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1.
黄淑美 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1993,31(2):105-126
本文分析溲疏属的重要形态特征的演化趋势，讨论亲缘属的系统位置和地理分布及区系特点，分类系统的修订和补充，并编写了分种检索表。认为雄蕊不定数，花瓣覆瓦状排列，花丝无齿，子房半下位的是属于原始性状，而雄蕊定数，花瓣镊合状排列，花丝具齿，子房下位的是进化性状，因此新溲疏组应包括在溲疏属内，该组与中间溲疏组是原始类群，而溲疏组是进化类群。国产52种被分为2组，4亚组和17系。溲疏属基本上是属于北温带分布类型，而我国的横断山脉至秦岭南部和华中一带为本属的现代分布和分化中心。 相似文献
2.
马金双 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1989,27(5):321-364
本文通过对东亚和南亚马兜铃属的研究，修改了马兜铃属的分类系统，补充论证了演化趋势；并
在分析该属地理分布的基础上提出马兜铃属分布与分化的第二个中心——中国的横断山区。 本文确
认2亚属、7组、4系、68种和1变种，其中有3新组、2新种及13个新异名。 相似文献
3.
4.
韦毅刚 《中国科学院研究生院学报》2004,42(6):528-532
报道了在中国广西发现的苦苣苔科一新属即方鼎苣苔属Paralagarosolen Y. G. Wei 和一新种方鼎苣苔P. fangianum Y. G. Wei。方鼎苣苔属与细筒苣苔属Lagarosolen W. T. Wang近缘，它们的共同特征是花筒细筒状，不肿胀，柱头2；不同点是方鼎苣苔属叶基部有时盾状，聚伞花序具1朵花，花冠裂片顶端圆钝，蒴果宽卵状椭圆球形。 相似文献
5.
本文对泽泻科11属27种代表植物的花粉进行了光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察。在系统描述了该科及各属植物花粉形态的基础上，将泽泻科植物的花粉划分为3种类型，即少果泽苔草型、慈菇型和泽泻型。根据花粉形态特征的比较，并依据泽泻科植物祖先类群的花粉具有船形、具单沟萌发孔、花粉外壁具明显的刺状纹饰、覆盖层完整无通道等特征，作者认为泽泻科植物花粉形态的如下演化趋势是明显的：由船形演化为卵球形、球形和多面体球形；由单沟萌发孔经过一无孔的中间类型演化为散孔类型；孔膜由光滑演化为具颗粒和小刺；萌发孔不内陷进化到内陷；花粉粒外壁的刺状纹饰逐渐过渡为颗粒状纹饰或者消失，以及覆盖层由无通道到具细通道和通道。 相似文献
6.
中国裸子植物分布区的研究(1)——松科植物的地理分布 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
应俊生 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1989,27(1):27-38
松科是裸子植物中最大的科，共有10属，约240种。我国有9属，约119种，其中2属
为我国特有属，67种为特有种。 本文概述了我国松科各属的水平分布和垂直分布规律；对各
属分布区进行了对比分析。除油杉属和松属外，其余各属的分布，既不深入到极为干旱的地
区，也不深入到热带山区。本文提出川西滇北地区是松科大部分属的发展中心，同时讨论了某
些属的分布区的退却变化。本文还认为，在目前该科化石资料不十分充足的条件下，要确定松 科及其各属的起源中心，可能性是不大的。 相似文献
7.
马金双 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1992,30(6):508-514
多药马兜钤亚属是马兜铃属目前已知3个亚属中最小的一个亚属，约9种，其中8种产于热带
非洲，1种产于热带亚洲(马来西亚)。 本工作从经典分类学角度对该亚属的系统进行了探讨，首次利用花药数目及其排列方式将其划分为三个组，并对其中所含的种类进行了分类学处理，本文承认9种及3个新异名。 相似文献
8.
兰科的兜被兰属约有12种，主要分布于亚洲的温带至亚热带山地，我国的四川和云南是其现代分布中心和分化中心。本文通过植物地理学、孢粉学和解剖学的研究，对该属进行分类学订正，确认中国产有12种，其中9种为我国特有，包括4个新种和1个新组合种。 相似文献
9.
