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Avital Lann 《Teaching Statistics》2008,30(1):13-13
This short article gives a geometrical interpretation of the relationship between the harmonic mean, the arithmetic mean and the self‐weighted mean. 相似文献
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Each weighted mean of two values has a counterpart, equidistant from the arithmetic mean, obtained by exchanging roles between the weights or by inversing each weight. These elementary relations are apt for introductory courses. 相似文献
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1 Introduction In 1992 , Holland[1]presented an interesting conjec-ture :letx1,x2,…,xnbe positive real numbers . Thearithmetic mean of the numbersx1, (x1x2)21,(x1x2x3)31,…,(x1x2…xn)1ndoes not exceed thegeometric mean of the numbersx1,(x1 2x2),(x1 x2 x3)3, …,(x1 x2 n… xn). There isequalityif and onlyifx1=x2=…=xn. A combinatorial proof of this conjecture was givenby Kedlaya[2]and aninductive proof with a little analy-sis was obtained by Matstuda[3].Other different proofscan be found in R… 相似文献
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不等式涉及数量之间大小的比较,而通过比较常能显示出变量之间变化时相互制约的关系·因此,从某种意义上来说,不等式的探讨在数学分析中甚至比等式的研究更为重要·用一个较简便的方法证明了一个重要的不等式· 相似文献
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When the assumption of multivariate normality is violated or when a discrepancy function other than (normal theory) maximum likelihood is used in structural equation models, the null distribution of the test statistic may not be χ2 distributed. Most existing methods to approximate this distribution only match up to 2 moments. In this article, we propose 2 additional approximation methods: a scaled F distribution that matches 3 moments simultaneously and a direct Monte Carlo–based weighted sum of i.i.d. χ2 variates. We also conduct comprehensive simulation studies to compare the new and existing methods for both maximum likelihood and nonmaximum likelihood discrepancy functions and to separately evaluate the effect of sampling uncertainty in the estimated weights of the weighted sum on the performance of the approximation methods. 相似文献
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There are differences of opinion about self‐esteem enhancement in the classroom; these differences exist at both conceptual and practical levels. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether techniques employed by primary school teachers as a day‐to‐day part of their teaching can have measurable effects on the self‐esteem of their pupils. Two different approaches to self‐esteem enhancement in primary classes were evaluated. The participants were 519 primary school children and their teachers (n = 21). Circle‐Time and efficacy‐based approaches were compared with a control condition over a four‐month period. On two self‐report measures of self‐esteem, gains were found for both experimental conditions, but not for the controls. Significant sub‐scale differences suggested that the two approaches achieved their effects in different ways, consistent with a two‐dimensional model of self‐esteem. Circle‐Time methodology, focusing on the creation of a climate in which individuals are respected and valued, is more likely to help children to develop a sense of self‐worth. On the other hand, an efficacy‐based approach tends to focus on the achievement of performance goals, and is thus more likely to develop the self‐competence dimension. It is argued that we should now reconsider how we think about self‐esteem enhancement in primary classrooms. 相似文献
8.
旦志红 《乌鲁木齐成人教育学院学报》2006,14(2):59-61
在由相对数或平均数求平均数时,可以以这一相对数或平均数的分母或分子为权数,对这一相对数或平均数进行加权,利用加权算数平均数的频数公式或加权调和平均数公式求其平均值。 相似文献
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钱季伟 《长江工程职业技术学院学报》2010,27(4):59-60
不同于文[1],笔者利用熟知的凹函数方法,给出了加权幂平均值不等式的一种新的证明。首先给出凹函数的一个性质作为引理,然后对引理中的不等式作简单的变换,就得到了待证的不等式。证明过程推导简洁,思路清晰。 相似文献
10.
Julie Davis 《Environmental Education Research》2009,15(2):227-241
In 2007, Environmental Education Research dedicated a special issue to childhood and environmental education. This paper makes a case for ‘early childhood’ to also be in the discussions. Here, I am referring to early childhood as the before‐school years, focusing on educational settings such as childcare centres and kindergartens. This sector is one of the research ‘holes’ that Reid and Scott ask the environmental education community to have the ‘courage to discuss’. This paper draws on a survey of Australian and international research journals in environmental education and early childhood education seeking studies at their intersection. Few were found. Some studies explored young children’s relationships with nature (education in the environment). A smaller number discussed young children’s understandings of environmental topics (education about the environment). Hardly any centred on young children as agents of change (education for the environment). At a time when there is a growing literature showing that early investments in human capital offer substantial returns to individuals and communities and have a far‐reaching effect – and when early childhood educators are beginning to engage with sustainability – it is vital that our field responds. This paper calls for urgent action – especially for research – to address the gap. 相似文献
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For many students, embarking on higher education can pose particular threats and challenges, not only to academic identity, but also to fundamental, personal aspects of the self. This paper reports a methodological study that employed quantitative and qualitative research methods to explore the impact on the sense of self and self‐esteem of a group of female first‐year undergraduates. Results from a Self‐esteem inventory, a variation on Q Methodology, an Ideal‐self inventory and a semi‐structured interview revealed different but complementary aspects of the self and indicated that participants’ self‐esteem increased over the duration of the study, as recorded on all four measures. It is suggested that the most appropriate way of uncovering and understanding mediators of self‐esteem may be through a mixed‐method approach. 相似文献
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Daniel Memmert 《High Ability Studies》2006,17(1):101-115
A six‐month longitudinal study (N = 33) proved the influence of a diversified sport enrichment program on the development of creative thinking in team ball sports among gifted children. A contrast between a gifted control group and a non‐gifted treatment group showed that the creative performance of the gifted children significantly improved (partial η2 = .26). To explain this surprising short‐term effect, a second experiment chose the Inattentional Blindness paradigm to study the individual differences in the visual attention of gifted (n = 54) and non‐gifted children (n = 58). The results of the monitor‐task by Most et al. (2000) revealed significant differences between both samples in the ‘Near’ condition (delta = .37) but not in the ‘Very far’ condition. The results of both experiments are discussed in connection with further research. 相似文献
