共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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与其它经济体比较起来,中国制造业企业表现出更高的出口参与率。现有研究认为,贸易成本的下降是导致中国制造业企业呈现高出口倾向的主要原因。与这个视角不同,本文从国内市场竞争环境的变化出发,考察了国内市场竞争对中国制造业企业出口倾向的影响。在这个新的视角下,我们得到了以下结果：（1）国内市场的竞争程度与企业层面的出口倾向正相关,因而,激烈的国内市场竞争推动了企业出口;（2）在经济机制上,国内市场竞争推动了企业层面全要素生产率的增长,进而通过出口竞争力的提升推动了企业出口;（3）国内市场竞争不仅在扩展边际上推动了更多的企业出口,而且在集约边际上促进了企业出口强度的提高。这些结果表明,激烈的国内市场竞争增进了中国制造业企业在国外市场上的出口竞争力。因此,我们促进出口的政策应该更多地转向以培育竞争性市场为中心的微观经济政策。 相似文献
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《普罗米修斯》2012,30(2):227-237
The article reviews implications for Australian cultural policy likely to arise from proposals for the development of a binding UNESCO convention on cultural diversity that would allow countries to pursue domestic cultural assistance policies that might otherwise be in conflict with trade liberalisation of cultural goods and services. The proposal, which is supported by a sizeable number of countries, is seen as an alternative to a GATS cultural exception. Recent Australian undertakings in bilateral trade agreements suggest that Australian Cultural Policy favours a GATS cultural exception approach. 相似文献
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在整理印度反倾销申诉案件的基础上,通过收集相关数据,发现印度反倾销主要目标国是中国、韩国、中国台湾和泰国等新兴工业化国家和美国、欧盟和日本等发达国家,打击的恰恰是具有强大比较优势的产品。中国成为印度头号反倾销国家,被诉产品都是出口增长快、市场份额高的产品。其后建立动态面板数据模型,从被诉国家和显示性比较指数角度重点实证分析了印度反倾销的贸易破坏效应和贸易转移效应。经过使用系统GMM估计方法进行分析后,发现反倾销措施的贸易破坏效应和贸易转移效应随时间延递而逐渐减弱,反倾销措施对被诉国的贸易破坏效应一直比关税的贸易破坏效应要大。从反倾销政策对产业竞争力影响来看,印度反倾销措施对其产业竞争力提升具有较显著的促进作用,当印度产业处于比较劣势时,印度反倾销措施对产业竞争力的提升效果更强。 相似文献
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C. Conti M.L. Mancusi F. Sanna-Randaccio R. Sestini E. Verdolini 《Research Policy》2018,47(10):1996-2009
This paper investigates the fragmentation of the EU innovation system in the field of renewable energy sources (RES) by estimating the intensity and direction of knowledge spillovers over the years 1985–2010. We modify the original double exponential knowledge diffusion model proposed by Caballero and Jaffe (1993) to provide information on the degree of integration of EU countries’ RES knowledge bases and to assess how citation patterns changed over time. We show that EU RES inventors have increasingly built “on the shoulders of the other EU giants”, intensifying their citations to other member countries and decreasing those to domestic inventors. Furthermore, the EU strengthened its position as source of RES knowledge for the US. Finally, we show that this pattern is peculiar to RES, with other traditional (i.e. fossil-based) energy technologies and other radically new technologies behaving differently. Our results provide suggestive, but convincing evidence that the reduction in fragmentation emerged as a result of the EU support for RES taking mainly the form of demand-pull policies. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2023,52(4):104715
The extent to which domestic industrial capabilities are essential in contributing to a Nations' prosperity and national well-being is the topic of long-standing debate. On the one hand, globalization and the outsourcing of production can lead to greater productivity, lower product costs, and gains from trade. On the other hand, national capabilities have long been a source of competitiveness and security during times of war and other crises. We explore the importance of domestic industrial capabilities during crises through a comparative case study of two countries - Spain and Portugal - to the sudden spike in demand for the manufacture of mechanical ventilators brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Both countries had to work within the framework of EU regulations, but had very different internal competencies upon which to draw in doing so. In addition, mechanical ventilators serve as a particularly interesting context for study because they involve high risk (loss of patients' lives if incorrectly manufactured) and entering the market presents high entry barriers (including significant tacit knowledge in its production and use, and significant intellectual property embedded in proprietary software at large, established firms). To unpack the processes used by each country we leverage insights from 60 semi-structured interviews across experts from industry, healthcare workers, regulators, non-profit organizations, and research centers. We find that Spanish regulatory measures were more effective, resulting in 12 times more new products receiving regulatory approval to enter the market. Although neither country is known for their mechanical ventilator production, instrumental in informing the Spanish regulatory and industrial responses was their internal knowledge base due to domestic experts and existing capabilities in ventilator production. We conclude by proposing new theory for how nations might identify important core competencies to enhance their dynamic (regulatory) capabilities in areas likely to be critical to their social welfare. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2019,48(10):103668