10.
在吸取各学派对被子植物原始类群界定的基础上，根据八纲系统，提出被子植物原始类群有60科的新见解，并以分子系统学提出的狭义的基部类群32科为对比，进行了植物地理学研究。以科为性状，以Takhtajan 划分的世界植物区系的“区”为OTU，UPGMA分析显示：(1)东亚区确是一个十分特殊的区，它既与北美东、西部(北美大西洋区、马德雷区)有密切关系，但更接近印度支那区；(2)环太平洋的4个地区集中了较多的原始被子植物的科，它们是东亚地区，北美东部和西部地区，部分热带亚洲、澳大利亚东部和西南太平洋岛屿地区，中、南美热带地区。这种分布格局显然和被子植物起源地与扩散以及太平洋的形成历史有关。 相似文献
11.
独叶草花粉形态的研究及其在分类上的意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
张玉龙 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1983,21(4):441-444
独叶草 (Kingdonia uniflora Balfour f．et W．W．Smith) 为我国特有植物，
由于它的开放的二叉分枝叶脉，引起了植物学家的很大兴趣和广泛注意，并从
各个方面对它进行了研究。关于它的花粉形态，除Forster(1961)曾有过简短
描述外，国内外都未研究过。本文对它的花粉形态进行了系统的研究，通过光学
显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了它的外部形态和外壁结构。 并讨论了有关 分类问题。 相似文献
12.
One new species of the genus Asarum (Aristolochiaceae) is described fr-om Hongkong, i.e. Asarum hongkongense S. M. Hwang et T. P. Wong Siu. 相似文献
13.
The present paper deals with the following three aspects:
1. It attempts to discuss the problems on primitive forms of the family Araliaceae.
The genus Tupidanthus Hook. f. & Thoms. was considered by H. Harms (1894) and H.
L. Li (1942) as primitive, whilst another genus Plerandra A. Gray was regarded as
primitive by R. H. Eyde & C. C. Tseng in 1971. Having made a detailed comparison of
the taxonomical characters of these two genera, the present authors believe that both
genera are not the most primitive in the Araliaceae. Their affinit yis not close enough
and they possibly evolved in parallel lines from a common ancestor which is so far un-
known yet.
2. By studying the systems of the past, the present authors believe that none of them is entirely satisfactory. Bentham (1867) recognized five ‘series’ (in fact, equival-
ent to ‘tribe’ with the ending-eae of names) based on the petaline arrangement in the
bud, the numbers of stamen and the types of endospem. This is a plausible funda-
mental treatment for the Araliaceae, but choosing the endosperm as a criteria in dividing
tribe is artifical. As we know today, both ruminate and uniform endosperm are usually
presente in the same genus. Seemann’s system (1868) divided the Hederaceae (excl.
Trib. Aralieae) into five tribes, in addition to the locules of ovary. The criteria are
essentially the same as Bentham’s. The system of Hams (1894) divided the family into
three tribes. Two tribes, Aralieae and Mackinlayeae, of Bentham are retained, but
other groups were combined in the Trib. Schefflereae. However, Harms did not retain
one of those three oldest legitimate names which had named by Bentham, that is con-
trary to the law of priority in the International Code of Botanical Nomenelature. Hut-
chinson (1967) adopted seven tribes for the family. The criteria essentially follow those
of Bentham, but the inflorescence is overstressed. The inflorescence is an artifical taxono-
mical character in dividing tribes, because of some dioecious plants, such as Meryta sin-
clairii (Hook. f.) Seem., have two types of inflorescence in male and female plants. Ac-
cording to Hutchinson’s arrangement, the male and female plants would be put in se-
parate tribes.
3. The present authors are of the opinion that in the study of a natural classi-
fication of plant groups emphasis should be laid not only on the characters of the repro-
ductive organs, but on those of vegetative organs as well. The present revised system is
based principally upon the characters of both flowers and leaves of the five tribes as
follows:
Trib. 1. Plerandreae Benth. emend. Hoo & Tseng
Trib. 2. Tetraplasandreae Hoo & Tseng
Trib. 3. Mackinlayeae Benth.
