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1.
The relationship between key state policy variables — (1) relative (private–public) tuition prices, (2) state student-aid funding, and (3) public institution density — and the competitive position of private colleges and universities is examined. Elite private schools are found to be nearly impervious to state policy. Large and moderately selective private institutions are adversely affected by public institution density and low public prices. Such prices divert students who would otherwise prefer these private institutions to similar public schools. State student aid funding most affects the enrollment market shares of the small, low-selectivity private colleges enrolling the greatest proportions of minority and modest-income students. The findings suggest state policies in this era of strong demand for higher education and constrained public sector capacity should use price signals (student aid and public institution pricing) to encourage students to consider seriously whether private higher education might serve their needs as well as or better than public institutions. 相似文献
2.
《Higher Education Policy》1997,10(3-4):225-237
Chile's higher education system has moved a long way from state and professional towards market coordination. Presently, market oriented policies predominate across the system, based on a loosely regulated private provision of higher education and the use of a set of “para market” mechanisms designed to enhance competition between state supported universities. The effects of these policies on the number and differentiation of higher education institutions, on enrollment, on the evolution of professional careers and academic degree programs, and particularly on the funding of the higher education system are here analyzed. A balance is drawn, specifically with respect to the nature and quality of private institutions and their public regulation, and to the competition for funding between state supported universities. 相似文献
3.
Thomas B. Timar 《教育政策杂志》2013,28(5):105-121
This chapter examines the effects of the major policy and political trends in lower education during the 1980s. Specifically, it assesses the programmatic and fiscal effects of the Reagan administration's fiscal federalism, the excellence agenda and the emerging state activism on urban school districts. The focus is on California as an illustrative case study, as the state represents an inchoate national trend toward fiscal centralization. The chapter argues that centralization has created a new politics of school finance. Not only do schools compete for funding with higher education, health, welfare, criminal justice and transportation, but students also compete with teachers over categorical funding. The chapter concludes that policies of categorical funding have changed dramatically. While symbolically they are rooted in equity, in reality they represent a new political spoils system. 相似文献
4.
Dante J. Salto 《Higher Education》2018,75(5):809-825
Brazil has by far the largest higher education system in Latin America, with a sizable share of students enrolled in private-sector institutions. Its recently established and fast-growing for-profit sector is one of the largest worldwide. The for-profit sector already surpasses the public sector in student enrollment, and its role is growing. Public policy has supported for-profit growth, ostensibly for tax revenue reasons, but the federal government has recently launched social initiatives that include tax exemption policies for the for-profit sector in exchange for need-based scholarships. Through exploratory data analysis, this study explores the role, function, and form of the for-profit sector compared with its nonprofit and public counterparts. The findings reveal that the for-profit sector shares some important characteristics with the nonprofit sector but contrasts sharply with the public sector. The study concludes that countries such as Brazil are moving toward public funding for private higher education to meet enrollment targets. These findings may be able to address issues in other countries by considering similar public policies toward private higher education. 相似文献
5.
Under the authoritarian regime, policies on higher education were mostly produced by the Excutive. First of all, an Educational Reform made up for the rapid expansion of a huge private sector where small teaching institutions prevail and which now absorbs over 60% of Brazilian students. The public sector, in turn, was substantially improved: the number of full time faculty increased and teachers in the federal universities were encouraged to apply for a M.A. or a Ph.D. and to get involved with research activities. Meanwhile, a dual funding system (teaching and research) emerged which was responsible both for the creation of graduate programmes all over the country and for the expansion of a research infrastructure. The civilian government (1985 on) brought policy making out of the bureaucracy and into the Congress. The new Constitution granted the university a degree of autonomy it had never enjoyed before which, however, is still to be regulated by further legislation. Policy initiatives driving at institutional differentiation and at performance assessment have systematically failed to become effective due to resistances within the university itself. Meanwhile financial stringency at a time of recession necessarily leads to reductions in funding, notably for research. 相似文献
6.
The public-private division of responsibility for education 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this chapter “private” schools are defined as those that were privately founded and are privately managed; they usually have some private funding, although in some cases considerable funding and control come from the government. The size and nature of the private sector is viewed as stemming from excess demand for education due to limited public spending (i.e., these are students who would prefer to use the public schools but are involuntarily excluded and pushed into the private sector); differentiated demand due primarily to cultural heterogeneity (i.e., these are students whose differentiated tastes along religious, linguistic or ethnic lines lead them voluntarily to choose the private sector even if a public school place is available); and the supply of non-profit educational entrepreneurship (e.g., founders who start schools to maximize religious faith or believers, rather than profits) by competing religious organizations. The impact of public policies, including public educational spending and private subsidies, is also considered. 相似文献
7.
