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This article shows how various meanings of a new communication technology are born or get transformed when placed in a different political context via a case study of a program organized by the Soros Foundation in 1984 to promote democratic values (the idea of an “open society”) in Hungary. This program, called the Xerox project, helped hundreds of public institutions acquire photocopy machines. Under the suppressive Hungarian regime of the 1980s the appearance of photocopy machines as a new means of copying texts had serious political consequences. By means of historical research and expert interviews, this article analyzes the nature of these consequences and examines how certain meanings and uses of photocopy machines evolved in the latter half of the 1980s. 相似文献
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目的:鞋与足的匹配度是影响鞋穿着舒适度的最主要因素,为了便于人们日常生活选鞋购鞋,设计实现一种简单易行的方式,以尽可能准确反映人实际穿着的鞋码。方法:利用文献资料法和实验法测量足形态,资料表明计算鞋码时需在足长的基础上加以考虑足宽、性别、鞋型等因素。结果:利用《中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T3293》设计出一种简易鞋码计算公式:S=x+(y-[(x-a)×0.26+b])/0.26注:①x=足长(mm);②y=足宽(mm);③a=鞋中间号;④b=中间号标准鞋宽,b值取决于不同类型的鞋,参考《中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T3293》;⑤s=鞋尺寸(mm)。结论:该公式方法简单易行,计算鞋码结果与实际情况匹配度较高,具有可行性。 相似文献
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Ryan Tonkens 《Ethics and Information Technology》2012,14(2):137-149
The emerging discipline of Machine Ethics is concerned with creating autonomous artificial moral agents that perform ethically
significant actions out in the world. Recently, Wallach and Allen (Moral machines: teaching robots right from wrong, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, 2009) and others have argued that a virtue-based moral framework is a promising tool for meeting this end. However, even if we
could program autonomous machines to follow a virtue-based moral framework, there are certain pressing ethical issues that
need to be taken into account, prior to the implementation and development stages. Here I examine whether the creation of
virtuous autonomous machines is morally permitted by the central tenets of virtue ethics. It is argued that the creation of
such machines violates certain tenets of virtue ethics, and hence that the creation and use of those machines is impermissible.
One upshot of this is that, although virtue ethics may have a role to play in certain near-term Machine Ethics projects (e.g.
designing systems that are sensitive to ethical considerations), machine ethicists need to look elsewhere for a moral framework
to implement into their autonomous artificial moral agents, Wallach and Allen’s claims notwithstanding. 相似文献
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为了解决目前常用的非线性预测模型算法中过学习、存在局部极小值等不易解决的问题，本文提出一种基于最小二乘支持向量机对非线性过程建模并用广义预测控制进行在线滚动控制的算法。仿真结果表明，该控制算法具有很好的控制性能。 相似文献
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John P. Sullins 《Ethics and Information Technology》2010,12(3):263-275
Telerobotically operated and semiautonomous machines have become a major component in the arsenals of industrial nations around
the world. By the year 2015 the United States military plans to have one-third of their combat aircraft and ground vehicles
robotically controlled. Although there are many reasons for the use of robots on the battlefield, perhaps one of the most
interesting assertions are that these machines, if properly designed and used, will result in a more just and ethical implementation
of warfare. This paper will focus on these claims by looking at what has been discovered about the capability of humans to
behave ethically on the battlefield, and then comparing those findings with the claims made by robotics researchers that their
machines are able to behave more ethically on the battlefield than human soldiers. Throughout the paper we will explore the
philosophical critique of this claim and also look at how the robots of today are impacting our ability to fight wars in a
just manner. 相似文献
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随着信息技术的快速发展,数控机床的功能结构越来越复杂,维修难度加大,这就要求加强实训教学,但实际数控维修教学中常会因设备不足不能满足每一个学生的要求,给数控维修教学带来了挑战。虚拟数控机床的出现,一定程度上满足了数控维修教学中学生的实际需求,运用到数控维修教学中,不仅能提高学生的数控操作水平,还能提高教学效果。那么,数控维修教学中如何运用虚拟数控机床,培养出合格的数控维修人才呢？本文主要结合自身教学实践,从虚拟数控机床概述入手,分析数控维修教学中存在的问题,探讨虚拟数控机床在数控维修教学中的运用。 相似文献
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《中国专利与商标》2007年第3期发表的“专利权利要求中功能性特征的解释原则探析”（以下称“探析”）一文围绕名称为“除臭吸汗鞋垫”的实用新型专利侵权纠纷案,讨论了功能性限定技术特征的两种不同的解释原则。其一是同时发表的北京高级人民法院知识产权庭就该案这一问题给出的解释,即“该功能性限定特征的解释应当受专利说明书中记载的实现该功能的具体方式的限制, 相似文献
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[目的/意义]旨在为促进国内二手房市场健康持续发展提供参考。[方法/过程]以我国一二三线城市共20370条二手房交易数据为样本,利用数据挖掘方法将政策与市场相结合进行研究,采用Python2.7进行词云和K-means聚类分析,利用SPSS Clementine进行关联分析。[结果/结论]宏观政策下我国二手房交易市场总体健康,自住需求大,但旅游城市房价居高。提出加强旅游城市的土地监管与房价调控;构建房屋核心价值评价指标;二手房购房相关税采用累进税率等对策建议。 相似文献
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H.V. Putman 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1924,197(5):603-621