Policies and politics are crucial elements of sustainability transitions. Transition pathways unfold as a result of continuous struggles of actors over policy goals and instruments. Taking a policy mix perspective, we study policies and policy preferences of key industry actors in the ongoing energy transition at the level of the European Union. We introduce two central analytical dimensions for transition pathways: the degree of sustainability (here: renewable energy ambition) and the degree of disruption (here: whether to pursue centralized or decentralized energy system configurations). We find that the current EU energy policy mix is heterogeneous with respect to the issue of (de-)centralization, whereas most policies and actors express high or moderate ambitions for renewable energy. Our paper makes three contributions. It demonstrates how actors and policy preferences can be explicitly included in the study of policy mixes. To the literature on transition pathways, we introduce sustainability as another key dimension in addition to disruption. Lastly, we propose a novel methodology for analyzing the politics of transition pathways. 相似文献
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本文分析了长三角与珠三角服务贸易发展的现状,利用进出口额增速、行业结构、国际市场占有率、对外开放度、显示性比较优势指数对长三角和珠三角服务贸易竞争力进行分析与比较,利用长三角与珠三角的数据,建立模型,对服务贸易竞争力的影响因素进行实证研究,结果表明人才储备水平和国内生产总值与服务贸易竞争力正相关,货物贸易额与服务贸易竞争力无相关,外商直接投资与服务贸易竞争力负相关,最后提出相关的对策建议。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2022,51(6):104534
Technology adoption is crucial to address pressing public policy issues such as climate change, but the role of ownership structure in adoption decisions is not well understood. The low-carbon energy transition in the electricity industry is a case in point. Following market liberalization, the electricity industry in many countries is now characterized by a co-existence of state-owned and private utilities. We bring together the economic literatures on innovation and ownership to derive hypotheses of how ownership could affect renewable energy adoption by utilities. Focusing on data from incumbent utilities in the European Union (EU) during 2005–2016, we test these hypotheses using regression analyses and qualitative analysis of investment rationales for ten utilities. Results suggest that in the EU, state-owned utilities have a higher tendency to invest in renewables. We find evidence that state ownership interacts with the existence of pro-adoption policies and state enforcement capabilities. Based on our findings, we discuss broader implications for the role of state-owned enterprises in technological change in the energy sector and beyond. 相似文献
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从贸易大国向贸易强国转变--中国对外贸易竞争力的实证分析与调整思路 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
随着经济全球化的发展，贸易结构优化和提高对外贸易竞争力对于各国经济发展日趋重要。本文分析了改革开放以来我国对外贸易结构和产品国际竞争力的变动状况，指出了我国对外贸易目前存在的问题，并提出了优化贸易结构、提高对外贸易竞争力的调整思路。 相似文献
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服务贸易开放的国际比较及我国的对策 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
随着国际服务贸易的发展及其在国际贸易中的比重日益上升,世界各国纷纷加强了对服务贸易的研究。服务贸易自由化与对外开放是一个问题的两个方面,自由化是就全球而言,对外开放是站在一国的角度开放本国的市场,增加竞争。本文针对我国服务贸易开放中存在的问题进行分析并提出相关的对策建议。 相似文献
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近半个世纪以来,全球各主要发达国家不断将发展服务业作为其产业发展的战略重点和保持竞争力的重要任务,产业结构呈现出由“工业经济”向“服务经济”的迅猛转变,同时,服务业创新也日益受到越来越多的关注,这在欧盟国家的表现尤为突出.而中国服务业及其创新的发展仍然比较落后.本文在介绍和分析欧盟国家服务业创新现状的基础上,提出针对中国服务业及其创新发展的启示和建议. 相似文献
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随着技术的不断变革与进步,创新已经逐渐成为一国经济保持竞争力的核心.一方面创新影响了标准化的过程和质量;另一方面,创新也正逐渐影响着整个国际贸易的外部环境.在标准和创新对国际贸易产生重要影响的同时,创新在标准对国际贸易的影响中具有调节效应,也即标准对贸易的影响受到了国家技术创新实力的影响.文章搜集了1997 - 2006年中美的标准、创新等相关数据,构造面板数据模型并进行多元回归分析,研究并检验创新对标准的贸易影响的调节效应.在此基础上,从应对发达国家的技术性贸易壁垒的角度,对我国的标准化和创新政策提出建议. 相似文献
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中日贸易对碳排放转移的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
随着经济全球化和中日贸易的不断发展,中国目前的碳排放量较十年前增长了两倍多,然而日本的碳排放量基本处于稳定状态,中日两国是否由于贸易产生了碳排放转移现象逐渐受到国际社会的关注。本文利用投入产出法分别分析了1995年、2000年和2005年中国和日本由于贸易引起的相应部门产生的碳排放转移量;利用LMDI法从规模效应、结构效应和强度效应这三个角度分析了其在一定时期内对中国和日本碳排放转移变化量的影响程度。结果表明：这三年中国由于出口到日本引起中国碳排放总量的增加值要大于日本碳排放总量的增加值,中日贸易存在着碳排放转移现象。规模效应对转移至中国和日本的碳排放量在三年的变化一直起正向作用,结构效应和技术效应对中国碳排放转移变化值都由负向作用变为正向作用,对日本则反之。最后,本文结合实证分析结果提出了相应的政策建议。 相似文献
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中国和美国是世界IT产品生产和贸易大国,两国贸易发展十分迅速。基于修正的CMS模型,对1997-2014年中美IT产品贸易增长因素进行量化分解。结果发现：①出口价格竞争效应是中美IT产品贸易增长的主导因素,表明两国制造业成本差距不断缩小。②市场需求引致效应对两国IT产品贸易增长贡献趋于增强,中国市场需求较美国更为强劲。③市场需求和供给错位导致出口商品结构效应偏低甚至出现负值,对两国IT产品贸易增长起到制约作用。研究结论深化和丰富了国际贸易理论,揭示了未来中国IT产业贸易竞争优势转变方向,对提升中美IT产品贸易发展质量和扩大贸易规模具有指导意义。 相似文献