José Joaquín Brunner 《Higher Education》1993,25(1):35-43
Presently, most Higher Education policy issues that are debated in Chilean society revolve around the question of the type of relations that should connect the Higher Education system with the state and society.During the 1980–1990 period, Chilean Higher Education underwent drastic changes under a Military Government, directed to the achieving of three main goals: to open-up the Higher Education system, to differentiate its institutional structures, and to partially transfer the cost of state-financed institutions to the students and/or their families (cost recovery) thus forcing these institutions to diversify their funding sources.As a result of the 1980 reforms, both the institutional composition and the financing of Higher Education experienced dramatic changes. New establishments mushroomed. In turn, the rapid increase in the number of institutions resulted in three major effects:first, Higher Education became private-dominant in the non-university levels and has now a dual public/private nature at the university level;second, establishments grew more regionally dispersed but overall enrolment distribution changed in the direction of a still higher concentration in the capital city;third, creation of new entrance opportunities shows an increasing over-extension with respect to enrolment demand. Also funding of Higher Education was drastically altered by the 1980 reforms. Incremental funding was replaced by a diversified funding system which contemplates the employment of four different mechanisms: public institutional core funding, competitive public allocations rewarding institutions that enrol the best students, a Government financed student-loan scheme, and competitive financing of research projects.A new, democratically elected Government was established in 1990. Its Higher Education policies include three major objectives: to fully restore institutional autonomy cancelling all measures of governmental intervention and reinstating the right of faculty members to freely choose their authorities and provide for the self-government of public universities; to increase public spending without changing the diversified-funding approach adopted by the former Government, and to change the legal framework of Higher Education with the aim of introducing more stringent accreditation and evaluation procedures and institutional accountability. 相似文献
8.
Mariano Narodowski 《Compare》2015,45(1):47-69
During the second half of the twentieth century, the Argentine education system went through a clear process of privatisation expressed in the increasing enrolment and state funding of the private sector. Especially in the 1990s, when the country implemented neoliberal economic policies, the academic literature had found in neoliberalism (in ideology, public policy and the enactment of certain laws) an explanation for this process of privatisation. Since the 2000s, and after a severe economic crisis, successive governments have rejected the neoliberal policies and have established a set of regulations and public policies with the explicit purpose of changing the previous policy trend. This article shows that after one decade of this new policy opposed to neoliberalism, the evidence suggests that privatisation of education has not only not been reversed but even expanded in a significant manner, reaching striking rates of increase, both in private enrolment and in state funding. Finally, the evidence presented shows that neither neoliberal nor post-neoliberal policies seem to determine the privatisation of education for the Argentine case. The article concludes with some remarks so as to design an explanatory model to account for the dynamics of the education system. 相似文献
9.
Internationalising higher education: comparing the challenges of different higher education institutions in Malaysia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Internationalisation of higher education in Malaysia is seen as a means for improving and empowering higher education so that the higher education institutions in the country can become comparable to the best in the world. While the government has spelt out the directions as well as some of the targets for internationalisation, higher education institutions in the country have been internationalising for different reasons and with different levels of priority and intensity. Public universities, especially the older ones, have been engaged in internationalisation as part of their academic growth and development. Concurrently, a variety of private institutions of higher learning has evolved since the opening up of private higher education from the 1980s. These include private universities that have been established by large corporations, smaller private colleges that have been elevated to the status of degree-conferring institutions as well as branch campuses of foreign universities. The objective of this paper is to examine the different concepts and challenges of internationalisation faced by the different types of higher education institutions in the country, using the case study approach. It was found that in each of these cases, the concept of internationalisation and the challenges faced are different, although funding is raised as a problem in three of the four cases. These different challenges imply that current policies may have to be fine-tuned in order to address the different needs of these institutions in their respective efforts to internationalise. 相似文献
10.
Thomas Perkins Diana Doyle Jane Wisniewski Sarah Kaiser Lynn Vosler Judith Amoo 《Community College Journal of Research & Practice》2013,37(6):537-539
Retrenchment practices in the 1980s represented a new challenge to institutions of higher education. The literature encompassing higher education within the past 10 years has revealed limited information concerning retrenchment policies in public community colleges in Texas. This study investigated the presence or absence of retrenchment policies and their relation to fluctuations in enrollment and state funding. All 49 public community‐junior college districts in the state of Texas were included in the study. Twenty (41%) of these community colleges had a retrenchment policy. This study indicated that administrative decisions regarding the development and adoption of retrenchment policies are based on state revenue declines as opposed to enrollment fluctuations. 相似文献
11.