Trib. 4. Aralieae Benth.
Trib. 5. Panaceae Benth. emend. Hoo & Tseng 相似文献
14.
Four new species of the genus Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) are described as
new from China. They are Aristolochia austrochinensis C. Y. Cheng & J. S. Ma, A. caulialata
C. Y. Wu, A. salweenensis C. Y. Cheng & J. S. Ma, and A. kunmingensis C. Y. Cheng &J. S. Ma. A naturalized species, A. ringens Vahl is also reported. 相似文献
15.
本文根据植物类群的系统发育和地理分布相统一的原理,讨论了“低等”金缕梅类植物的起
源和散布。 “低等”金缕梅类植物(Endress1989a的概念)包括下列7科：昆栏树科、水青树科、连香
树科、折扇叶科、领春木科、悬铃木科和金缕梅科。 该类群共有13种分布区类型,东亚区的南部和
印度支那区的北部是它的现代分布中心;根据化石证据及原始类群和外类群的分布分析,以上地区最
有可能是这类植物的起源地。 “低等”金缕梅类植物起源的时间至少可追溯到早白垩纪巴列姆期,较可
靠的化石证据说明悬铃木类植物在早白垩纪阿尔必晚期出现,而昆栏树科、水青树科、连香树科和金
缕梅科植物的出现均不晚于晚白垩纪。 最后,从环境变迁和生物演化两个方面探讨了“低等”金缕梅类植物现代分布格局的形成原因。 相似文献
16.
木兰科分类系统的初步研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
刘玉壶 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1984,22(2):89-109
A new system of classification of Magnoliaceae proposed. This paper deals mainly with taxonomy and phytogeography of the family Magnoliaceae on the basis of external morphology, wood anatomy and palynology. Different authors have had different ideas about the delimitation of genera of this family, their controversy being carried on through more than one hundred years (Table I). Since I have been engaged
in the work of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, I have accumulated a considerable amount of information and material and have investigated the living plants at their natural localities, which enable me to find out the evolutionary tendencies and primitive morphological characters of various genera of the family. According to the evolutionary tendencies of the characters and the geographical distribution of this family I propose a
new system by dividing it into two subfamilies, Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae Law (1979), two tribes, Magnolieae and Michelieae Law, four subtribes, Manglietiinae Law, Magnoliinae, Elmerrilliinae Law and Micheliinae, and fifteen genera (Fig. 1 ), a system which is different from those by J. D. Dandy (1964-1974) and the other authors.
The recent distribution and possible survival centre of Magnoliaceae. The members of Magnoliaceae are distributed chiefly in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, ——Southeast Asia and southeast North America, but a few genera and species also occur in the Malay Archipelago and Brazil of the Southern Hemisphere. Forty species of 4 genera occur in America, among which one genus (Dugendiodendron) is endemic to the continent, while about 200 species of 14 genera occur in Southeast Asia, of which 12 genera are endemic. In China there are about 110 species of 11 genera which mostly occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan; 58 species and more than 9 genera occur in the mountainous districts of Yunnan. Moreover, one genus
(Manglietiastrum Law, 1979) and 19 species are endemic to this region. The family in discussion is much limited to or interruptedly distributed in the mountainous regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The regions are found to have a great abundance of species, and the members of the relatively primitive taxa are also much more there than in the other regions of the world.
The major genera, Manglietia, Magnolia and Michelia, possess 160 out of a total of 240 species in the whole family. Talauma has 40 species, while the other eleven genera each contain only 2 to 7 species, even with one monotypic genus. These three major genera are sufficient for indicating the evolutionary tendency and geographical distribution of Magnoliaceae. It is worthwhile discussing their morphological characters and
distributional patterns as follows:
The members of Manglietia are all evergreen trees, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely, filaments very short and flat, ovules 4 or more per carpel. This is considered as the most primitive genus in subtribe Manglietiinae. Eighteen out of a total of 35 species of the genus are distributed in the western, southwest to southeast Yunnan. Very primitive species, such as Manglietia hookeri, M. insignis and M. mega-
phylla, M. grandis, also occur in this region. They are distributed from Yunnan eastwards to Zhejiang and Fujian through central China, south China, with only one species (Manglietia microtricha) of the genus westwards to Xizang. There are several species distributing southwards from northeast India to the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 7).