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本文基于OECD-WTO联合发布的增加值贸易(TIVA)数据,采用增加值贸易核算的方法,从比较优势和竞争优势两个角度构建了高技术产业国际竞争力的综合评价体系。通过计算增加值贸易核算下我国高技术产业的国内增加值贡献度、RCA指数和GVC参与指数,以及我国高技术产业的国际市场占有率、贸易竞争力指数、GVC地位指数,更加准确地分析出我国高技术产业在全球价值链中的地位,评估我国高技术产业的国际竞争力现状,在此基础上分析我国高技术产业国际竞争力的来源和劣势,从而有针对性地提出提高我国高技术产业国际竞争力的政策建议。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2004,33(6-7):879-895
This paper examines the link between imported technologies and a country’s export performance, as measured by product quality. The analysis is set in the background of the process of regional integration between the European Union (EU) and its neighbouring developing countries. The underlying question is whether trade integration fosters or dampens learning and technological upgrading. We find that unit values of exports from these countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe. If increases in unit values satisfactorily proxy increases in product quality, then trade integration has fostered product upgrading and technological learning in the sample countries. We find that imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have a strong bearing on this pattern. Technological inflows are captured by the degree of involvement of European companies in export flows from our sample countries (outward processing trade (OPT)) and by the skill content of the machines imported.Non-technical abstractTrade and greater economic integration affect the upgrading of technologies in less advanced areas. The open questions pertain to the direction of such change and to the channels through which technologies are transmitted. This paper explores the role of a few different channels for importing technologies and their impact on export performance. The study is set in the context of the process of economic integration between the EU and its neighbouring developing countries, in particular Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and the Southern Mediterranean Countries (SMCs).New potential sources of technological inputs become available with declining trade barriers. Some of these technological inputs are deliberately purchased (new machines, foreign investments, skilled personnel) and others are acquired through spillovers, by trading with more technologically advanced partners, by gathering information in foreign markets, by learning from sophisticated imported goods.In the present paper export performance is defined in terms of the quality of exported products, on the presumption that higher quality products imply the use of more complex technologies and have a strong learning potential. We find that unit values of exports from the sample countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe.We then investigate whether imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have some bearing on this pattern. Particular attention is devoted to the technologies embodied in the machines. We develop a measure of technological complexity of the machines imported related to the level of skills required to use them. We also jointly estimate the role of outward processing trade which indirectly captures foreign investments and other forms of involvement of European firms in our sample countries.These channels of technological imports appear to have a statistically discernible and positive role on product quality for all the countries analysed. Imported machines are the most important determinant of product upgrading in the SMCs, while foreign firms play a dominant role in the CEECs.This result is consistent with stylised facts. The pattern of trade liberalisation and specialisation was quite different for the two groups of countries. In the CEECs liberalisation was sudden and drastic. Trade patterns changed considerably, both in terms of products and market destination. Foreign companies are playing a crucial role in this pattern of transition. In the SMCs things have been smoother. Trade is being liberalised more gradually and many of these countries have a strong specialisation in textiles. Although based on imported technologies, upgrading and learning appears to be rooted in the local production structure rather than being channelled by foreign companies. 相似文献
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浅析企业社会责任与企业竞争力的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着世界经济一体化进程的加速,企业社会责任也随之发展成为全球关注的热点。西方发达国家以企业社会责任为武器,开始了新一轮的对以中国为代表的发展中国家的贸易壁垒,这在短期内对发展中国家的对外贸易带来了相当大的负面影响,一定程度上削弱了发展中国家的企业竞争力。然而又必须意识到,企业社会责任在发展中国家的引进和履行,必然使本国企业在长期的发展中更加重视诸如劳工、环境等问题,促进发展中国家企业与世界接轨,增强企业的国际竞争力。 相似文献
20.
国际贸易中的"双重标准"及其对策 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
以美、日、欧为代表的一些发达国家在国际贸易中对发展中国家推行"双重标准",把经济发展的不平衡导入国际贸易领域。这种歧视性做法,违背了WT0的基本原则。本文通过分析国际贸易中"双重标准"的几种形式、对我国进出口贸易的影响、产生的根源,进而提出了跨越"双重标准"障碍的对策。 相似文献