The marketization of higher education in the 15 countries that were formally part of the USSR has established a system model that is distinctive within world higher education, the dual-track tuition system. The foundations of this model were established in the economic liberalization of late Soviet period which facilitated a common pattern in higher education across the post-Soviet countries. Although a private sector has been established, the primary mode of marketization has taken place within the public sector. This remains dominant but has been split into two heterogenous segments in terms of funding and student selection. National systems, and individual institutions, have become divided between state-subsidized higher scoring students, and fee-paying lower performing students, creating different valuations and behaviours for the two segments. National standardized testing is an important instrument of marketization, shaping student selection and institutional differentiation and legitimating the unequal social outcomes that result. Empirical comparison across the 15 countries demonstrates a high level of privatisation of costs, largely because of private funding within public sector. This system model, which is incoherent and fosters a large-scale commitment to non-excellence, reflects a larger duality within post-Soviet societies and polities which remains unresolved. Higher education is riven between the Soviet egalitarian legacy of higher education as a public good, and the post-Soviet moment of the late 1980s and 1990s in which policy shaped by Anglo-American neoliberal thinking set out to turn education into a consumer choice on the basis of an abstract formula of the ideal market. 相似文献
12.
Carlo Salerno 《Higher Education》2004,48(1):101-130
A rich body of literature has emerged that seeks to shed further light on how concepts like globalization and internationalization shape higher education systems and their institutions. This paper examines how the rise of private higher education in various national contexts has engendered global patterns of public financial support for private institutions and particularly the various ways in which public funding is channeled to such providers. A cross-national typology of public/private higher education sectors and a system-level map of how public funding is directed to institutions are both used to explain why different patterns may emerge. This framework is then used to examine the policies and practices in four representative systems: England, Germany, New Zealand, and the state of Pennsylvania in the United States. The available evidence suggests that in systems with weak or newly emerging private sectors, unclear regulations and concerns about quality implies that public funding tends to be channeled into private institutions indirectly (e.g. through tax-abatements and student financial aid). In systems where private institutions play a more substantial role, public funding is channeled to privates using a mix of indirect and direct mechanisms. 相似文献
13.
This paper is an attempt to analyse the present pattern of funding higher education in India and to discuss the desirability and feasibility of various alternative methods of funding the same. Higher education in India is basically a state funded sector. But as higher education benefits not only society at large, but also individuals specifically, and as it attracts relatively more privileged sections of the society, there is a rationale for shifting the financial burden to the individual domain from the social domain.It is argued here that given the resource constraints and equity considerations, financing higher education mostly from the general tax revenue may not be a desirable policy in the long run. Accordingly some of the alternative policy choices are discussed, including financing higher education from the public exchequer, student loans, graduate tax, student fees, and the role of the private sector. Among the available alternatives, it is argued that a discriminatory pricing mechanism would be relatively more efficient and equitable. While given the socioeconomic and political realities, the government has to continue to bear a large responsibility for funding higher education, instead of relying on a single form of funding, efforts should be made to evolve a model of funding that provides a mix of the various methods. It is also argued that fee and subsidy policies need to make distinctions across various layers and forms of higher education. 相似文献
14.
15.
A. R. Welch 《Higher Education》2007,54(5):665-687
If, as some have argued, private higher education is now the most dynamic segment of higher education, it is also the case
that its growth, partly in response to the increasing mismatch between spiralling demand and limited state capacity, is often
ad hoc. The article examines the contours of this trend in Indonesia, where the balance of public and private higher education
has shifted sharply over the last two decades. While the private sector has been responsible for much of the expansion in
higher education, its role in relation to quality is more questionable. Indonesia’s economic burdens, sharply exacerbated
by the effects of the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s, make it likely that the trend towards privatisation, including
of its public institutions, will continue. Together with the current rise of trans-national higher education, however, this
is only likely to sharpen existing difficulties around longstanding issues of quality, equality, and regulatory capacity. 相似文献
16.
The political economy of post-secondary education: a comparison of British Columbia,Ontario and Québec 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A policy sociology approach is taken to examine the connections between neo-liberalism, post-secondary provincial education
(PSE) policy in Canada and the impact of those policies. Our thesis regarding the broad political economy of PSE is that over
the last two decades the adoption of this ideology has been a major cause of some dramatic changes in these policies and has
brought about a fundamental transformation of PSE in Canada. The discussion builds on a comparative, multiple, nested case
study conducted at the provincial (Québec, Ontario and British Columbia) and national level. Through the analysis of key provincial
and federal documents, the team concludes that five themes dominated the PSE policy-making process. These themes are Accessibility,
Accountability, Marketization, Labour Force Development and Research and Development. In discussing these themes, we illustrate
their impact on and within the three provincial PSE systems: BC, Ontario and Québec. In the conclusion, we place the changes
in their political and economic contexts and explicate the intended and unintended consequences of these policy priorities.