The problem of calculating the resonance frequency and power pulsation of a synchronous motor direct connected to reciprocating apparatus is comparatively easy, provided the machine is operated from an infinite system, i.e., a system having constant voltage and frequency.In this paper a method is developed for calculating the resonance frequency of two synchronous machines electrically in parallel. It is also shown that in a system of n machines in parallel, there are (n - I) resonance frequencies. A general method of calculating these is given. Systems of three and four machines are treated as special examples of the general case. The theory is also given for calculating the actual power pulsations which occur in systems of two and three synchronous machines connected to reciprocating apparatus. With some approximation the theory is extended to four machines and a general method for n machines is suggested.Simple methods of calculating the correct sizes of flywheels necessary for the successful parallel operation of engine-driven generators are given. These are calculated directly from a knowledge of the resonance frequencies involved.In general the thesis is a mathematical treatment of the phenomena which occur in connection with hunting of synchronous machines, electrically in parallel and direct connected to reciprocating apparatus. Specific problems have been treated and illustrative examples presented which make quite clear not only the nature and causes of hunting, but also the methods of overcoming it. 相似文献
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Reinhold Rüdenberg 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1942,234(1):39-61
The sudden development of short-circuit currents, and of recovery voltages at interruption of currents, depends on the effects of stator and rotor leakages as well as of saturation in the generating synchronous machines.The non-linear problem of the interaction of these features with the performance of the main windings and auxiliary damper circuits is solved analytically.This leads to a simple graphical representation which is numerically determined by the well-known magnetic and electric characteristics of machine and network and by two time constants of very different magnitudes which are derived from the ordinary data of the machines. Hence the variation with time, of short-circuit currents and of recovery voltages, can easily and rigorously be computed for every given example.The deviations of actual damper circuits from the ideal form and the effects of eddy currents in solid steel parts of the rotor are discussed so far that numerical results can be derived readily.A new transient test for synchronous machines is suggested by which rotor and stator leakage voltages can be measured separately, avoiding the uncertainties of the usual steady state leakage tests. 相似文献
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Citizens as consumers: Profiling e-government services’ users in Egypt via data mining techniques 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study uses data mining techniques to examine the effect of various demographic, cognitive and psychographic factors on Egyptian citizens’ use of e-government services. Data mining uses a broad family of computationally intensive methods that include decision trees, neural networks, rule induction, machine learning and graphic visualization. Three artificial neural network models (multi-layer perceptron neural network [MLP], probabilistic neural network [PNN] and self-organizing maps neural network [SOM]) and three machine learning techniques (classification and regression trees [CART], multivariate adaptive regression splines [MARS], and support vector machines [SVM]) are compared to a standard statistical method (linear discriminant analysis [LDA]). The variable sets considered are sex, age, educational level, e-government services perceived usefulness, ease of use, compatibility, subjective norms, trust, civic mindedness, and attitudes. The study shows how it is possible to identify various dimensions of e-government services usage behavior by uncovering complex patterns in the dataset, and also shows the classification abilities of data mining techniques. 相似文献
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单词在句子中的交互不是随机的,而是基于一定的规则,这种规则可以通过语言网络进行研究。词同现网络是人类语言网络的一种表现形式,它利用单词在句子中的相邻关系来确定一个连接。文中采用语言网络分析的方法对论文进行甄别:将论文用词同现网络表示,计算网络的特征参数并输出一个向量来表征论文,然后运用支持向量机对论文进行分类。结果表明,使用该方法对高水平的论文和文本发生器产生的论文具有很好的甄别效果,对领域差别大的论文甄别效果也较显著。 相似文献
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The view of communities of practice as the relevant context for generating and gaining knowledge has raised fears that these will fall prey to various organizational, social or political manipulations. This paper aims to question these humanist concerns, arguing that knowledge context is increasingly becoming a post-human context that lies beyond the direct control and manipulation of humans. In terms of this post-human position, the paper outlines this shift, suggesting that emergence replaces human intentionality and the dynamic partnership between humans and non-humans, and that intelligent machines replace the liberalist, humanist subject's manifest destiny to dominate and control knowledge. This paper aims to raise/rekindle the debate on the prospects of managing knowledge and learning in organizations. Finally, implications for the community-based learning theory are discussed. 相似文献
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如何使用教材插图．是教材资源观的重要体现。教材插图是教材的有机组成部分。是课堂教学情境创设的一种便捷有效资源．课堂教学中充分利用这些插图．能够激发学生兴趣．启迪学生思考探究。明确插图与教材关系．或在导入新课．或在理解教材内容．或在解决重难点时适时运用．就能充分发挥插图的作用．利用对插图多种形式的运用,设疑促思．创设积极思考的教学情境．能培养和锻炼学生的能力．收到良好的教学效果。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2004,33(6-7):879-895