The members of Magnolia are evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely or laterally, ovules 2 per carpel, stipule adnate to the petiole. The genus Magnolia is the most primitive in the subtribe Magnoliinae and is the largest genus of the family Magnoliaceae. Its deciduous species are distributed from Yunnan north-eastwards to Korea and Japan (Kurile N. 46’) through Central
China, North China and westwards to Burma, the eastern Himalayas and northeast
India. The evergreen species are distributed from northeast Yunnan (China) to the
Malay Archipelago. In China there are 23 species, of which 15 seem to be very primi-
tive, e.g. Magnolia henryi, M. delavayi, M. officinalis and M. rostrata, which occur in
Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan.
The members of Michelia are evergreen trees or shrubs, with flowers axillary, an-
thers dehiscing laterally or sublaterally, gynoecium stipitate, carpels numerous or few.
Michelia is considered to be the most primitive in the subtribe Micheliinae, and is to
the second largest genus of the family. About 23 out of a total of 50 species of this
genus are very primitive, e.g. Michelia sphaerantha, M. lacei, M. champaca, and M.
flavidiflora, which occur in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan (the distributional center
of the family under discussion) and extend eastwards to Taiwan of China, southern
Japan through central China, southwards to the Malay Archipelago through Indo-China.
westwards to Xizang of China, and south-westwards to India and Sri Lanka (Fig. 7).
The members of Magnoliaceae are concentrated in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan
and radiate from there. The farther away from the centre, the less members we are
able to find, but the more advanced they are in morphology. In this old geographical
centre there are more primitive species, more endemics and more monotypic genera.
Thus it is reasonable to assume that the region of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan,
China, is not only the centre of recent distribution, but also the chief survival centreof Magnoliaceae in the world. 相似文献
17.
Xizang (Tibet) is rich in Leguminosae flora, comprising 41 genera and 254 species
so far known, exclusive of the commonly cultivated taxa (including 11 genera and 16
species). There are 4 endemic genera (with 8 species), 10 temperate genera (with 175
species) and 19 tropical genera (with 46 species) as well as the representatives of those
genera whose distribution centers are in East Asia-North America, Mediterranean
and Central Asia.
1. There are altogether 4 endemic genera of Leguminosae in this region. Accord-
ing to their morphological characters, systematic position and geographical distribution,
it would appear that Salweenia and Piptanthus are Tertiary paleo-endemics, while
Straceya and Cochlianths are neo-endemics. Salweenia and Piptanthus may be some
of more primitive members in the subfamily Papilionasae and their allies are largely
distributed in the southern Hemisphere. The other two genera might have been derived
from the northern temperate genus Hedysarum and the East Asian-North American
genus Apios respectively, because of their morphological resemblance. They probably
came into existanc during the uplifting of the Himalayas.
2. An analysis of temperate genera
There are twelve temperate genera of Leguminosae in the region, of which the
more important elements in composition of flora, is Astragalus, Oxytropis and Cara-
gana.
Astragalus is a cosmopolitan genus comprising 2000 species, with its center
distribution in Central Asia. 250 species, are from China so far known, in alpine zone of
Southwest and Northwest, with 70 species extending farther to the Himalayas and
Xizang Plateau.
Among them, there are 7 species (10%) common to Central Asia, 12 species (15.7%)
to Southwest China and 40 species (60%) are endemic, it indicates that the differentia-
tion of the species of the genus in the region is very active, especially in the subgenus
Pogonophace with beards in stigma. 27 species amounting to 78.5% of the total species of
the subgenus, are distributed in this region. The species in the region mainly occur in
alpine zone between altitude of 3500—300 m. above sea-level. They have developed into
a member of representative of arid and cold alpine regions.