We argue that the pressure for access has led to the emergence of new institutional types, raising new questions about differentiation,
mandate and identity and new lines of stratification. A trend toward vocationalism in the university sector has coincided
with ‘academic drift’ in the community college sector, leading to convergences in programming and institutional functions
across the system, as well as competition for resources, students, and external partners. Unprecedented demand has made education
a viable industry, sustaining both a proliferation of private providers and a range of new entrepreneurial activities within
public institutions. Levels and objectives of public funding have swung dramatically over the period. Public investments in
PSE, in the form of capital grants and tuition subsidies, have alternately expanded and contracted, being at some times applied
across the board and at others targeted to specific social groups or economic sectors. Likewise, policymakers have treated
PSE at times as a mechanism for social inclusion and equality, at others as an instrument for labour force development, and
at yet others as a market sector in its own right.
相似文献
| Donald FisherEmail: |
17.
民办高校现已成为我国高等教育体系的重要组成部分,对民办高校进行财政资助是促进其发展的重要举措。基于历史制度主义的分析视角发现,自改革开放以来,我国民办高校财政资助制度历经初步形成、法制化建设、多样化发展以及差别化扶持四个阶段,其制度变迁深受宏观制度环境、民办高校发展受重视程度以及财政资助目标转变的影响,变迁过程中存在路径依赖现象,在整体上呈现出以诱致性变迁为主、强制性变迁为辅的变迁逻辑。后续民办高校财政资助制度的发展,将注重经费投入增加与支出结构优化相协调、充分体现财政杠杆的三重作用、平衡好财政资助的效率与公平。 相似文献
18.
Governance is a means for realising institutional goals and in an ideal world should enable the institution to respond to the demands of the political environment by regulating its internal affairs accordingly. In the case of universities, not only is that environment increasingly differentiated but so also is the ability of universities to access it. Changes in state funding arrangements, accountability mechanisms, the contribution of the private sector, and the public definition of university education have placed numerous and varied pressures on institutions. Yet there is a studied reluctance by institutions to accept that their ability to respond to these pressures is equally variable, that they should tailor their ambitions to their capacities, and that their internal governance should be adapted using the principle of fitness for purpose. In the main, this is because the dominant ideological themes of higher education do not support the idea of distinct university functions of equal status. Rather, they encourage the erroneous belief that all universities are homogeneous in their functions – or, at least, that all have the potential to be homogeneous. 相似文献
19.
Entrepreneurialism in Japanese and UK Universities: Governance, Management, Leadership, and Funding 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Keiko Yokoyama 《Higher Education》2006,52(3):523-555
This paper scrutinises organisational change in Japanese and UK universities which are engaged in entrepreneurial activities.
The study focuses on recent changes in governance, management, leadership, and funding in these universities. The paper argues
there are convergent trends between Japanese and UK universities in terms of increasing entrepreneurial activities, a review
of institutional strategies, a review of the organisation, the application of market-oriented institutional policy, links
with the industrial sector, the notion of a public financial crisis and changing external environment, strong leadership of
the university President or Vice-Chancellor, and the notion of the accountability of the university to society as a whole.
However, the application of particular institutional strategies, entrepreneurial culture, and the way in which an institution
relates itself to the private sector significantly differs among institutions. The paper suggests that those differences are
related to different institutional history and characteristics – including those between national and private universities
in Japan, and old and new universities in the UK – as well as different government policies between Japan and the UK.
The paper first proposes a theoretical model for the five types of entrepreneurial culture of the institutions. It then examines
the model by using case studies: Nottingham Trent University (UK), University of Surrey (UK), University of Tokyo (Japan),
and Waseda University (Japan). 相似文献
20.
Peter A. Weldon Jevdet Rexhepi ChenWei Chang Lauren Jones Lucas Arribas Layton Amy Liu 《Compare》2011,41(1):5-24
In this study, faculty at institutions of higher education in Southern California were surveyed to determine the ways they interpret the effects of globalization dynamics upon their various teaching and research activities. Faculty in the state’s three higher education tiers spoke positively about the intellectual benefits to be gained by exposure to different worldviews made possible by an increasingly diverse faculty and student body. Divisions were noted among the different tiers, however, with respect to their disparate levels of engagement with the private sector. The private sector was seen as having a negative impact upon the public sector’s research agenda while simultaneously being embraced by faculty at the community colleges. Faculty at the research institutions were typically critical of the overarching neoliberal paradigm and spoke in political terms about the ways this largely economic‐efficiency model was reorienting their teaching and research roles. 相似文献