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1.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, PA awarded the 2006 Benjamin Franklin Medal in civil engineering to Ray W. Clough for revolutionizing engineering and scientific computation, and engineering design methods through his formulation and development of the finite element method, and for his innovative leadership in applying the method to the field of earthquake engineering with special emphasis on the seismic performance of dams.  相似文献   

2.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2002 Benjamin Franklin Medal in physics to Sumio Iijima for his discovery and elucidation of the atomic structure and helical character of multi- and single-wall carbon nanotubes. His pioneering work created a new, tremendously active and expanding area in the field of nanoscience and technology that involves condensed matter and material scientists, chemists and computer scientists. Iijima has also made key contributions to the mechanisms that are involved in the growth of carbon nanotubes, to the role of pentagonal and heptagonal carbon rings in the formation of caps that form at the ends of the nanotubes and to the encapsulation of molecules within the nanotubes.  相似文献   

3.
The Franklin Institute of Philadelphia awarded the 2002 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry to Norman L. Allinger for his pioneering work in computational chemistry in the field of molecular mechanics with his development of the MM series of force fields, their widespread application to the fundamental understanding of molecular structure and energetics, and their implementation as a significant tool to practicing chemists.  相似文献   

4.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2001 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics to Alan H. Guth for his efforts to advance our knowledge of physical science and its application of the inflationary scenario, in which the universe undergoes a rapid expansion in the first stages of the Big Bang.  相似文献   

5.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2005 Benjamin Franklin medal in physics to Yoichiro Nambu for his seminal contributions which introduced the modern concept of broken symmetry to elementary particle physics, for his invention of the particle property called color which is the key to quark confinement, and for his ground-breaking work on the theory of string-like elementary particles.  相似文献   

6.
The Franklin Institute of Philadelphia awards the 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics to Nicola Cabibbo for his pioneering work in the field of elementary particle physics, with special emphasis on his role in furthering our understanding of the underlying symmetries that relate one elementary particle interaction to another.  相似文献   

7.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2001 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Earth Science to Rob Van der Voo for his outstanding contributions to the field of paleomagnetism and his reconstruction of ancient continental positions that have lead to a better understanding of plate tectonic processes for the past billion years of Earth history.  相似文献   

8.
The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science is awarded to Dr. Richard M. Karp for his contributions to the understanding of computational complexity. His work helps programmers find workable solution procedures avoiding approaches that would fail to find a solution in a reasonable amount of time. Scientific, commercial, or industrial situations where his work applies include establishing least-cost schedules for industrial production, transportation routing, circuit layout, communication network design, and predicting the spatial structure of a protein from its amino acid sequencing.  相似文献   

9.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Engineering to Robert E. Newnham for his invention of multiphase piezoelectric transducers and their spatial architecture which revolutionized the field of acoustic imaging. The background and significance of his research is presented. Attention is focused on the impact his research prompted in the field of medical imaging, in particular non-invasive, real-time visualization of internal tissue and organs of human body using ultrasound energy. Societal impact of Dr. Newnham's work is also pointed out.  相似文献   

10.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, PA awarded the 2001 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry to K. Barry Sharpless for his important innovative scientific contributions to the field of asymmetric catalytic oxidation, which resulted in highly enantioselective processes for the epoxidation, dihydroxylation and aminohydroxylation of olefins.  相似文献   

11.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania awarded the 2001 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science to Judah Folkman for his founding of the field of angiogenesis research and demonstration that angiogenesis is a necessary factor in the conversion of abnormal cells to malignant tumors.  相似文献   

12.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2005 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science to Aravind Joshi for his fundamental contributions to natural language processing technology and to cognitive science, including particularly the development of the Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) family of formalisms and tractable polynomial time algorithms that analyze the complex, varied surface word orders of human languages while simultaneously recovering local elementary syntactic domains corresponding to meaning. In addition, Joshi has been a major collaborator on a new theory of discourse coherence that has influenced all subsequent work on anaphora resolution, and is currently applying TAG to address modeling problems in the life sciences.  相似文献   

13.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2003 Benjamin Franklin medal in Earth Science to Norman Phillips and Joseph Smagorinsky for their seminal and pioneering studies that led to the first successful predictions of the weather using numerical methods, and to an understanding of the general circulation of the atmosphere. In addition, Smagorinsky played a leading role in establishing the current global observational network for the atmosphere, and Phillips’ leadership fostered the development of effective methods for the use of observations in data assimilation systems.  相似文献   

14.
从2005年《京都议定书》生效以来,碳交易市场已发展成为全球最具潜力的商品交易市场。我国要寻求低碳经济发展之路,离不开碳金融的支持。本文借鉴国外碳金融市场交易体系及相关制度安排的经验,提出几点对我国构建碳金融市场体系及发展路径的建议。  相似文献   