The endemic species of Astragalus in Xizang might be formed by specialization of
the alien and native elements. It will be proved by a series of horizontal and vertical vicarism of endemic species. For example, Astragalus bomiensis and A. englerianus are
horizontal and vertical vicarism species, the former being distributed in southeast part
of Xizang and the latter in Yunnan; also A. arnoldii and A. chomutovii, the former
being an endemic on Xizang Plateau and latter in Central Asia.
The genus Oxytropis comprises 300 species which are mainly distributed in the
north temperate zone. About 100 species are from China so far known, with 40 species
extending to Himalayas and Xizang Plateau. The distribution, formation and differ-
entiation of the genus in this region are resembled to Astragalus. These two genera are
usually growing together, composing the main accompanying elements of alpine mea-
dow and steppe.
Caragana is an endemic genus in Eurasian temperate zone and one of constructive
elements of alpine bush-wood. About 100 species are from China, with 16 species in Xi-
zang. According to the elements of composition, 4 species are common to Inner Mon-
golia and Kausu, 4 species to Southwest of China, the others are endemic. This not only
indicates that the species of Caragana in Xizang is closely related to those species of
above mentioned regions, but the differentiation of the genus in the region is obviously
effected by the uplifting of Himalayas, thus leading to the formations of endemic species
reaching up to 50%.
3. An Analysis of Tropical Genera
There are 19 tropical genera in the region. They concentrate in southeast of Xizang
and southern flank of the Himalayas. All of them but Indigofera and Desmodium are
represented by a few species, especially the endemic species. Thus, it can be seen that
they are less differentiated than the temperate genera.
However, the genus Desmodium which extends from tropical southeast and northeast
Asia to Mexio is more active in differentiation than the other genera. According to Oha-
Shi,s system about the genus in 1973, the species of Desmodium distributed in Sino-Hima-
laya region mostly belong to the subgenus Dollinera and subgenus Podocarpium. The
subgenus Dollinera concentrates in both Sino-Himalaya region and Indo-China with 14
species, of which 7 species are endemic in Sino-Himalaya. They are closely related to
species of Indo-China, southern Yunnan and Assam and shows tha tthey have close con-
nections in origin and that the former might be derived from the latter.
Another subgenus extending from subtropical to temperate zone is Podocarpium.
Five out of the total eight species belonging to the subgenus are distributed in Sino-
Himalaya and three of them are endemic.
An investigation on interspecific evolutionary relationship and geographic distribu-
tion of the subgenus shows that the primary center of differentiation of Podocarpium
is in the Sino-Himalaya region.
Finally, our survey shows that owing to the uplifting of the Himalayas which has
brought about complicated geographic and climatic situations, the favorable conditions
have been provided not only for the formation of the species but also for the genus in cer-tain degree. 相似文献
18.
马金双 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1994,31(3):290-292
作者近期检查了英国三个大标本馆(BM，E，K)所收藏的马兜铃属标本，发现《东亚和南亚马兜铃属的修订》(见本刊27(5)：321—364，1989)尚有不完备之处，需作补充修订。本文共收载8种，其中1新名，确定了1个存疑种，补充了1个种的描述，修改了1个种的模式记载，合并了1个种，扩大了4个种的地理分布。 相似文献
19.
论胡桃科植物的地理分布 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
路安民 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1982,20(3):257-274
The present paper aims to discuss the geog raphical distribution of the Juglandaceae
on the basis of unity of the phylogeny and the process of dispersal in the plants.
The paper is divided into the following three parts:
1. The systematic positions and the distribution patterns of nine living genera in
the family Juglandaceae (namely, Engelhardia, Oreomunnea, Alfaroa, Pterocarya, Cyclo-
carya, Juglans, Carya, Annamocarya and Platycarya) are briefly discussed. The evolu-
tional relationships between the different genera of the Juglandaceae are elucidated. The
fossil distribution and the geological date of the plant groups are reviewed. Through
the analysis for the geographical distribution of the Juglandaceous genera, the distribu-
tion patterns may be divided as follows:
A. The tropical distribution pattern
a. The genera of tropical Asia distribution: Engelhardia, Annamocarya.
b. The genera of tropical Central America distribution: Oreomunnea, Alfaroa.