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文中的定理2给出了Holdel不等式在∑j=1^n1/pj≥1时的推广形式．我们将对0〈∑j=1^n1/pj〈1和∑j=1^n1/pj〈0时给出其推广形式,并给出文[3]中的加权均值不等式在pj〈0时的推广． 相似文献
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将模糊控制理论的加权平均决策法,应用到学生成绩综合评定中,得出每一个学生的决策量,决策量更科学合理地反映出学生的学习成绩。 相似文献
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Olena Fimyar 《教育政策杂志》2013,28(6):571-594
Educational policy‐making in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is still building upon the ambivalences and uncertainties of post‐communist transformation. The international support, expertise and discourses – coupled with communist legacies, stalled democratic developments and national discourses – produce unique effects on education in each of these countries. This paper is an attempt to conceptualise educational policy‐making (with its disparities between ‘democratised’ discourses and ‘Sovietised’ practices) as a form of emerging governmentality or governmentality‐in‐the‐making on the level of the state, using Ukraine as a case study. Analysing policy‐making through the perspective of emerging governmentality brings into focus the genealogy of post‐independent reforms, which is (as a part of the technologies of government) threaded into a broader governmental project of restructuring the state and legitimising its rationality. The final empirical part of the paper presents a discourse analysis of selected curriculum choice and assessment policy documents (1999–2003) and embedded in them the complex interplay of internal and external discourses, which work together to construct and justify the emerging governmental rationality of post‐communist Ukraine. 相似文献
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SEPTIMUS is a one‐year Europe‐wide postgraduate theoretical course for psychotherapists and counsellors provided entirely via the Internet. It may be used as part of a training course, with face‐to‐face elements provided locally, or for continuing professional development. The course was developed at the University of Sheffield in collaboration with psychotherapy training institute partners in seven other European countries. Two studies involving 167 SEPTIMUS students and 60 comparable face‐to‐face students were undertaken. ? Study 1. Drop‐out rates for the SEPTIMUS programme were found to be low, and comparison between those dropping out and those completing did not highlight any significant factors linked to distance learning. However, students cited finance, distance from training centre, lack of practical experience, family commitments and the intensity of their working weeks as having been barriers to taking face‐to‐face learning courses in the past. ? Study 2. SEPTIMUS students (e‐learners) were compared with students taking comparable attending (face‐to‐face) theoretical courses also being provided by partners in the project to psychotherapy trainees. Significant differences were found in distance from training institute and ability to visit training institute. SEPTIMUS students had higher levels of computer ownership, frequency of Internet use and IT skills than attenders; these factors when examined in Study 1 did not have an impact on the drop‐out rate of e‐learners. e‐Learning can overcome barriers to traditional learning in psychotherapy, particularly distance from a training centre, without loss of student satisfaction or student performance. Factors sometimes thought to be obstacles to e‐learning, such as information technology skills, were not found to be significant barriers – although they may have affected recruitment. Certain aspects of e‐learning, such as the tendency to facilitate self‐disclosure, were found to be very beneficial, particularly in the context of psychotherapy programmes. 相似文献
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The study examined attitudes towards inclusion and sense of efficacy of 1155 Israeli preservice teachers and variables related to these beliefs. Participants responded to an Options related to inclusion scale, and a Teacher efficacy scale. Findings revealed strong support for the principle of inclusion, yet also support for segregated special education placements. Several concerns regarding inclusion were expressed, which were related to the area of classroom management and teacher instructional skills. Sense of efficacy scores on personal efficacy, social efficacy and efficacy regarding low‐achieving students were higher than those for teaching efficacy. Less support for inclusion was found for students in Arab (Muslim) colleges compared to students in Jewish colleges. These two groups were also different on self‐efficacy scores. The major area of study and experience was associated with the level of support for inclusion and to self‐efficacy scores. The progression in the training programme was associated with increased concerns and less support for inclusion. Female students were more supportive of inclusion than males, and had higher self‐efficacy scores. Implications for preservice education for general and special education students are discussed. 相似文献
19.
Bruce Pourciau 《PRIMUS》2018,28(2):143-152
In a first proof-oriented mathematics course, students will often ask questions – for example, What is this problem asking me to do? or What would a proof of this even look like? – that have more to do with logic than mathematics. The logical structure of a proof is a dance involving those basic logical forms – such as p or q, if p then q, for every x in A we have p(x), there exists x in A such that p(x) – that appear in the theorem being proved, and at various stages of this dance these basic logical forms are either being proved or used. How does one prove a statement of the form There exists x in A such that p(x)? How does one use a statement of the form For every x in A we have p(x)? We introduce particular “proving and using words” that encourage the fledgling mathematics major to pay attention to these sorts of questions and to the logical structure of proofs in general. 相似文献
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This paper analyses qualitative interviews conducted with Norwegian middle‐class parents. It explores how a particular type of intimacy – an enriching intimacy – is produced as part of everyday parent–child interactions and considers the notion of the social self that spurs middle‐class parents to seek this very type of intimacy with their child. By so doing it adds to the growing field of research on middle‐class parents’ child‐rearing strategies and the role these strategies play in the ‘resourcing’ of middle‐class children. The relevance of the dimension of intimacy for studies on the parental effect on children’s school achievement is discussed. 相似文献