services.Building on the economic and ethnographic work of others I argue thatthe
effects of protocols adoption on universal service can be predictedto some degree. By examination of past and current technologies
Iexamine a set of technical mechanisms to determine how such mechanismsmight harm or enhance universal service. I define each
mechanism (e.g.denial of entry) and offer observations about each particularmechanism's implicit pricing assumptions. I close
with a discussion ofinterest to ethicists and regulators on evaluating communicationsprotocols with respect to universal access.
Protocols for developingmultiple qualities of service for packet-switched networks have focusedon economic efficiency (e.g.
Mackie-Mason, 1995; Choi, Stahl &Winston, 1997; Shapiro & Varian, 1998), billing to encouragewidespread adoption of network
innovations (e.g. Xie & Sirbu, 1985)and billing in a manner consistent with the underlying network (e.g.Clark, 1996). Here
we examine a set of protocols which include varyingquality of service mechanisms with respect to the compatibility of theprotocols
with universal access. 相似文献
12.
Before there was the digital divide there was the analog divide– and universal service was the attempt to close that analogdivide. Universal service is becoming ever more complex in terms ofregulatory design as it becomes the digital divide. In order to evaluatethe promise of the next generation Internet with respect to the digitaldivide this work looks backwards as well as forwards in time. Byevaluating why previous universal service mechanisms failed andsucceeded this work identifies specific characteristics ofcommunications systems – in particular in billing and managinguncertainty – and argues that these characteristics underliesuccess or failure in terms of technological ubiquity. Developing a setof characteristics of services rather than a set of services is afundamental break with the tradition of universal service. In fact, theimplications of our proposal is that basic characteristics in theoffering of the service rather than the absolute price are critical toclose the digital divide: certainty of total charge, ability to avoiddeposits or disconnection via best effort service, and payer-basedcontrol of all charges. While all of these principles sound obvious infact none of these hold in the telephony network. Universal service hasevolved from common carriage (serve all with no discrimination) to aright to basic services (100% penetration). Universal service isnow discussed as the digital divide, as the access to information asopposed to services becomes increasingly critical. However, we arediscussing in this paper access to the bits and the network rather thanaccess to the information (or intellectual property) once connected. Theprovision of universal service is seen as a technical problem only in thatthe technology costs money – universal service debates have longbeen the domain of economists. Yet the design of protocols has been thedomain of engineers, the building of systems the corporate domain, andthe discussion of equity the interest of ethicists. The design ofprotocols can define the parameters of the corporate decision-makers,the variables of the economist, and the questions for the ethicist. Thedesign decisions made at the fundamental levels can make communicationsequity more or less likely. In this work I focus on the design ofprotocols for the next generation Internet, protocols which willfundamentally change the best-effort nature of Internet services.Building on the economic and ethnographic work of others I argue thatthe effects of protocols adoption on universal service can be predictedto some degree. By examination of past and current technologies Iexamine a set of technical mechanisms to determine how such mechanismsmight harm or enhance universal service. I define each mechanism (e.g.denial of entry) and offer observations about each particularmechanism's implicit pricing assumptions. I close with a discussion ofinterest to ethicists and regulators on evaluating communicationsprotocols with respect to universal access. Protocols for developingmultiple qualities of service for packet-switched networks have focusedon economic efficiency (e.g. Mackie-Mason, 1995; Choi, Stahl &Winston, 1997; Shapiro & Varian, 1998), billing to encouragewidespread adoption of network innovations (e.g. Xie & Sirbu, 1985)and billing in a manner consistent with the underlying network (e.g.Clark, 1996). Here we examine a set of protocols which include varyingquality of service mechanisms with respect to the compatibility of theprotocols with universal access. 相似文献
13.
一段时间以来,许多企业纷纷投入巨资更新、购买先进的信息管理系统和信息通讯技术,希望由此能给企业的发展带来新的动力并取得更高的投资回报,但在这缺乏一定理性的躁动后,许多企业发现高昂的投资产来期望中的结果,新技术仿佛成了海市蜃楼,一直被许多技术人员和管理人员鼓吹的“唯技术论”遭到了怀疑。与此同时,在反省之后,“以为人本”的信息管理模式渐渐露出端倪,本文将就企业中采用“以人为本”的信息管理模式的必要性进行探讨。 相似文献
14.
A. J. M. Shafiul Alam Bhuiyan 《The Information Society》2013,29(4):269-278
The concept of universal access, which originated in the United States, is now part of the telecommunications policy frameworks of many developing countries. This article uses the case of Bangladesh as a vehicle for examining the transferability of the universal service concept to developing countries. The analysis suggests that liberalization and privatization of the telecommunications sector policies pushed by the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank, and other international agencies, will not by themselves create universal access in countries with rudimentary urban-centric networks. The policymakers need to incorporate build-out obligations when licensing operators and also develop cross-subsidy mechanisms even though they are now out of fashion in the industrialized world. 相似文献
15.
A. J. M. Shafiul Alam Bhuiyan 《The Information Society》2004,20(4):269-278
The concept of universal access, which originated in the United States, is now part of the telecommunications policy frameworks of many developing countries. This article uses the case of Bangladesh as a vehicle for examining the transferability of the universal service concept to developing countries. The analysis suggests that liberalization and privatization of the telecommunications sector policies pushed by the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank, and other international agencies, will not by themselves create universal access in countries with rudimentary urban-centric networks. The policymakers need to incorporate build-out obligations when licensing operators and also develop cross-subsidy mechanisms even though they are now out of fashion in the industrialized world. 相似文献
16.
This article argues that an enlightened, inclusive vision of universal service is possible by learning lessons from disability. Telecommunications policy has historically built in norms that needlessly exclude people who are regarded as having a disability and therefore being outside of the mainstream. Accordingly, universal service policies focus on availability and affordability of telecommunications services, rather than on their accessibility and functionality. The article shows how rethinking universal service through disability can lead to inclusive policies that benefit everybody. 相似文献
17.
在电子商务时代,企业内外部的运作方式将大为改观。随着网络计算技术的飞速发展,电子化企业管理思想的出现,企业管理软件也进行着不断的调整。本文结合电子商务及Internet的特点,从开发者的角度,剖析“蓝光商联服务系统”的开发过程,论述了基于网络数据库的电子商务交易平台的设计和实现。 相似文献
18.
19.
通过对区域创新网络创新机制的理论回顾和分析,沿着科学创新、技术创新、产品创新和价值创新这一创新范式内容的变迁轨迹,将区域创新范式归纳为自选择、技术选择、产业选择和社会选择四种模式,并以此为理论工具对欧洲“知识创新社区”的社会形塑过程进行解读。认为欧洲知识创新社区的建立能否促成其区域创新范式的变革将需要一个缓慢的过程来检验,变革强度理念的分歧会较长时间存在,使得新的创新范式在形成过程中难免遭遇障碍。同时,这样的问题也引出对我国创新型国家、创新型城市和创新型城区建设的关注,并得出启示。 相似文献
20.
Leah A. Lievrouw 《The Information Society》2000,16(2):155-159
This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment. 相似文献