B. The temperate distribution pattern
c. The genus of disjunct distribution between Western Asia and Eastern Asia:
Pterocarya.
d. The genus of disjunct distribution between Eurasia and America: Juglans.
e. The genus of disjunct distribution between Eastern Asia and North America:
Carya.
f. The genera whose distribution is confined to Eastern Asia: Cyclocarya, Platy-
carya.
2. The distribution of species
According to Takhtajan’s view point of phytochoria, the number of species in every
region are counted. It has shown clearily that the Eastern Asian Region and the Coti-
nental South-east Asian Region are most abundant in number of genera and species. Of
the 71 living species, 53 are regional endemic elements, namely 74.6% of the total species.
The author is of the opinion that most endemic species in Eurasia are of old endemic
nature and in America of new endimic nature. There are now 7 genera and 28 species
in China, whose south-western and central parts are most abundant in species, with Pro-
vince Yunnan being richest in genera and species.
3. Discussions of the distribution patterns of the Juglandaceae
A. The centre of floristic region
B. The centre of floristic regions is determined by the following two principles: a.
A large number of species concentrate in a district, namely the centre of the majority;
b. Species of a district can reflect the main stages of the systematic evolution of the
Juglandaceae, namely the centre of diversity. It has shown clearly that the southern
part of Eastern Asian region and the northern part of Continental South-east Asian
Region (i.c. Southern China and Northern Indo-China) are the main distribution centre
of the Juglandaceae, while the southern part of Sonora Region and Caribbean Region
(i.c. South-western U.S.A., Mexico and Central America) are the secondary distribution
centre.
As far as fossil records goes, it has shown that in Tertiary period the Juglanda-
ceae were widely distributed in northern Eurasia and North America, growing not only
in Europe and the Caucasus but also as far as in Greenland and Alaska. It may be
considered that the Juglandaceae might be originated from Laurasia. According to
the analysis of distribution pattern for living primitive genus, for example, Engelhar-
dia, South-western China and Northern Indo-China may be the birthplace of the most
primitive Juglandaceous plants. It also can be seen that the primitive genera and the
primitive sections of every genus in the Juglandaceae have mostly distributed in the
tropics or subtropics. At the same time, according to the analysis of morphological cha-
racters, such as naked buds in the primitive taxa of this family, it is considered that
this character has relationship with the living conditions of their ancestors. All the
evidence seems to show that the Juglandaceae are of forest origin in the tropical moun-
tains having seasonal drying period.
B. The time of the origin
The geological times of fossil records are analyzed. It is concluded that the origin
of the Juglandaceae dates back at least as early as the Cretaceous period.
C. The routes of despersal
After the emergence of the Juglandaceous plant on earth, it had first developed and
dispersed in Southern China and Indo-China. Under conditions of the stable tempera-
ture and humidity in North Hemisphere during the period of its origin and development,
the Juglandaceous plants had rapidly developed and distributed in Eurasia and dis-
persed to North America by two routes: Europe-Greenland-North America route and
Asia-Bering Land-bridge-North America route. From Central America it later reached
South America.
D. The formaation of the modern distribution pattern and reasons for this forma-
tion.
According to the fossil records, the formation of two disjunct areas was not due to
the origin of synchronous development, nor to the parallel evolution in the two con-
tinents of Eurasia and America, nor can it be interpreted as due to result of transmis-
sive function. The modern distribution pattern has developed as a result of the tectonic
movement and of the climatic change after the Tertiary period. Because of the con-
tinental drift, the Eurasian Continent was separated from the North American Conti-
nent, it had formed a disjunction between Eurasia and North America. Especially, under
the glaciation during the Late Tertiary and Quaternary Periods, the continents in Eu-
rasia and North America were covered by ice sheet with the exception of “plant refuges”, most plants in the area were destroyed, but the southern part of Eastern Asia
remained practically intact and most of the plants including the Juglandaceae were
preserved from destruction by ice and thence became a main centre of survival in the
North Hemisphere, likewise, there is another centre of survival in the same latitude in
North America and Central America.
E. Finally, the probable evolutionary relationships of the genera of the Juglanda-ceae is presented by the dendrogram in the text. 相似文献