15.
Dean Kamen was chosen for a Benjamin Franklin Medal for his resourcefulness and imagination in creating inventions that are assisting disabled and handicapped people to improve their quality of life and health.  相似文献   

16.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awards the 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry to Professor Kyriacos C. Nicolaou for his extraordinary contributions to chemistry, biology, and medicine through the advancement of the art of synthesis as exemplified by the elegant total syntheses of some of nature's most complex biologically active molecules. Nicolaou is recognized as a world leader in the field of total synthesis for his work in chemical synthesis and chemical biology. His total syntheses are legendary, distinguished for their elegance and practicality. Among his most celebrated achievements are the total syntheses of calicheamicin γ1I, Taxol®, brevetoxin B, vancomycin, and thiostrepton. The impact of his work transcends total synthesis, for it often leads to the discovery and invention of new synthetic strategies and technologies as well as biological tools and drug candidates, thereby facilitating discoveries in biology and medicine. Nicolaou's influence on science and society extends beyond his research discoveries. Through his didactic lectures and writings, he motivates and inspires students into the sciences and informs the public about the importance of science and education to society.  相似文献   

17.
The scientific theme for the 2005 Bower Award was Chemistry, specifically the field of Catalysis. The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2005 Bower Award and Prize for achievement in Science to Henri B. Kagan for his seminal discovery of fundamental chemical principles that explain the impact of catalyst shape on its effectiveness in controlling chemical reactions, thus greatly simplifying the manufacture of pharmaceutically important compounds. Henri Kagan is widely recognized as a pioneer in the field of asymmetric catalysis. Starting in the early 1970s, his reports of the synthesis of the chiral bidentate diphosphine ligand and the demonstration of its use with soluble rhodium compounds to catalyze the efficient production of large enantiomeric excesses of chiral molecules in asymmetric hydrogenations has had far reaching effects on research in the field asymmetric catalysis. The concept of using chiral bidentate ligands of C2 symmetry has led the way for numerous developments in asymmetric catalysis. Later in 1986 his introduction of the concept and investigations into “nonlinear effects in asymmetric synthesis” using catalysts with chiral ligands that were not optically pure challenged the widely accepted assumption that the enantiomeric excess which is possible correlates linearly with the optical purity of the chiral ligands. He reported the first example in asymmetric catalysis where the optical purity of the product significantly exceeded the optical purity of the chiral ligand.  相似文献   

18.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awards the 2008 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry to Professor Albert Eschenmoser for his seminal efforts in the chemical etiology of nucleic acid structure, which through systematic exploration employing chemical synthesis of potentially natural structural alternatives to DNA, demonstrated that Watson-Crick base pairing is not unique to the ribofuranosyl system, and that DNA’s structure represents an optimization of several factors rather than a maximization of base-pairing strength.In his early scientific career, Professor Albert Eschenmoser established himself as one of the premier synthetic organic chemists in the world, with the monumental achievement of two total syntheses of Vitamin B12, the first in collaboration with Professor Robert B. Woodward of Harvard University.However, since the 1980s, Professor Eschenmoser has concentrated his research interest in establishing the area of chemical etiology of nucleic acid structures to understand better the structural and functional uniqueness of the molecular basis of nature’s genetic information carrier—DNA and RNA. This systematic investigation of potential natural nucleic acid alternatives has demonstrated experimentally that Watson-Crick base pairing is not a unique property of DNA and RNA. Moreover, his research on homo-DNA revealed that the helicality of the famous double-stranded DNA is a direct outcome of the 5-membered ring nature of the deoxyribofuranose structure unit, while the study on p-RNA demonstrated that nature did not choose her genetic system by the standard of maximal base pairing strength, but instead optimization. Of equal significance, his recent design and synthesis of TNA (α-threofuranosyl nucleic acid), found to possess extraordinary base-paring properties, led to the hypothesis suggesting TNA as a possible precursor to the “RNA World”. Finally, his research on the correlation between the differences in the pKa of nucleic bases and their base-pairing strength led to a novel principal for the selection of nucleic base alternatives with proper bonding strength.  相似文献   

19.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2002 Bower Award for Achievement in Science to John Werner Cahn for his research in the field of materials science. Over the past four and a half decades, Cahn's ideas have vitally affected every area of the field and have strongly influenced statistical physics as well. In particular, Cahn's invention of the Cahn-Hilliard equation has been path breaking, as has his contribution to quasicrystallography.  相似文献   

20.
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2002 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Sciences to Mary-Dell Chilton for her key discoveries and wide-ranging contributions in the development of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid as a major vector system for plant genetic engineering.  相似文献   

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