This paper examines the link between imported technologies and a country’s export performance, as measured by product quality. The analysis is set in the background of the process of regional integration between the European Union (EU) and its neighbouring developing countries. The underlying question is whether trade integration fosters or dampens learning and technological upgrading. We find that unit values of exports from these countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe. If increases in unit values satisfactorily proxy increases in product quality, then trade integration has fostered product upgrading and technological learning in the sample countries. We find that imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have a strong bearing on this pattern. Technological inflows are captured by the degree of involvement of European companies in export flows from our sample countries (outward processing trade (OPT)) and by the skill content of the machines imported.Non-technical abstractTrade and greater economic integration affect the upgrading of technologies in less advanced areas. The open questions pertain to the direction of such change and to the channels through which technologies are transmitted. This paper explores the role of a few different channels for importing technologies and their impact on export performance. The study is set in the context of the process of economic integration between the EU and its neighbouring developing countries, in particular Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and the Southern Mediterranean Countries (SMCs).New potential sources of technological inputs become available with declining trade barriers. Some of these technological inputs are deliberately purchased (new machines, foreign investments, skilled personnel) and others are acquired through spillovers, by trading with more technologically advanced partners, by gathering information in foreign markets, by learning from sophisticated imported goods.In the present paper export performance is defined in terms of the quality of exported products, on the presumption that higher quality products imply the use of more complex technologies and have a strong learning potential. We find that unit values of exports from the sample countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe.We then investigate whether imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have some bearing on this pattern. Particular attention is devoted to the technologies embodied in the machines. We develop a measure of technological complexity of the machines imported related to the level of skills required to use them. We also jointly estimate the role of outward processing trade which indirectly captures foreign investments and other forms of involvement of European firms in our sample countries.These channels of technological imports appear to have a statistically discernible and positive role on product quality for all the countries analysed. Imported machines are the most important determinant of product upgrading in the SMCs, while foreign firms play a dominant role in the CEECs.This result is consistent with stylised facts. The pattern of trade liberalisation and specialisation was quite different for the two groups of countries. In the CEECs liberalisation was sudden and drastic. Trade patterns changed considerably, both in terms of products and market destination. Foreign companies are playing a crucial role in this pattern of transition. In the SMCs things have been smoother. Trade is being liberalised more gradually and many of these countries have a strong specialisation in textiles. Although based on imported technologies, upgrading and learning appears to be rooted in the local production structure rather than being channelled by foreign companies. 相似文献
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Dunn EC 《Endeavour》2011,35(2-3):107-115
In the late 1940s, Florence Sabin, a retired professor of medicine, returned to her home in Colorado to launch a massive public health campaign. Seeing "filthy milk" as an important vector of disease, she struggled not just pasteurized milk, but a pasteurized state government that was capable of regulating the milk industry. In the process, she brought managerialism into public health by fighting against the political machines and introducing Robert McNamara's systems analysis into government for the first time. Sabin's innovation, which united business, government and public health in new ways, transformed the way that public health is managed even today. 相似文献
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Christian Sandvig 《The Information Society》2013,29(2):171-183
Significant U.S. policy initiatives in the late 1990s were intended to control Internet access, privacy, and indecency--specifically among children. This study reflects on these using quantitative data from a computer center in a children's library in the inner city. Researchers gathered 16 weeks of page requests ( n = 203,647) using "click stream" and behavioral data, and analyzed these using nonparametric tests. Findings show that users are highly influenced by each other and browse only a small universe of sites. Game playing and communicating with individuals (via e-mail and chat) were the most popular uses. Children were uninterested in pornography and sites directed toward children. Advertising was extremely common. Children were most likely to engage in sharing when using games and chat. For this population, access, privacy and indecency initiatives to control Internet use fails to achieve its stated goals, but activities that encourage sharing in public places hold some promise for building computer knowledge. 相似文献